Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Today we live in a world where GPS systems digital maps and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone But phones 2 on batteries and batteries can die faster than we realize 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass and you 4 can’t find north a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization one of which is to follow the land
When you find yourself 6 a trail but not in a completely 7 area of land you have to answer two questions Which 8 is downhill in this particular area And where is the nearest water source Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys and on supplies of fresh water 9 if you head downhill and follow any H2O you find you should 10 see signs of people
If you’ve explored the area before keep an eye out for familiar sights – you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings
Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation 13 even in dense forest you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads train tracks and other paths people carve 15 the woods Head toward these 16 to find a way out At night scan the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights then walk toward the glow of light pollution
18 assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent look for the 19 we leave on the landscape Trail blazes tire tracks and other features can 20 you to civilization
1 A Few B Most C Some D All
2 A put B take C run D come
3 A Since B Until C Though D If
4 A formally B literally C gradually D relatively
5 A around B away C back D next
6 A onto B along C across D off
7 A unattractive B unfamiliar C unchanged D uncrowded
8 A way B point C site D place
9 A Instead B Yet C So D Besides
10 A immediately B eventually C unexpectedly D intentionally
11 A frightened B annoyed C surprised D confused
12 A problem B result C view D option
13 A Above all B For example C On average D In contrast
14 A spot B avoid C bridge D separate
15 A from B under C beyond D through
16 A posts B breaks C shades D links
17 A hidden B mysterious C artificial D limited
18 A Finally B Consequently C Incidentally D Generally
19 A memories B belongings C notes D marks
20 A lead B adapt C restrict D expose
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions after each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)
Text 1
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks Starting next year any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing The main purpose of this clawback rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risktaking and to restore public trust in financial inst
itutions Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit more longterm decisionmaking not only by banks but by all corporations to build a stronger economy for future generations
Shorttermism or the desire for quick profits has worsened in publicly traded companies says the Bank of England’s top economist Andrew Haldane He quotes a giant of classical economics Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once rather than putting them aside to be eaten last
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades Transient investors who demand high quarterly profits from companies can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in longterm research or to build up customer loyalty This has been dubbed quarterly capitalism
In addition new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use of information and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets There seems to be a predominance of shortterm thinking at the expense of longterm investing said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week
In the US the SarbanesOxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year slightly helping reduce shorttermism In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall Street Journal finds that a substantial part of executive pay is now tied to performance
Much more could be done to encourage longtermism such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions In France shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company
Within companies the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term
21 According to Paragraph 1 one motive in imposing the new rule is to
A guarantee the bonuses of top executives
B enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility
C build a new system of financial regulation
D help corporations achieve larger profits
22 Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
A the solid structure of publicly traded companies
B governments’ impatience in decisionmaking
C the conditions for generating quick profits
D shorttermism in economic activities
23 It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be
A minimal
B indirect
C adverse
D temporary
24 The US and France examples are used to illustrate
A the approaches to promoting longtermism
B the prevalence of shortterm thinking
C the significance of longterm thinking
D the obstacles to preventing shorttermism
25 Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
B Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
C Patience as a Corporate Virtue
D Frustration of Risktaking Bankers
Text 2
Grade inflation – the gradual increase in average GPAs (gradepoint averages) over the past few decades – is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education in which students are treated like customers to be pleased But another related force – a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness – is helping raise GPAs
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA
The use of this littleknown practice has accelerated in recent years as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates When this practice first started decades ago it was u
sually limited to freshmen to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to collegelevel courses But now most colleges save for many selective campuses allow all undergraduates and even graduate students to get their low grades forgiven
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty Ultimately said Jack Miner Ohio State University’s registrar we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time
That said there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well For public institutions state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention – so better grades can by boosting figures like those mean more money And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students – who at the end of the day are paying the bill – feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars which is another big concern for colleges
Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible – or at least appear to be On this students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned
26 What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation
A Colleges’ neglect of GPAs
B The influence of consumer culture
C Students’ indifference to GPAs
D The change of course catalogs
27 What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness
A To maintain colleges’ graduation rates
B To increase universities’ income from tuition
C To prepare graduates for a challenging future
D To help freshmen adapt to college learning
28 According to Paragraph 5 grade forgiveness enables colleges to
A obtain more financial support
B improve their teaching quality
C boost their student enrollments
D meet local governments’ needs
29 What does the phrase to be aligned (Line 5 Para 6) most probably mean
A To counterbalance each other
B To be contradictory to each other
C To be identical with each other
D To complement each other
30 The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by
A assessing its feasibility
B listing its longrun effects
C comparing different views on it
D analyzing the causes behind it
Text 3
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley Even before the invention of the electric light bulb the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come
Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions What is intelligence identity or consciousness What makes humans humans
What is being called artificial general intelligence machines that would imitate the way humans think continues to evade scientists Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look move and respond like humans similar to those recently depicted on popular scifi TV series such as Westworld and Humans
Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced says David Eagleman a Stanford University neuroscientist We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there
But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand The coming use of autonomous vehicles for example poses thorny ethical questions Human drivers sometimes must make splitsecond decisions Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes input from past driving experiences and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment AI vision today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans And to anticipate every imaginable driving s
ituation is a difficult programming problem
Whenever decisions are based on masses of data you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions notes Tan Kiat How chief executive of a Singaporebased agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI Along with Singapore other governments and megacorporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines Britain is setting up a data ethics center India released its AI ethics strategy this spring
On June 7 Google pledged not to design or deploy AI that would cause overall harm or to develop AIdirected weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights
While the statement is vague it represents one starting point So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable transparent and fair
To put it another way How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s outofcontrol monster
31 Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it
A involves some concerns raised by AI today
B has remained popular for as long as 200 years
C fascinates AI scientists all over the world
D has sparked serious ethical controversies
32 In David Eagleman’s opinion our current knowledge of consciousness
A helps explain artificial intelligence
B is too limited for us to reproduce it
C inspires popular scifi TV series
D can be misleading to robot making
33 The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles
A can hardly ever be found
B has aroused much curiosity
C is still beyond our capacity
D causes little public concern
34 The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of
A contempt
B skepticism
C respect
D affirmation
35 Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A The Conscience of AI Complex But Inevitable
B Frankenstein the Novel Predicting the Age of AI
C AI’s Future In the Hands of Tech Giants
D AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
Text 4
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states
The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decadesold decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states’ ability to seek longterm prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already Now rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to Amazoncom with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it though thirdparty sellers who use the site don’t have to
Until now many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states Sellers that use eBay and Etsy which provide platforms for smaller sellers also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide Under the ruling Thursday states can pass laws requiring outofstate sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state
Retail trade groups praised the ruling saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses The losers said retail analyst Neil Saunders are onlineonly retailers especially smaller ones Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision
36 The Supreme Court decision Thursday will
A put most online businesses in a dilemma
B force some states to cut sales tax
C make more online shoppers pay sales tax
D better businesses’ relations with states
37 It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions
A were widely criticized by online purchasers
B have cost consumers a lot over the years
C have led to the dominance of ecommerce
D were considered unfavorable by states
38 According to Justice Anthony Kennedy the physical presence rule has
A hindered economic development
B harmed fair market competition
C boosted growth in states’ revenue
D brought prosperity to the country
39 Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling
A Bigchain owners
B Thirdparty sellers
C Internet entrepreneurs
D Small retailers
40 In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the author
A presents its main points with conflicting views on them
B gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences
C cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications
D describes the long and complicated process of its making
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order For questions 41–45 you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
A These tools can help you win every argument – not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them If we readjust our view of arguments – from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding – then we change the very nature of what it means to win an argument
B In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People Dale Carnegie wrote There is only one way … to get the best of an argument – and that is to avoid it This aversion to arguments is common but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives – and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place
C None of this will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably Assess its strength impartially Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies
D Of course many discussions are not so successful Still we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly We need to learn how to evaluate them properly A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side
E There is a better way to win arguments Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state and I do not If you yell Yes and I yell No neither of us learns anything We neither understand nor respect each other and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation In contrast suppose you give a reasonable argument that fulltime workers should not have to live in poverty Then I counter with another reasonable argument that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values since we both care about needy workers
F These views of arguments also undermine reason If you see a conversation as a fight or competition you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorant they are None of these tricks will help you understand them their positions or the issues that divide you but they can help you win – in one way
G Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights which is how we often think of them Like physical fights verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied Even when you win you end up no better off Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions – like say tennis games Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered Everybody else loses This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments especially about politics and religion
41 → 42 → F → 43 → 44 → C → 45
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 117 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia (46)
There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press generates both health scares and shortlived dietary enthusiasms
Why is so much bad science published A recent paper titled The Natural Selection of Bad Science published on the Royal Society’s open science website attempts to answer this intriguing and important question It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it What is important is not truth but publication which has become almost an end in itself There has been a kind of inflationary process at work (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago Never mind the quality then count the number
(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency for example by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers This is the famed citation index that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours
Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics such as number of publications or journal impacts entails considerable savings in time energy and ambiguity Unfortunately the longterm costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions
Suppose you are working for the Aiding Rural Primary Schools project of your university Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer specifying the details of the project
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not use your own name in the email use Li Ming instead (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160–200 words based on the picture below In your essay you should
1) describe the picture briefly
2) interpret the implied meaning and
3) give your comments
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points)
途 中
2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试
○英语（）试题参考答案○
Ⅰ．英语知识运
1 A 2 C 3 D 4 B 5 C
6 D 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 B
11 C 12 D 13 B 14 A 15 D
16 B 17 C 18 A 19 D 20 A
Ⅱ．阅读理解
A节
21 B 22 D 23 C 24 A 25 C
26 B 27 D 28 A 29 C 30 D
31 A 32 B 33 C 34 D 35 A
36 C 37 D 38 B 39 A 40 B
B节
41 B 42 G 43 E 44 D 45 A
C节
46 医学期刊中充斥着类稽谈东西广播非专业报刊传播会引起健康方面恐慌某饮食短暂追捧
47 天科研岗位申请者需发表文章数量短短十年前申报岗位时整整翻番
48 遏制倾已采取干措施评定岗位申请者文时尝试引入项兼顾数量质量评估指标
49 科研员轻易文里引找行引回报提供类似处项措施该合理
50 果真想保证科研意义复制必须确保体制激励样科研
Ⅲ．写作
A节
51（略）
B节
52（略）
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Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Today we live in a world where GPS systems digital maps and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone But phones 2 on batteries and batteries can die faster than we realize 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass and you 4 can’t find north a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization one of which is to follow the land
When you find yourself 6 a trail but not in a completely 7 area of land you have to answer two questions Which 8 is downhill in this particular area And where is the nearest water source Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys and on supplies of fresh water 9 if you head downhill and follow any H2O you find you should 10 see signs of people
If you’ve explored the area before keep an eye out for familiar sights – you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings
Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation 13 even in dense forest you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads train tracks and other paths people carve 15 the woods Head toward these 16 to find a way out At night scan the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights then walk toward the glow of light pollution
18 assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent look for the 19 we leave on the landscape Trail blazes tire tracks and other features can 20 you to civilization
1 A Few B Most C Some D All
2 A put B take C run D come
3 A Since B Until C Though D If
4 A formally B literally C gradually D relatively
5 A around B away C back D next
6 A onto B along C across D off
7 A unattractive B unfamiliar C unchanged D uncrowded
8 A way B point C site D place
9 A Instead B Yet C So D Besides
10 A immediately B eventually C unexpectedly D intentionally
11 A frightened B annoyed C surprised D confused
12 A problem B result C view D option
13 A Above all B For example C On average D In contrast
14 A spot B avoid C bridge D separate
15 A from B under C beyond D through
16 A posts B breaks C shades D links
17 A hidden B mysterious C artificial D limited
18 A Finally B Consequently C Incidentally D Generally
19 A memories B belongings C notes D marks
20 A lead B adapt C restrict D expose
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions after each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)
Text 1
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks Starting next year any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing The main purpose of this clawback rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risktaking and to restore public trust in financial inst
itutions Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit more longterm decisionmaking not only by banks but by all corporations to build a stronger economy for future generations
Shorttermism or the desire for quick profits has worsened in publicly traded companies says the Bank of England’s top economist Andrew Haldane He quotes a giant of classical economics Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once rather than putting them aside to be eaten last
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades Transient investors who demand high quarterly profits from companies can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in longterm research or to build up customer loyalty This has been dubbed quarterly capitalism
In addition new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use of information and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets There seems to be a predominance of shortterm thinking at the expense of longterm investing said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week
In the US the SarbanesOxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year slightly helping reduce shorttermism In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall Street Journal finds that a substantial part of executive pay is now tied to performance
Much more could be done to encourage longtermism such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions In France shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company
Within companies the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term
21 According to Paragraph 1 one motive in imposing the new rule is to
A guarantee the bonuses of top executives
B enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility
C build a new system of financial regulation
D help corporations achieve larger profits
22 Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
A the solid structure of publicly traded companies
B governments’ impatience in decisionmaking
C the conditions for generating quick profits
D shorttermism in economic activities
23 It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be
A minimal
B indirect
C adverse
D temporary
24 The US and France examples are used to illustrate
A the approaches to promoting longtermism
B the prevalence of shortterm thinking
C the significance of longterm thinking
D the obstacles to preventing shorttermism
25 Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
B Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
C Patience as a Corporate Virtue
D Frustration of Risktaking Bankers
Text 2
Grade inflation – the gradual increase in average GPAs (gradepoint averages) over the past few decades – is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education in which students are treated like customers to be pleased But another related force – a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness – is helping raise GPAs
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA
The use of this littleknown practice has accelerated in recent years as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates When this practice first started decades ago it was u
sually limited to freshmen to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to collegelevel courses But now most colleges save for many selective campuses allow all undergraduates and even graduate students to get their low grades forgiven
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty Ultimately said Jack Miner Ohio State University’s registrar we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time
That said there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well For public institutions state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention – so better grades can by boosting figures like those mean more money And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students – who at the end of the day are paying the bill – feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars which is another big concern for colleges
Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible – or at least appear to be On this students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned
26 What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation
A Colleges’ neglect of GPAs
B The influence of consumer culture
C Students’ indifference to GPAs
D The change of course catalogs
27 What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness
A To maintain colleges’ graduation rates
B To increase universities’ income from tuition
C To prepare graduates for a challenging future
D To help freshmen adapt to college learning
28 According to Paragraph 5 grade forgiveness enables colleges to
A obtain more financial support
B improve their teaching quality
C boost their student enrollments
D meet local governments’ needs
29 What does the phrase to be aligned (Line 5 Para 6) most probably mean
A To counterbalance each other
B To be contradictory to each other
C To be identical with each other
D To complement each other
30 The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by
A assessing its feasibility
B listing its longrun effects
C comparing different views on it
D analyzing the causes behind it
Text 3
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley Even before the invention of the electric light bulb the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come
Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions What is intelligence identity or consciousness What makes humans humans
What is being called artificial general intelligence machines that would imitate the way humans think continues to evade scientists Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look move and respond like humans similar to those recently depicted on popular scifi TV series such as Westworld and Humans
Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced says David Eagleman a Stanford University neuroscientist We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there
But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand The coming use of autonomous vehicles for example poses thorny ethical questions Human drivers sometimes must make splitsecond decisions Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes input from past driving experiences and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment AI vision today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans And to anticipate every imaginable driving s
ituation is a difficult programming problem
Whenever decisions are based on masses of data you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions notes Tan Kiat How chief executive of a Singaporebased agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI Along with Singapore other governments and megacorporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines Britain is setting up a data ethics center India released its AI ethics strategy this spring
On June 7 Google pledged not to design or deploy AI that would cause overall harm or to develop AIdirected weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights
While the statement is vague it represents one starting point So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable transparent and fair
To put it another way How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s outofcontrol monster
31 Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it
A involves some concerns raised by AI today
B has remained popular for as long as 200 years
C fascinates AI scientists all over the world
D has sparked serious ethical controversies
32 In David Eagleman’s opinion our current knowledge of consciousness
A helps explain artificial intelligence
B is too limited for us to reproduce it
C inspires popular scifi TV series
D can be misleading to robot making
33 The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles
A can hardly ever be found
B has aroused much curiosity
C is still beyond our capacity
D causes little public concern
34 The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of
A contempt
B skepticism
C respect
D affirmation
35 Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A The Conscience of AI Complex But Inevitable
B Frankenstein the Novel Predicting the Age of AI
C AI’s Future In the Hands of Tech Giants
D AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
Text 4
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states
The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decadesold decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states’ ability to seek longterm prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already Now rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to Amazoncom with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it though thirdparty sellers who use the site don’t have to
Until now many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states Sellers that use eBay and Etsy which provide platforms for smaller sellers also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide Under the ruling Thursday states can pass laws requiring outofstate sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state
Retail trade groups praised the ruling saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses The losers said retail analyst Neil Saunders are onlineonly retailers especially smaller ones Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision
36 The Supreme Court decision Thursday will
A put most online businesses in a dilemma
B force some states to cut sales tax
C make more online shoppers pay sales tax
D better businesses’ relations with states
37 It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions
A were widely criticized by online purchasers
B have cost consumers a lot over the years
C have led to the dominance of ecommerce
D were considered unfavorable by states
38 According to Justice Anthony Kennedy the physical presence rule has
A hindered economic development
B harmed fair market competition
C boosted growth in states’ revenue
D brought prosperity to the country
39 Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling
A Bigchain owners
B Thirdparty sellers
C Internet entrepreneurs
D Small retailers
40 In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the author
A presents its main points with conflicting views on them
B gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences
C cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications
D describes the long and complicated process of its making
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order For questions 41–45 you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
A These tools can help you win every argument – not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them If we readjust our view of arguments – from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding – then we change the very nature of what it means to win an argument
B In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People Dale Carnegie wrote There is only one way … to get the best of an argument – and that is to avoid it This aversion to arguments is common but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives – and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place
C None of this will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably Assess its strength impartially Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies
D Of course many discussions are not so successful Still we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly We need to learn how to evaluate them properly A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side
E There is a better way to win arguments Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state and I do not If you yell Yes and I yell No neither of us learns anything We neither understand nor respect each other and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation In contrast suppose you give a reasonable argument that fulltime workers should not have to live in poverty Then I counter with another reasonable argument that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values since we both care about needy workers
F These views of arguments also undermine reason If you see a conversation as a fight or competition you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorant they are None of these tricks will help you understand them their positions or the issues that divide you but they can help you win – in one way
G Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights which is how we often think of them Like physical fights verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied Even when you win you end up no better off Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions – like say tennis games Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered Everybody else loses This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments especially about politics and religion
41 → 42 → F → 43 → 44 → C → 45
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 117 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia (46)
There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press generates both health scares and shortlived dietary enthusiasms
Why is so much bad science published A recent paper titled The Natural Selection of Bad Science published on the Royal Society’s open science website attempts to answer this intriguing and important question It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it What is important is not truth but publication which has become almost an end in itself There has been a kind of inflationary process at work (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago Never mind the quality then count the number
(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency for example by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers This is the famed citation index that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours
Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics such as number of publications or journal impacts entails considerable savings in time energy and ambiguity Unfortunately the longterm costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions
Suppose you are working for the Aiding Rural Primary Schools project of your university Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer specifying the details of the project
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not use your own name in the email use Li Ming instead (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160–200 words based on the picture below In your essay you should
1) describe the picture briefly
2) interpret the implied meaning and
3) give your comments
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points)
途 中
2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试
○英语（）试题参考答案○
Ⅰ．英语知识运
1 A 2 C 3 D 4 B 5 C
6 D 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 B
11 C 12 D 13 B 14 A 15 D
16 B 17 C 18 A 19 D 20 A
Ⅱ．阅读理解
A节
21 B 22 D 23 C 24 A 25 C
26 B 27 D 28 A 29 C 30 D
31 A 32 B 33 C 34 D 35 A
36 C 37 D 38 B 39 A 40 B
B节
41 B 42 G 43 E 44 D 45 A
C节
46 医学期刊中充斥着类稽谈东西广播非专业报刊传播会引起健康方面恐慌某饮食短暂追捧
47 天科研岗位申请者需发表文章数量短短十年前申报岗位时整整翻番
48 遏制倾已采取干措施评定岗位申请者文时尝试引入项兼顾数量质量评估指标
49 科研员轻易文里引找行引回报提供类似处项措施该合理
50 果真想保证科研意义复制必须确保体制激励样科研
Ⅲ．写作
A节
51（略）
B节
52（略）
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