汉英特色词汇对比分析全英毕业论文


    汉英特色词汇分析全英毕业文
    Contents
    Abstract 1
    Key words 1
    1 Introduction 2
    2 The formation Causes of Chinese Neologisms 3
    21 Neologisms from foreign languages 3
    22 Old Words with New Senses 4
    23 Neologisms from Chinese dialects 5
    3 Features of Chinese Neologisms 5
    31 Freshness in Time 6
    32 Freshness in Semantic Meaning 6
    33 transformation from Abbreviations 6
    34 Culture Loaded 6
    4 Existing Problems in Translating Chinese Neologisms into English 7
    5 Strategies for Chinese Neologisms Translation 11
    51 Literal Translation 11
    52 Literal Translation with Adding or Interpreting 12
    53 Transliteration 13
    54Transliteration with adding or Interpreting 14
    55 Diversified Translation 15
    6 Conclusion 15
    Bibliography 17
    An analysis of the ChineseEnglish of Chinese Neologisms
    Name No
    English Major Foreign Languages Department
    Supervisor Title

    Abstract Language is a rather open system With the development of social life and human development language also plays an increasing key role in serving as a mirror of social changes Chinese neologisms can be regarded as the most active and sensitive element Ever since recent yearsChinese language has also witnessed great changes Such changes mainly result in the increase of Chinese neologismsFaced with the neologisms springing upwe should properly translating them or some of them into correct and idiomatic EnglishIt becomes an issue of how to translate Chinese neologisms idiomatically and remain cultural flavor at the same time To cope with the cultural aspects in translation of the heavily culturalloaded neologisms foreinization and domestication are the most important methods And of the two methods which to choose is another issue This thesis attempts to seek for the most suitable methods to get the unique Chinese culture wellknown by foreign friends
    Key words Chinese neologisms translation strategies

    摘:语言相开放系统着社会生活类发展断变化语言体现社会变化面镜子中国特色词汇活跃敏感元素尤年汉语历着巨变化面着雨春笋般量涌现汉语新词应该应运生新词翻译成准确道英语够汉语新词翻译成道英语保留文化韵味问题汉语新词文化负载极丰富解决翻译中文化相关方面异化化重翻译手段两者间选择文讨外问题 文试图寻求汉语新词翻译合适方法外国友更解独二中国文化
    关键词汉语新词翻译策略
    1 Introduction
    Language is dynamic and activeAs the most active element of language vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society Every day or even at any moment there are new words putting into use in languages while at the same time many others fading away from frequent use With the development of information technology network has become more and more popular Internet has been regarded as a tool of communication and interaction Therefore it is sensitive to the social changes and meanwhile the new things concepts and changes need to find their expressions in language which leads to the appearance of network neologisms The appearance of new inventions new technologies new concepts and new social phenomena will eventually lead to the emergence of neologisms
    After entering into the new century the development of society has accelerated its pace and the communication between countries becomes more frequent than ever In this era of information technology the Internet has become an indispensable part of people's life and at the same time it also produced a lot of colorful Chinese culture especially the unique feature of network language and vocabulary network vocabulary represents the life of contemporary young people and meantime it directly reflects some social phenomena and the characteristics of the times
    Therefore as a translator we should undertake the responsibility of translating the new words properly into foreign languages in order to show the Chinese culture to other countries but this task has turned out to be a great challenge
    Although there is no lack of dictionaries which study Chinese neologisms and the translation of network neologisms it is far from enough or satisfactory This thesis focuses on the translation strategies in order to contribute to the efficient translation of Chinese neologisms

    2 The formation Causes of Chinese Neologisms
    There are three main ways of formation of Chinese neologisms This is a common way in vocabulary enlargement especially when the native language is unable to meet the demand of the new trends
    21 Neologisms from foreign languages
    Compared with English loanwords Chinese borrowings have a relatively shorter history Because Chinese is a language with a quite long history it is giving out constantly its vigor and energy to foreign languages while Chinese is ready to absorb nutrition from them Due to the reform and openingup policy and the fast development of mass media and information exchanges more and more new concepts and fresh ideas have been introduced into China from different countries With the advent of these fresh things and concepts many loan words have become a part of Chinese Since English act as the universal language in the world it has been playing an important role in our life
    Therefore a majority of loan words in Chinese originate from English and some are from Japanese and Korean or other languages Words such as 肯德基(KFC)奶昔(milkshake)特网(Internet)高尔夫(golf) are borrowed from English Words such as 料理(cuisine)写真(photo)便(bento)寿司(sushi) come from Japanese words as 厨(chef) 香槟(Champagne) from French 壁画(fresco) 走廊(corridor) and 歌剧 (opera) from Italian华尔兹(waltz)华氏(Fahrenheit) and 闪电战(blitz)from German as well as 甲板(deck) and快艇 (yacht) from Dutch

    22 Old Words with New Senses
    Neologisms can also refer to the kind of words which add new senses to its original meaning Usually the new senses of these words will draw more attention than their original ones
    The obtaining new meaning involves two aspects One is the change of word meaning and the other is production of new meaning for the old ones The changes of a word’s reference from a certain object are based on the similarities between the two things When the word emerges for the first time it is merely used as the name of a given object concept phenomenon or act so it only has one meaning With the development of language it gradually obtains new meanings and therefore becomes a polysemy The development of word meaning from monosemy to polysemy generally follows two processes They are radiation and concatenation
    An important process by which words enrich their meaning is radiation The original meaning of this word is considered as the central meaning and the secondary meanings are derived from it from every direction like rays When the monosemy becomes a polysemy and its meaning is extended to cover a broader range Each secondary meaning of the word is independent but all of them can be traced back to the original meaning Take Chinese words 流产 海 老化 as examples When people refer to these words they are probably not so sensitive to find that they have changed a lot from their original references In the late 1980s 海was often kept being talked about But now it not only means the popular trend of professional artists take work not related to their professions but also means someone’s starting to take up business 老化 originally is a chemical term which means the chemical change as the result of time passing by Now it can be accepted as a description of the phenomena of becoming outdated

    23 Neologisms from Chinese dialects
    It is well acknowledged that there are a large number of dialects with certain characteristics in China For the sake of convenience of communication the standard Chinese was established on the basis of Beijing dialect What we use frequently and what we speak on formal occasions is Mandarin But it is also common sense that dialects are treasure of Chinese national language as well as the Chinese culture Words and expressions from dialects inject fresh vigor and energy into Mandarin Local dialects are among one of the causes of new word formation especially the dialects in economicdeveloped areas and cultural centers
    Usually these areas play a vital role in social progress For the convenience of population flow and frequent communication between different areas people are willing to learn from each other As imitation becomes a trend language is often the first to bear the brunt Adoption from other dialects is one of primary ways to enrich Mandarin Chinese The words of a certain dialect may have been in its original language for many years but they are newcomers to the standard language system in the country
    The reform and openup policy grants the southern part of China more opportunities to have contact with Hong Kong and Macao and thus Cantonese exerts strong influence on the language of inland areas Many Cantonese words and expressions lay emphasis on commerce entertainment leisure etc Some of them come to be mixed up with mandarin and become very popular terms such as 侃山(chew the fat) 腕 (big shot) 傍款(find a sugar daddy) 托(sales persons’ decoy) These phrases have appeared on newspapers and magazines becoming common to social life gradually Some instances in other dialects Dialect in Northeastern regions 草包 忽悠 奔头 样 Hebei dialect 般配 Sichuan dialect 摆龙门阵 and Shanghai dialect 捣糨糊 毛毛雨 宰客 etc

    3 Features of Chinese Neologisms
    Through a close look at the Chinese neologisms it is not difficult to make a generalization of their features Four main features will be discussed in detail

    31 Freshness in Time
    Chinese neologisms possess many features the first of which is freshness in time When the neologisms were first to come into being they took the fresh meanings and conveyed the new information Nevertheless with the time passing by this freshness will gradually be weakened or even disappeared Neologism is a comparative concept Soon after a neologism has been put into use people will adapt to its use The freshness of the neologism will exist for a period of time The freshness of a neologism will fade after being used for a period of time and no longer is it a neologism finally For example as the time passes by these words can hardly be found 寻呼机 哥 山乡





    32 Freshness in Semantic Meaning
    People usually tend to regard those new words which newly come into being as neologisms Seen from the semantic perspective neologisms can also imply new meanings of established words The spellings of the words remain the same but their meanings are no longer what they used to be For example 红包originally means red bag but nowadays it is used to refer a red envelope containing money as a gift or stand for secret bribe the word 八卦 is the name of an eightsided diagram derived from the famous Chinese classic Yi Jing(Book of Changes) at the beginning It is now often used to describe gossip or gossipy people

    33 transformation from Abbreviations
    The fastpacing modern society requires conciseness and briefness of language to make it easier to use The meanings of some neologisms are quite complicated and the full expressions are too long to bear in mind As a result the abbreviations are coming into being frequently which make the neologisms more readily read and easily memorized For instance 保修包换包赔 (three guarantees for repair replacement or compensation for faulty products) is abbreviated into s 三包 By this way when referring to it we can save much effort to replace the long phrase by two words What’s more 农转非 for 农村户口转城市户口(to change rural residence registration to a city town or other nonrural registration) 海 for 海外国留学生(returned overseas students) and 严 for 法严重快击种刑事犯罪活动(of police launching a crackdown on crimes) and so on

    34 Culture Loaded
    China boasts a long history of five thousand years as well as splendid civilization During such a long period of time China’s special living environment ways of life and thinking featured religions and historical background have planted a unique characteristic in Chinese neologismsThat’s to say they are heavily cultureloaded Developed through the long history the words and expressions reflect China’s rich cultural heritage and embodied Chinese special lifestyle For instance at first 二进宫 means something related to Beijing opera but now it conveys the meaning of people with a past criminal record committing a crime again and is convicted and put into correctional institution Neologisms such as 二进宫 are rich in cultural connotation and mirror social and political culture of the current times
    Chinese neologisms embrace the four main characteristics above It is just because of their unique characteristics that the Chinese neologisms are not easy to translate Thus we should adopt a scientific theory framework to guide the demanding translation task In the following part the author will employ functional equivalence as theory guidance to instruct the translation of neologism and discuss elaborately the theory in terms of its origin development and research status

    4 Existing Problems in Translating Chinese Neologisms into English
    Language is just like a mirror which reflects the nation’s politics economy and culture of a certain period of time The remarkable achievements made in various fields by the society will certainly bring out more neologisms
    Faced with the task of translating Chinese neologisms into English translators are responsible for translating them into idiomatic English and at the same time maintaining the Chinese culture in order to get foreigners familiar with the current situation and development of China Nevertheless it is a major headache how to translate them correctly and idiomatically for the two languages have their respective characteristics and represent the specific culture of their own nations This may explain why there are so many mistranslations or failures in translation Accordingly the author intends to make an analysis of the failures and mistranslations of Chinese neologisms and there are five aspects listed as follows

    Chinglish in translation
    In the process of translating quite a few Chinese English learners just attach great importance to the superficial meaning of the words and fail to take the different though patterns into consideration As a result Chinglish appears During the process of translating Chinese neologisms the problem of Chinglish remains very serious
    The Chinese expression 吃皇粮 is better to be translated into to have a stable job and fixed wages in the government office rather than to eat emperor’s rice 合工 translate into worker under contract employment system is better than contract labor Another example if 豆腐渣工程 is translated literally into bean curd residue project it is typical Chinglish because the translator fail to give consideration to the figure of speech of its actual meaning and the thinking patterns of target readers 豆腐渣工程 usually refers to a kind of substandard construction which is of low quality and easy to be damaged due to shoddy work inadequate design or saving illegally on material and labor Jellybuilt is a derogatory term for quickly and cheaply built without concerns for the quality Hence it is feasible to be translated into jellybuilt project for jellybuilt achieves the closest natural response to 豆腐渣 However in a report from the International Herald Tribune 豆腐渣工程 is literally translated into bean curd project with an interpreting so named because they are easily fall apart Combining literal and figurative translation strategies together not only maintains the Chinese characteristic but clearly expresses its meaning to the receptor of target language Thus the functional equivalence is achieved and the setbacks of Chinglish are avoided to the fullest degree

    Misunderstanding and Mistranslation
    In the process of CE translation due to the lack of complete understanding of the target language and the impact of their mother tongue on the target language many inexperienced translator will apply the vocabulary and grammar of their native language mechanically to the translation and thus leads to the frequent occurrence of mistranslation Only if the translators get a full understanding of the source text can they be able to obtain the closet natural equivalence And a full comprehension demands a detailed analysis of origins of the source text semantic and pragmatic meanings and each aspect that may exert influence on the result of translation As Chinese is our mother tongue some translators are too assured that they understand totally the source texts but in real translation misunderstanding is common occurrence
    For example once someone has translated三陪 into three company services It is obviously cannot arouse functional equivalence because it doesn’t convey the word’s true meaning at all At reading three company services the receptors will not know it has anything to do with the escort girl From this point of view translator should pay attention to drawing a deeper and exact comprehension of the source text in order to produce a more accurate and intelligible translation

    Neglect of Culture
    English and Chinese are carriers of the two distinct cultures which are different from each other The greatest difficulty in translation is the cultural difference Translation will be constantly influenced either explicitly or implicitly by culture So in the course of translatingwe should betaken into account to avoid misunderstanding As a matter of fact however it is not uncommon that the influence of culture on translation has been neglected Take 吃香 as an example It is no easy to find a counterpart in English which is equivalent in both form and meaning The literal translation to eat fragrance cannot convey the original meaning lucidly Obviously it fails to take the cultural differences between the two countries into account and will be unreadable to the receptors that have no idea of Chinese culture For this reason it is necessary to focus attention on the Chinese flavor of this word and seek the most equivalent version So it is better to translate into be very popular or be much sought after Similar examples are 傍款 and 煲电话粥 If translated into find a rich man and chat for a long time on the phone respectively they are of no colloquial flavor The English slang find a sugar daddy and shoot the breeze on the phone may be to the point

    Redundancy in translation
    The problem of redundancy remains serious in the translation of Chinese neologism There are two major reasons for the problem of redundancy One is that the translator’s understanding of the target language is far from enoughThe other reason is that some Chinese neologisms have no equivalent counterpart in English and their connotative meanings cannot be fully expressed by literal translation Only by free translation can the meaning be transferred to the receptors which may result in redundancy In this case attention should be paid to the concise and idiomatic translation of target language Some English words containing both denotative and connotative meanings can express the meaning of Chinese phrases For example 社会义荣辱观 has once been translated into the socialist maxims of honor and disgrace actually it mainly talks about moral standard thus maybe socialist morality (morality a system of ideas of right and wrong conduct) is more readable and intelligible for English receptors Another examples 弱势群体 if it is translated into the disadvantaged group the word group seems to be redundant here And if 济适房 is translated into economically affordable housing economically is redundant here because the word affordable in itself contains the meaning of economical

    False Friend
    In CE translation False Friend refers to a kind of words phrases and expressions which seem to be correct in grammar but do not conform to the Standard English expressions because of the interference of Chinese
    Although the target reader may get the rough idea of the meanings they can never accept them Nida put forward that false friends are words which seem to be identical in form and meaning but which involves subtle differences especially in associative meaning Therefore special attention should be paid to get rid of these false friends For instance 裸婚 may be translated into naked marriage by some beginners which is grammatically correct However it doesn’t conform to the daily expression of English speakers So it is better to change the word naked into barehanded Another example if the Chinese word 潜规 is translated literally into potential rules we can imagine the puzzled facial expression of the target reader As a matter of fact the Chinese character 潜in 潜规 does have the equivalent meaning to the English word potential However the English expression unspoken rules can convey the connotative meaning of this popular Chinese word
    5 Strategies for Chinese Neologisms Translation
    Because of the Chinese neologisms’ unique characteristics two aspects are involved in the translation of Chinese neologisms to achieve the closest natural equivalence and the two aspects are meanings and functions
    Nida firmly believes that the purpose of translation lies in the response of the receptor in communication and this response must then be compared with the way in which the original receptors presumably reacted to the message when it is given in its original setting What’s more Nida holds that the maximal level of equivalence is just an ideal which is only to be approached rather than achieved and the equivalence can only be understood in terms of proximity Consequently there is no universal strategy fit for all translations but various approaches In this paper seven strategies will be analyzed in detail

    51 Literal Translation
    Literal translation refers to translating the meaning of cultural terms according to their literal forms with little change in its original form It is one of the most important strategies that can be adopted in the translation of Chinese neologisms Nida holds that if designative and associated meaning can be achieved by literal translation it is not necessary to adjust the form As what has been pointed out by Peter Newmark literal translation is the first step in translation and a good translator abandons a literal version only when it is plainly inexact or in the case of a vocative or informative text badly written A bad translator will always do his best to avoid translating word for word For one thing by employing literal translation can the denotative meaning of the neologism be fully rendered for another it can also maintain the original form and style of the neologism By means of literal translation the words and expressions with unique Chinese characteristics can be directly introduced to target language readers It is often viewed as a very effective method to introduce the unique Chinese culture and customs to the outside world With the help of literal translation quite a lot of Chinese neologisms can be translated into English directly
    Examples
    富二代 affluent second generation
    愤青 young cynic
    裸婚 naked wedding
    炫富 flaunt wealth
    犀利哥 brother sharp
    团购 group buying
    铁饭碗 iron rice bowl
    三代表 Three Represents
    黑哨 black whistles
    廉租房 low rent housing
    空巢老 empty nesters
    纸老虎 paper tiger
    爱心工程 Loving Care Project
    国两制 one country two system
    新新类 newnew generation
    笑料 laughing stock
    Nevertheless literal translation is not omnipotent and it also has limitations Only the superficial and denotative meaning can be rendered into English without taking the connotative or underlying meanings into full account So whether the receptor can get a full understanding of the translated words or expressions remain a question It is fit for those words which are not so rich in culture connotation or don’t have strong Chinese characteristics If translating the cultural meaning and connotative meaning is of great necessity literal translation with adding or interpreting will be employed

    52 Literal Translation with Adding or Interpreting
    Some heavily culturalloaded words are filled with Chinese characteristics Therefore it is hard to find equivalent words to substitute them Adopting a complete free translation will be sure to damage the cultural connotations Under such circumstances we had better to put some explanatory to make up for the lost cultural information by just employing literal translation
    Examples
    凤凰男 Phoenix man a man born poor and in the rural area but by taking great pains in study later moved to a big city and brought hope to the whole family
    三通 the three direct crossStrait links namely mail transportation and trade
    三包 three guarantee for repair replacement and compensation of faulty products
    三产品 threenoenterprises enterprises with no capital no plant and no administrative structure
    空嫂 air lady a attendant on a plane who has got married
    黑哨 black whistle a metaphor for an unfair decision of a judge who is partial or has been bribed
    复读生 return and repeat student students reattending classes after failing the college entrance examination
    绿色食品 green food food which contains no toxic or harmful elements for human health
    豆腐渣工程 beancurd project so named because they fall apart easily

    53 Transliteration
    Transliteration is a kind of translation strategy which directly uses the Chinese pronunciation and phonetic alphabet to translate the neologisms This method is employed to translate words or expressions which are unique to the source language culture especially the names of people places or brand names which do not have correspondent counterparts in English These words or expressions are usually of great difficulties to render into English but by transliteration the cultural connotation can be reserved and the receptors may know more about Chinese culture
    Translating the name of the mascots of Beijing Olympics in 2008 福娃 is representative example Ever since the translated version Friendlies was announced to the public it has aroused heated disputation Although this translated name can actually express the connotation of the mascots it is lack of Chinese flavor Later the new translated English name Fuwa is officially announced When compared with the previous one the transliterated expression Fuwa can better express the cultural connotations and underlying meanings of the Chinese mascots
    The transliterated version draws attention immediately and at the same time introduces the Chinese cultural image to the outside world which also meets the demand for embodying the unique Chinese characteristics
    Other examples 桑sauna便bento豆腐 tofu 寿司 sushi基尼bikini卡路里 calorie香槟 Champagne席梦思 Simmons 培根 bacon

    However sometimes this method may bring difficulties to the reader’s understanding especially when the cultural term is totally strange to the receptors Therefore under such circumstances it is better to combine this strategy with other methods such as adding annotations paraphrasing or foot notes

    54Transliteration with adding or Interpreting
    This method refers to a kind of strategy in which the original pronunciation is preserved and at the same time the true meaning of life is revealed Some Chinese neologisms with strong Chinese characteristics constitute a lexical gap in target language culture and are difficult to imagine so it is better to employ the method of transliteration with adding or interpreting
    Example
    江南丝竹 Jiangnan Sizhuthe silk and bamboo music which is listed as one of China’s intangible cultural heritages
    关系 guanxisocial relationships
    秧歌 yangkoa popular folk dance in Northern China
    红包 hongbaoa red envelop usually contains money as a gift
    This method serves better when conveying the unique Chinese flavor and information to the receptors But when it comes to a wordy expression it will bring much trouble to make use of this strategy
    55 Diversified Translation
    In the process of Chinese neologism translation one cannot provide a particular way of translating especially when dealing with the newlycreated neologism and no official version is offered or the expression is of great difficulties to fully interpret Nida believes that translators should consider adopting literal translation first if there is possibility But when formal correspondence causes misunderstanding or even make no senses translators should make adjustments to the form of source language to achieve functional equivalence Therefore if some words or expressions have no official or fixed translated versions it will be up to the translators to choose their way of translating the expressions We can look at the following examples
    传销 pyramidselling (literal translation combined with free translation)
    钻石王老五 diamond bachelor (literal translation combined with free translation)
    限时抢购 flash sale (free translation combined with literal translation)
    麦霸 Mic king Mic queen (back translation combined with free translation)
    桑天 sauna weather (back translation combined with literal translation)
    In a word the strategies analyzed above are the most commonly used ones in the translation of Chinese neologisms into English among which free translation is the most widely adopted one for the target language readers can understand and adapt to them relatively easily However the author prefers the strategy of literal translation with adding or interpreting when translating neologisms which are heavily cultureloaded or with strong Chinese characteristics By means of literal translation with adding or interpreting not only are the meanings of neologism presented to the receptor but also the culture contained will be better expressed

    6 Conclusion
    With the rapid growth of China’s comprehensive national strength and the increase of her international status and influence China is playing a more and more important part on the international stage It is undoubtedly high time that we introduced the Chinese culture to the outside world On the basis of the former study on the translation of Chinese neologisms this thesis has further analyzed the same topic from the perspective of functional equivalence The translation of new words is probably the most difficult task for nonliterature and professional translators By means of qualitative analysis the author hold the view that literal translation literal translation with adding and interpreting transliteration transliteration with adding and interpreting literal translation and diversified translation are the most popular and widely used translation strategies in order to achieve as much as possible functional equivalence in the translation of Chinese neologisms
    With a great deal of examples this thesis analyzes the formation causes of Chinese neologisms point out the problems in the translation of Chinese neologisms and proposes six strategies of translating Chinese neologisms to achieve functional equivalence As the answers to the questions put forward in the previous chapter the author put forward that if the readability of the word is not affected the strategies of foreignization should be considered first when dealing with the translation of Chinese neologisms in order to maintain the unique characteristics of Chinese culture and get it well spread all over the world
    Research on the translation of Chinese neologisms into English is a dynamic process translators should make perseverant efforts in exploring new principles and strategies that are compatible with the development of Chinese neologisms (Yang Jingning 2003) The author expects that this thesis can offer food for thought to translators and throw away a brick on the further study of the translation of Chinese neologisms into English








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    [1]De Waard Jan&Eugene A Nida From One Language to Another Functional Equivalence in Bible Translating [M] New York Nelson 1986
    [2]Kramsch Clair Language and Culture [M]Shanghai Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 2000
    [3]Newmark Peter Approaches to Translation [M] Shanghai Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 2001
    [4]Newmark Peter A Textbook to Translation [M]Shanghai Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 2001
    [5]Nida EugeneA Toward a Science of Translation [M]Shanghai Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 2004
    [6]Nida Eugene A Culture and Translating [M]Shanghai Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 1993
    [7]Nida Eugene A&Charles R Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation [M]Shanghai Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 2004
    [8] Nida Eugene A&Charles R Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation [M]United Bible Societies 1982
    [9]Shawn Holley The New Word Revolution [M]Beijing Tsinghua University Press 2000
    [10]SnellHornby Mary Translation Studies An Integrated Approach [M] Shanghai Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 2001
    [1]贾文波: 汉语时文翻译教程[M]北京中国外翻译出版公司2004
    [2]杨京宁王琪:汉语新词新语词源探析英译[J]安徽学学报2003(4)
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