1
薄冰英语语法
第章 名词
名词分专名词普通名词专名词某（）方机构等专
名称BeijingChina 等普通名词类东西抽象概念名词：book
sadness 等普通名词分面四类：
1）体名词：表示某类东西中体：gun
2）集体名词：表示干体组成集合体：family
3）物质名词：表示法分体实物：air
4）抽象名词：表示动作状态品质感情等抽象概念：work
体名词集体名词数目计算称数名词物质名词抽象名词般
法数目计算称数名词纳名词分类图表示：
11 名词复数规变化
12 名词复数规变化
1） y结尾专名词元音字母 +y 结尾名词变复数时直接加 s变复数
例：
two Marys the Henrys
monkeymonkeys holidayholidays
2） o 结尾名词变复数时：
名词
专名词
数名词
普通名词
物质名词
抽象名词
集体名词
数名词体名词
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
般情况 加 s 清辅音读s mapmaps
浊辅音元音读
z
bagbags carcars
s sh ch x
等结尾
加 es 读 iz busbuses watchwatches
ce se ze 等
结尾
加 s 读 iz licenselicenses
辅音 字 母 +y 结
尾
变y i加
es
读 z babybabies 2
a 加s： photophotos pianopianos
radioradios zoozoos
b 加es：potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes
c 述 ab两种方法均 zerozeros zeroes
3） ffe 结尾名词变复数时：
a 加s： beliefbeliefs roofroofs
safesafes gulfgulfs
b ffe 加ves：halfhalves
knifeknives leafleaves wolfwolves
wifewives lifelives thiefthieves
c 述 ab两种方法均 handkerchief handkerchiefs
handkerchieves
13 名词复数规变化
1） childchildren footfeet toothteeth
mousemice manmen womanwomen
注意：词加 man woman 构成合成词复数形式 men women an
Englishmantwo Englishmen German 合成词复数形式 GermansBowman
姓复数 the Bowmans
2） 单复形deersheepfishChineseJapanese lijinyuantwo lithree
mufour jin 等民币元角分外美元英镑法郎等复数形式
：a dollar two dollars a meter two meters
3）集体名词单数形式出现实复数例：
people police cattle 等身复数说 a peoplea policea cattle
说 a persona policemana head of cattle the Englishthe Britishthe
Frenchthe Chinesethe Japanesethe Swiss 等名词表示国民总称时作复数
The Chinese are industries and brave 中国民勤劳勇敢
4） s结尾单数名词：
a mathspoliticsphysics 等学科名词般数名词单数
b news 数名词
c the United Statesthe United Nations 应视单数
The United Nations was organized in 1945 联合国 1945 年组建起
d 复数形式出现书名剧名报纸杂志名视单数例：
The Arabian Nights is a very interesting storybook 千零夜
非常趣事书
5） 表示两部分构成东西：glasses （眼镜） trousers clothes 等
表达具体数目助数量词 pair（双） suit（套） a pair of glasses two
pairs of trousers 等
6） 外名词复数形式时表示特意思：goods 货物waters
水域fishes（种）鱼
14 数名词量表示
1）物质名词
a 物质名词转化体名词时数
较：Cake is a kind of food 蛋糕种食物 （数）
These cakes are sweet 蛋糕吃 （数）
b 物质名词表示该物质种类时数例： 3
This factory produces steel （数）
We need various steels （数）
c 物质名词表示份数时数例：
Our country is famous for tea 国茶叶闻名
Two teas please 请两杯茶
2） 抽象名词表示具体事例时数例：
four freedoms 四 the four modernizations 四现代化
物质名词抽象名词助单位词表定数量：
a glass of water 杯水 a piece of advice 建议
5 定语名词复数
名词作定语般单数例外
1) 复数作定语例：
sports meeting 运动会 students readingroom 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2） man woman gentleman 等作定语时单复数修饰名词单复数定
例：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3） 原 s结尾名词作定语时s保留例：
goods train （货车） arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4） 数词+名词作定语时名词般保留单数形式例：
twodozen eggs 两鸡蛋 a tenmile walk 十英里路
twohundred trees 两百棵树 a fiveyear plan 五年计划
16 国籍单复数
17 名词格
英语中名词加＇s表示关系带种词尾名词形式称该名词
格：a teacher＇s book名词格规：
1） 单数名词词尾加＇s复数名词词尾没 s加＇s the boy＇s bag 男孩
书包men＇s room 男厕
国籍 总称（谓语复数） 单数 复数
中国 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳利亚 the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄国 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意利 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国 the Americans an American two Americans
印度 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 4
2） 名词已复数词尾s 加＇：the workers＇ struggle 工斗争
3） 加＇s名词名词+of +名词结构表示关系：the
title of the song 歌名字
4） 表示店铺教堂名字某家时名词格面常常出现修饰
名词：the barber＇s 理发店
5） 果两名词列分＇s表示分＇s表示＇＇
例：
John＇s and Mary＇s rooms（两间） John and Mary＇s room（间）
6） 复合名词短语＇s 加词词尾例：a month or two＇s absence
18 练
11He was eager to make some extra money since during these years he could hardly live
on his_______
a． a． little wage b few wage c wage d wages
22Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war
a a an ash b the ash c ash d ashes
3 3The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year
a a many preparations b much preparation c preparations d preparation
4 4Painting in _____ is one of their sparetime activities
a a oil b an oil c oils d the oil
55In the view of the foreign experts there wasn’t ____ oil here
a a much b lots of c a great deal of d many
6 6The large houses are being painted but ______
a of great expense b at a great expense c in a lot of expenses d by high
expense
7 7The room was small and contained far too ______
aamuch new furniture c much new furnitures
b bmany new furniture d many new furnitures
88Jim was late for two classes this morning He said that he forgot both of the ______
a rooms number b room number c room’s numbers d room numbers
9Computers can do ______ work in a short time but a man can not do ______ by himself
a great many…many c much…a great deal
b a great deal of…much d many…a great many
1010She didn’t know _____ he had been given
a a how many information c how many informations
b b the number of information d how much information
1111He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party
a a comradeinarms c comradesinarm
b b comradesinarms d comradeinarm
1212All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month
a a women doctors c woman doctors
b b women doctor d woman doctor
1313After ten years all these youngsters became_____
a a grownsups c grownsup
b b grownup d grownups
1414The police investigated those _____ about the accident
a a standerby c standersby
b b standerbys d standersbys 5
1515The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp
aaprisonerofwars c prisonersofwar
b bprisonersofwars d prisonerofwar
1616The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately
a a new reel b news reel c newreels d news reels
1717Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______
a elder sister b elder sister’s c elder sisters d elder sisters dress
1818All the people at the conference are ______
a mathematic teachers c mathematics teacher
bbmathematics teachers d mathematic’s teachers
19Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance
a a some property c properties
b b some properties d property
2020Physics _____ with matter and motion
a a deal b deals c dealing d are
2121He has written several books but his last works _____ well known among his friends
a a have b have been c is d are
2222After he checked up my ______ heart the doctor advised him to rest for a few days
a a fatherinlaw’s c father’sinlaw
b b fatherinlaw d father’sinlaw’s
2323He told me _____ would come to his birthday party
a a many Jack friends c many Jack’s friend
b b Jack’s many friends d many friends of Jack’s
2424I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner
aabarber b barbers c barber’s d barbers’
2525Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______
a a Peter and Helen’s c Peter and Helen
b b Peter and Helens d Peter’s and Helen’s
2626______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun’s energy
a a The earth’s surface c The surface of earth
b b The surface earth d The earth surface
2727Numerous materials are available to ______
a a today of designers c today’s of designers
b b today’s designers d today designers
2828Why did you speak to Peter that way Don’t you know he is an old friend of ______
a a my brother b my brothers c my brother’s d my brother’s friend
2929______ is a wellinformed man He can tell you anything you want to know
a a This John’s old friend c That’s Jahn’s old friend
b b This old friend of John d This old friend of John’s
3030______ is too much for a little boy to carry
aaA bike’s weight c The weight of a bike
b bThe weights of a bike d Bile’s weight
3131Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday
a a little b much c a large number of d a large amount of
3232When they got to the lectureroom there were ______ left
a a only few seats b a very few seats c only a few seats d so a few
seats 6
3333______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope
a a A little mail b A piece of mail c A mail d A small mail
3434The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there
a a a new equipment c new equipments
b b a new piece of equipment d new pieces of equipments
3535The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work
a a little improvement c many improvements
b b a little improvement d few improvements
3636Today’s modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models
a a only a few b only few c only a little d only little
3737No country can afford to neglect ______
a a an education b educations c education d the education
3838Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______
a a eighth chapter b chapter eight c eight chapter d chapter the
eight
3939______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys’ and apes’
a a The intelligent dog c The intelligence of dogs
b b The dogs whose intelligence d The dogs being intelligent
4040All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test
a a business student b business’s students c business students d
business’s student
4141______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it
yourself
a a Three minutes call c A threeminutes call
b b Threeminute call d A threeminute call
4242The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem
a a public’s chief concern c chief public concern
b b public chief concern d chief concern of public’s
4343______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the
transcontinental railroad
a Chinese were b The Chinese was c Chinese was d The Chinese were
4444______ can get a better view of the game than the participants
a a Lookeron b Lookerson c Lookerons c Lookersons
4545A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the
accidents within minutes
a a were b have been c was d has been
4646Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be
a a is b are c be d been
4747One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum
a a much of tomorrow food c many of tomorrow’s food
b b much of the food of tomorrow d much of tomorrow’s food
4848Scott is an orphan but he received ______
a a very good education c a very good education
b b very good educations d many good educations
4949After several day’s hardworking we have made ______ on the design
a a much improvement c many improvement
b b several improvements d some improvement
5050The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ 7
yesterday
a a shoes shop b shoe shop c shoes’s shop d shoe’s
5151Eggs though nourishing have ______ of fat content
a a large number b a large number c a high amount d the high
amount
5252He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years
a a research b a research c researches d the researches
5353Recently he has lost all his ______
a a wage and saving at card c wages and saving at card
b b wages and savings at card d wages and savings at cards
5454The country’s wealth comes chiefly from its many ______
a a herd of cattle b heard of cattles c herds of cattle d herds of
cattles
5555In Britain the ______ are all painted red
a a letter boxes b letters box c letters boxes d letters’s box
5656Ten years had passed I found she had ______
a a a little white hair c a few white hair
b b some white hair d much white hair
5757All his ______ far from satisfaction
a a conduct is b conduct are c conducts is d conducts will be
5858Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times ______ was done
a a a few damages b few damages c little damage d a little damage
5959He was ______ what to do
a a at his wit end b at his wits end c at his wit’s end d at his
wits’s end
6060Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me
a two toasts b two pieces of toast c two piece of toasts d tow pieces of
toasts
6161Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable
a a datum b datums c data d datas
6262On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______
a a howareyous c howareyou’s
b b of howareyou’s d of how are you
6363Albert said he met the girl ______
a a at his uncle’s Smith room c at his uncle Smith’s room
b b at Smith’s his uncle’s room d at the room of his uncle’s Smith’s
6464It is four months since I last saw Keats ______
a a at Mrt Smith’s the book seller c at my aunt’s a book seller
b b at my aunt’s Mrs Palmer’s d at Mrs Palmer’s the book seller’
s
6565This room is ______
a a the editor’sinchief’s office c the editorinchief’s office
b b the editorinchief office d the editor’sinchief office
6666My old classmate Comrade Sun works at ______
a a a teacher college c a teacher’s college
b b a teachers’s college d a college of a teacher’s
6767The policemen put the criminal ______
a a in a iron b into a iron c in irons d into a pair of iron 8
6868Our teacher gave me ______
a a an advice b the advice c many advice d much advice
6969My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors
a a a b two c a couple of d a pair of
70My house is within ______ from the railway station
a a stone’s throw b a throw of a stone c stone’s throw d the stone’s throw
附：介词练
1 1 She is such an irritating woman I don’t know how you can ______ her
a put up b stand up to c stand with d put up with
2 2 To get my traveler’s check I had to ______ a special check to the bank for the total
amount
a make for b make out c make off d make up
3 3 Little boys are easily ______
a taken in b taken away c taken out d taken over
4 4 The company is going to hand ______ the free samples tomorrow
a up b out c on d down
5 5 It was purely ______ chance that the mistake was discovered
a in b for c by d from
6 6 The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help
him with the performance
a by accident b on occasion c on average d at random
7 7 I left for the office earlier than usual this morning ______ traffic jam
a in case of b in line with c for the sake of d at the risk of
8 8 Some areas _______ their severe weather conditions are hardly populated
a but for b in spite of c due to d with regard to
9 9 Visitors are asked to comply ______ the regulations
a at b in c with d on
10 10 He ______ so much work that he couldn’t really do it efficiently
a put on b took on c brought on d turned on
11 11 In order to save time I______ my shopping to once a week
a cut off b cut out c cut up d cut down
12 12 The idea has ______ that science cannot be wrong
a piled up b picked up c grown up d put up
13 13 he did everything he could to prevent if from ______ into fighting
a breaking off b breaking up c breaking out d breaking of
14 14 The construction of the new building will cost ______ 1000000 dollars and
it’s not easy to get so much money
a at last b at most c at least d at large
15 15 The thief ran away as fast as he could ______ the policeman
a in sight b within the sight of c within sight d at the sight of
16 16 For too long European can makers have fought to ______ old ways and old
privileges
a hang on to b have access to c refer to d see to
17 17 Whoever ______ a full night’s sleep will be more than rewarded in heightened
productivity creativity and focus
a invests at b invests in c invests by d invests with
18 18 Prior ______ his departure he wrote a letter to his mother
a of b from c to d in
19 19 The company is very famous ______ the high quality of its products
a in b for c by d with
20 20 Once he was given a chance to improve his position in the firm he seized it
______ both hands and is now on his way to the top
a on b at c in d with 9
21 21 These misfortunes almost deprived him ______ his future career
a with b of c from d beyond
22 22 I don’t ______ the expense I want the party to be a real success
a care for b care about c be in care of d take care of
23 23 We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets ______
a about b on c up d in
24 24 The car pulled ______ beside me and the driver asked me to way to the Great
Wall
a down b off c up d out
25 25 After the war many warships were laid ______ as they were not needed any
longer
a up b aside c down d over
26 26 When the rebellion died ______ things quickly returned to normal
a out b away c down d through
27 27 I’ll pick you ______ at your college gate and take you straight to the station
a on b off c out d up
28 28 Will you please see ______ our luggage when I am away
a to b in c with d for
29 29 ______ they reached the small village before dusk
a Towards the end b By the end c In the end d At the end
30 30 Mary has left the book on the table ______ purpose so that you can read it
a with b on c in d out of
31 31 That noise is getting louder because the engineers are ______ the engine to see
if the plane is ready to fly
a doing with b running up c turning in d trying for
32 32 The government is looking ______ new methods of raising money without
increasing taxes
a down on b upon c out for d around
33 33 Man is superior to the animals ______ he sues language to convey his thoughts
a and that b in that c so that d in order that
34 34 Not long ago a person who I know every well was ______ an accident
a related to b included in c involved in d subject to
35 35 I______ to him for the error
a excused b pardoned c forgave d apologized
36 36 Though we have no interests ______ common we are good friends
a on b in c for d at
37 37 The purse has returned to the original owner ______
a in a long time b in a long run c in no time d at no time
38 38 We can’t hope to catch up with that car ______ us
a in advance of b in the front of c at the frontier of d ahead of
39 39 Some animals will modify their behavior to ______ their environment
a adapt to b adopt to c suit to d conform to
40 40 Don＇t ______ going abroad this summer we may not have enough money
a count on b come on c attend upon d frown upon
41 41 Don’t suspect your daughter ______ dishonesty
a of b for c with d to
42 42 At the head of the valley we turned right and ______ the summit
a set up b took up c made for d went for
43 43 Her type of women can ______ life much more easily
a cope with b take advantage of c take care of d look after
44 44 The manager accused one of the hotel servants ______ stealing the money
a for b with c of d about
45 45 It is difficult to _____ the implication between the lines
a get to b get into c get over d get at 10
46 46 While living there she ______ the local accent
a picked on b picked at c picked up d picked out
47 47 We adopted the new method _____ raising our efficiency
a in the event of b on account of c with a view of d with regard to
48 48 ______ the light of what you have told me I will say that it is he who came
here yesterday
a By b In c Of d Under
49 49 They will place China in the front ranks of countries of the world ______ the
output of major industrial products
a in support of b in connection with c in terms of d by means of
50 50 When they had finished playing the children were made to ______ all the toys
they had taken out
a put off b put away c put up d put out
51 51 He failed to supply the facts relevant ______ the case in question
a for b with c of d to
52 52 In Britain and on the Continent too the Japanese are viewed _______ a threat
to domestic industries
a like b as c with d for
53 53 When Jack was eighteen he ______ going around with a strange set of people and
staying out very late
a took up b took for c took to d took on
54 54 While in London we paid a visit to the hospital founded ______ the nurse
Florence Nightingale
a in line with b in favor of c in place d in honor of
55 55 A poor man has to ______ many thing which a rich man regards as almost
necessaries in life
a go through b go without c go over d go about
56 56 Digital computers are practical ______ their high speed of operation
a instead of b because of c regardless of d in spite of
57 57 _____ the many hours of study that he devoted to the subject he still found
the subject matter difficult
a After b Due to c Despite d As for
58 58 The early part of the concert ______ comparatively satisfactorily
a went after b went down c went off d went up
59 59 Mary is _______ her face ready for the party
a clearing up b holding up c keeping up d making up
60 60 _______ a prolonged spell of fine weather they were able to complete the film
within the month
a As to b Thanks to c In relation to d With respect to
61 61 One day people will be able to go to the moon _____ holiday
a on b during c for d in
62 62 How did it come _____ that you made a lot of mistakes in your homework
a about b after c with d to
63 63 Whatever the rule is you may be sure he will keep _____ it
a on b in c off d to
64 64 In one firm alone over three hundred people were laid _____ during the last
month
a in b out c on d off
65 65 The safety of shops ______ sea depends much on the warnings given by
lighthouses
a in b across c on d at
66 66 The mass of an object is multiplied by the speed of light squared _____ other
words the speed of light is multiplied by itself
a by b for c in d with 11
67 67 The new system encourages companies to compete with each other ______ equal
terms
a on b in c with d for
68 68 You should stick _____ the point in debate
a to b at c in d for
69 69 Tom has been sad recently for his plan to go to college _____ at the last
moment
a fell out b fell behind c fell in d fell through
70 70 David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming
a go in for b go into c go through d go after
71 71 The police haven’t caught the murder alive yet but they are convinced that the
really important facts of the case will soon ________
a come into force b come into contact c come into light d come down to earth
72 72 The teacher expects us to do all the exercises to study the spelling list and
to get our paper ______ time
a in b on c at d by
73 73 Having been told bad weather was on the way the climbers decided to ______
their attempt on Mount Tai until the following week
a give up b deny to c put off d refuse to
74 74 Bill did not hear the telephone because he was completely ______ his reading
a absorbed for b absorbed by c absorbed on d absorbed in
75 75 Unwanted tickets can be given ______ at the theatre office window up to half an
hour before the performance
a in b out c off d over
76 76 Science was ______ regarded as a part of philosophy
a at time b at all time c at a time d at one time
77 77 The newly designed machines are high ______ quality
a on b in c for d with
78 78 Some quite artistic yet inexpensive fabrics are now being _____ from British
mills
a turned over b turned out c turned up d turned off
79 79 The mother scolded the boy ______ not cleaning up his room
a to b with c at d for
80 80 ______ my car is being made ready for a long journey
a In the moment b For the moment c At the moment d By the moment
81 81 I’m bad ______ remembering faces
a at b in c with d on
82 82 Oil drilling in that area has now stopped because the company has ______ money
a come out of b come off c run out of d run down
83 83 The doctor was always ______ the poor and the sick often giving them free
medical services
a reminded of b absorbed in c tended by d concerned about
84 84 The company will send a representative to ______ their business in that region
a attend to b attempt at c associate with d approve of
85 85 Milk is ______ memories of home and mother so people away from home drink more
milk
a bound to b kept to c referred to d tied to
86 86 Despite the traffic lights ahead the car continued ______ full speed
a with b in on d at
87 87 Something strange seems to be _____ me since I have been taking this drug
a running into b coming across c happening to d falling on
88 88 The shopkeeper was ______ inside his own shop and all the day’s money was
stolen
a held over b held up c held out d held off 12
89 89 Earthlike planets are extremely common in the Universe ______ the latest
computer simulation of the formation of the Solar System
a according to b in addition to c in regard to d thanks to
90 90 In Brazil spending on science and technology ______ just 06 percent of gross
national product
a makes for b makes up for c accounts for d stands for
91 91 ______ wherever he lives a man belongs to some society
a For short b In short c Of short d On short
92 92 A man who could ______ such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage
and moral strength
a bear upon b insist on c stand up to d persist in
93 93 Is his action consistent ______ his principles
a with b in c of d by
94 94 He is by far the best player ______ the team
a for b on c in d to
95 95 A foreign firm has bought more than half of the shares in his company and
______
a got over it b overtaken it c taken it over d overcome it
96 96 After a heated bargaining they agreed ______ the price for the car
a to b with c on d in
97 97 _______ all the difficulties and discomforts they went on working at the
design
a Because of b In proportion with c As a result of d In spite of
98 98 all questions left ______ by history must be settled one by one
a alone b off c out d over
99 99 It is just three o’clock pm The plane just _____ five minutes ago
a took off b took up c took out d took in
100 100 The government warned the people living in the forest to be ______ fire
a with regard to b on guard c on guard against d in regard to
101 101 During sleep blood pressure is normally ______ its lowest
a in b for c at d by
102 102 The parents and the children will have to leave the country ______ good
a with c over c on d for
103 103 Neither their parents nor their friends have approved ______ their marriage yet
a for b of c to d with
104 104 Classroom testing if well done most certainly ______ a stimulus to study and
real learning
a acts for b acts on c acts as d acts to
105 105 In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded
every detail
a in b at c for d on
106 The French pianist who had been praised very highly ______ to be a great
disappointment
a turned up b turned in c turned out d turned down
107107 In the advanced course students must take performance tests ______ monthly
intervals
a in b over c at d between
108108 We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ______
a out of work b out of reach c out of practice d out of stock
109109 In the United States professors have many other duties ______ teaching such as
administrative or research work
a besides b except c but d with
110110 he attempted ______ to set up a company of his own
a with vain b on vain c in vain d of vain 13
111111 On hearing the news that her father died she ______ tears
a burst out b burst in c burst into d burst forth
112112 She was annoyed at his comment thinking that he visitor _____ her
a looked down b looked highly of c looked low at d looked down upon
113113 ______ comparison to my boyhood my undergraduate years in Oklahoma were paradise
a In b With c By d For
114114 The United States is a major consumer of coffee yet it does not have the climate
to grow any ______ its own
a on b for c of d to
115115 The accounts have always been handled ______ the banks policies
a in accordance with c in connection with
c in contrast with d in line with
116116 His inability to learn foreign languages was an obstacle ______ his career
a of b to c for d as
117117 The purpose of the official inquiry is to ______ the true facts leading to the
loss of the ship at sea
a come at b come for c come into d come over
118118 Business picked up in the stores during December but ______ again after
Christmas
a dropped off b dropped out c dropped over d dropped on
119119 Many words associated with life in the West are Spanish ______ origin
a on b in c at d from
120120 The custom of visiting friends relatives and neighbors on New Year’s Day is one
the Old World traditions that has ______ a new form in the United States
a taken up b taken on c taken over d taken off
121121 Some workers fear the loss of social identity that can ______ not having a job
a result in b result from c bring up d bring on
122122 Most of the leading food shops have promised to ______ prices until after the
new year
a keep off b keep down c keep out d keep back
123123 ______ classical music which follows formal European traditions jazz is a
spontaneous and free form
a In comparison with b In connection with c In contrast to d In regard to
124 Alice ______ when a crowd from a train rushed through the gate
a looked after b looked in c looked over d looked up
125125 The news of important events is broadcast often _______ over television
a on the average b on the contrary c on the spot d on the whole
第二章 冠词数词
21 定冠词法
冠词身单独没词义名词前面帮助指明名词含义冠词身单独没词义名词前面帮助指明名词含义冠词身单独没词义名词前面帮助指明名词含义冠词身单独没词义名词前面帮助指明名词含义英英英英
语中冠词三种种定冠词种定冠词种零冠词语中冠词三种种定冠词种定冠词种零冠词语中冠词三种种定冠词种定冠词种零冠词语中冠词三种种定冠词种定冠词种零冠词
定冠词 定冠词 定冠词 定冠词 aaaa （（（（anananan）数词 ）数词 ）数词 ）数词 oneoneoneone 源源源源意思意思意思意思aaaa辅音音素前般读辅音音素前般读辅音音素前般读辅音音素前般读
作作作作[e][e][e][e]anananan元音音素前般读做元音音素前般读做元音音素前般读做元音音素前般读做[en][en][en][en]
1） 表示意 one指某某物意 a certain例：
A Mr Ling is waiting for you 位姓凌先生等
2） 代表类物例：
A knife is a tool for cutting with 刀切割工具 14
Mr Smith is an engineer 史密斯先生工程师
3） 组成词组成语a little a few a lot a type of a pile a great
many many a as a rule in a hurry in a minute in a word in a
short while after a while have a cold have a try keep an eye on
all of a sudden 等
22 定冠词法
定冠词 the 指示代词 thisthat 源（）意思意义较弱
名词连表示某某特定东西
1）特指双方明白物例：
Take the medicine 药吃
2）文提事例：
He bought a house I＇ve been to the house 买幢房子幢房子
3）指世独物二事物 the sun the sky the moon the earth 等
4）单数名词连表示类事物the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸形容词
分词连表示类：the rich 富 the living 生者
5）序数词形容词高级形容词 onlyverysame 等前面例：
Where do you live I live on the second floor 住？住二层
That＇s the very thing I＇ve been looking for 正找东西
6）复数名词连指整群体例：
They are the teachers of this school（指全体教师）
They are teachers of this school （指部分教师）
7）表示相物代词表示身体部位名词前例：
She caught me by the arm 抓住手臂
8）某普通名词构成国家名称机关团体阶级等专名词前例：
the People＇s Republic of China 中华民国
the United States 美国
9）表示乐器名词前例：
She plays the piano 会弹钢琴
10） 姓氏复数名词前表示家例：
the Greens 格林家 （格林夫妇）
11） 惯语中例：
in the day in the morning（afternoonevening） the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday the next morning
in the sky （waterfieldcountry）
in the dark in the rain in the distance
in the middle （of） in the end
on the whole by the way go to the theatre
23 零冠词法
1） 国名名前通常定冠词：EnglandMary
2）泛指复数名词表示类事物时定冠词例：
They are teachers 教师
3）抽象名词表示般概念时通常加冠词例：
Failure is the mother of success 失败成功母
4）物质名词表示般概念时通常加冠词表示特定意思时需加定冠词
例： 15
Man cannot live without water 离开水法生存
5）季节月份节日 假日日期星期等表示时间名词前加冠词例 ：
We go to school from Monday to Friday 星期星期五课
6）称呼表示官衔职位名词前加冠词例：
The guards took the American to General Lee 士兵美国送李
军里
7）三餐球类运动娱乐运动名称前加冠词have breakfastplay chess
8）两两名词时常省冠词例：
I can＇t write without pen or pencil 没钢笔铅笔写字
9）by 火车等交通工具连表示种方式时中间冠词by busby train
10）体名词冠词 schoolcollegeprisonmarkethospitalbed
tableclasstownchurchcourt 等体名词直接置介词表示该名词
深层含义例：
go to hospital 医院病
go to the hospital 医院 （病目）
11）冠词序数词
a 序数词前物代词时
b 序数词作副词例：He came first in the race 跑步第
c 固定词组中 at（the）first first of all from first to last 等
24 冠词形容词+名词结构
1） 两形容词冠词表示两物例：
He raises a black and a white cat 养黑猫白猫
The black and the white cats are hers 黑猫白猫
2） 形容词冠词指物例：
He raises a black and white cat 养花猫
25 冠词位置
1） 定冠词位置
定冠词常位名词名词修饰语前注意：
a 位 suchwhatmanyhalf 等形容词例：
I have never seen such an animal 没见样动物
Many a man is fit for the job 许适合岗位
b 名词前形容词副词 as so too how however enough 修饰时定冠词
应放形容词例：
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent 未高兴
So short a time 短时间
Too long a distance 距离太远
c quiterather 单数名词连冠词放 ratherquite 前形容
词定冠词放前均：rather a cold daya rather cold day
d asthough 引导步状语句中表语形容词修饰名词时定冠词放
形容词例：
Brave a man though he ishe trembles at the sight of snakes 勇敢
见蛇发抖
2） 定冠词位置
定冠词通常位名词名词修饰语前放 all bothdoublehalftwicethree
times 等词名词前例： 16
All the students in the class went out 班里学生出
26 数词
表示数目少序少词数词数词分基数词序数词表示数目少数
词基数词表示序数词序数词
基数词
1）基数词般写成 345 three hundred and fortyfive
2）基数词般单数形式遇列情况常复数：
a of 短语连表示概数具体数目连 scores of people 指许

b 表示排组词组里例：
They arrived in twos and threes 三三两两
c 表示十岁
d 表示年代 in +the +数词复数
e 法运算种表示法里 Three fives is（are）fifteen
二序数词
序数词缩写形式 first1st second2nd thirtyfirst31st等
三 数词法
1）倍数表示法
a 语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ as + adj + as例
I have three times as many as you 三倍
b 语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amountlength…） of…例：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon 球月球 49 倍
c 语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）较级+ than…例：
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year
年年粮食产量增加 8
d by+倍数表示增加少倍例：
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year 年
粮食产量增加 4倍
2）分数表示法构成：基数词代表分子序数词代表分母分子 1时分子
序数词单数分母序数词复数例：
13 onethird 337 three and threesevenths
27 冠词练
1When Linda was a child her mother always let her have ______ bed
a a the breakfast in b the breakfast in the c breakfast in d
breakfast in the
22He has promised to give up ______ hundreds of times
a a a tobacco b tobacco c the tobacco d tobaccos
33______ usually go to church every Sunday
a a The Brown b A Brown c Browns d The Browns
4 4The train is running fifty miles ______
a a an hour b one hour c the hour d a hour
55He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______
a a at the flute b at flute c at a flute d at that flute 17
6 6The investigators found that more should be done for ______ in India
a a those poor b a poor c poor d the poor
77You look in high spirit You must have ______ during your holiday
a a wonderful time b a wonderful time c the wonderful time d some
wonderful time
8 8The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because ______ traffic there
was so heavy
a a a b an c the d one
99A new teacher was sent to the village in place of ______ one who had retired
a a a b the c an d its
1010Virtue and vice are before you______ leads you to happiness______ to misery
a the former…latter b a former…a latter
c c the former…the latter d former…latter
1111The children in the kindergarden soon took ______ to their teachers
a a quite fancy b a quite fancy c quite a fancy d the quite fancy
1212______ tend to bemoan the lack of character in the young generation
a a The old b Old c Elderly d Older
1313A man suffering from a chock should be given ______
a a hot sweet tea b a hot sweet tea c the hot sweet tea d one hot
sweet tea
1414He answered my questions with ______ not to be expected of an ordinary schoolboy
a a his accuracy b a accuracy c the accuracy d an accuracy
1515If you go by train you can have quite ______ comfortable journey
a a the b one c a d that
1616We’re going to ______ with ______ today aren’t we
a a the tea…the Smiths b tea…those Smiths c a tea…a Smith d tea…
the Smiths
1717I want an assistant with ______ knowledge of French and ______ experience of office
routine
a a the…the b a…the c a…an d the…an
1818Ann’s habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning annoyed
the neighbors and ______ they took her to the court
a a in the end b at the end c in an end d in end
1919It is reported that today ______ president will have lunch with ______ President
Omon
a a the…the b a…a c the… d …
2020Tianan Men Square and ______ Great Wall are tow of the places everyone should see in
______ People’s Republic of China
a a the…the b … c the… d …the
2121It has long been known that there is an electric field ______
a a inside the earth b inside earth c inside an earth d on earth
2222______ much harder work the volunteers were able to place the raging forest
fire______
a By the means of…under the control b By means of…under control
ccBy means of…under a control d By a means of…under control
2323No sooner had the man departed than the tree began dropping coffee beans ______
a a by the thousand b by a thousand c by thousands d by thousand
2424He expressed ______ of their having ever been married 18
a a the doubt b a doubt c doubt d an doubt
2525He saw through the little boy’s tricks ______
a a at glance b at the glance c at some glance d at a glance
2626Their victory is ______for they’ve lost too many men
a a out of question b out of the question c out question d of
question
2727Many a girl wants to become ______
a a some secretary b a secretary c secretary d secretaries
2828He grabbed me ______ and pulled me onto the bus
a a a arm b an arm c the arm d by the arm
2929I’ll come in ______ minute in fact I’ll come ______ moment I’m through
aa…the b a…the c the…a d …
3030This is one of ______ interesting books on your subject
a a the most b the most of the c most d most of the
3131He enjoys life ______ the Queen Anne
a a on a board b on board c in the board d board
3232He lost his fob and ______ his wife left him
a a on that top b on top of that c on a top of that d on the top
3333Most of the representatives think that ______ the meeting was very successful
a a on whole of b on a whole c on the whole d on the whole that
3434Under no circumstances will there be wage control while I am ______ of the
government
a a the head b a head c head d that head
3535Like his sister David needed ______ from some generous person in order to get home
a a a ride b some ride c ride d the ride
3636The brain’s left hemisphere controls logic and language while ______controls
intuitive talents and musical ability
a a the right b a right c that right d right one
3737______ is setting up a research team to see how children react to video games
a a The Japan’s Health Ministry b Japan’s health Ministry
b b A Japan’s health Ministry d Japan health Ministry
3838Unlike Americans who seem to prefer coffee______ a great deal of tea
a a English drink b The English drink c English man drink d the
English drinks
3939Hundreds of people are ______ now so there are about 50 people trying for the same
position
aaout of the work b out work c out of work d out of a work
4040His mother taught ______ but his father was only a bluecollar worker
a a piano b an piano c the piano d a piano
4141Contrary to what I had expected he lost for ______
a a second time b a second time c second times d the second time
4242Fashions change and people change too but the old feeling remains ______
a a the same b same c that same d as same
4343We are going to dine tomorrow with ______ to celebrate Christmas Day
a a the Cunning b Cunnings c The Cunnings d Cunning’s
4444This is ______ which is collected before the first rain in Spring
a a one tea b a tea c the tea d that tea 19
4545______ is known by its note______ is known by his talk
a a A birda man b One birdone man c The birdthe man d Birdman
4646Never travel with ______ who leaves you in case of danger
a a the friend b that friend c a friend d friend
4747Do you think it possible for the North Pole to have ______ a few thousand years from
now
a a Shanghai b a Shanghai c the Shanghai d one Shanghai
4848I don’t think ______ is a better car than our makes
a a a Ford b Ford’s c the Ford d Ford
4949I didn’t know why he looked angry when I patted him ______
a a on the head b on head c on a head d on his head
5050he never fails to give you ______ when you are in trouble
a a his helping hands b the helping hand c helping hands d a helping
hand
5151The historical events of that period are arranged ______
a a in alphabetical order b in an alphabetical order
b b in the alphabetical orders d in a alphabetical orders
5252The like to take a vacation ______
a a one time the year b one time in a year c once a year d once in
a year
5353What is TodgerHe is ______
a a a poet and novelist b a poet and a novelist
b b poet and novelist d the poet and novelist
54How did you pay the workers
As a rule they are paid ______
a a by an your b by the hour c by a hour d by hours
5555The DMZ extends about two hundred kilometers ______
a from east to west b from the east to west
c from the east to the west d from eastern to western
5656What ______ are you planning to buy
a a make of car b make of the car c make of a car d make of cars
5757______you can’t fool her
a a The child though Rowena is b Though child Rowena is
b b As child Rowena is d Child as Rowena is
5858What’s ______ is to get information about the situation first
a a the wisest b a wisest c the wiser d wisest
5959The differences between ______ are gradually being eliminated
a a the town and the country b town and country
b b a town and a country d a town and the country
6060Scientists hope to send an expedition to Mars during ______
a the 1990s b the 1990 c 1990s d 1990’s
28 数词练
11______ martyrs have heroically laid down their lives for the people
a Thousand upon thousand of b Thousand and thousands of
c Thousands upon thousands of d Thousand and thousand of
2 2They received ______ of letters about their TV programs
a dozen b dozen and dozen c score d dozens
3 3Who is that man______ in the front row 20
a one b the one c first d the first
4 4We have produced ______ this year as we did in 1993
a as much cotton twice b as twice much cotton
c much as twice cotton d twice as much cotton
5 5The earth is about ______ as the moon
a as fifty time big b fifty times as big c as big fifty time d fifty as times
big
6 6The population of many Alaskan cities has ______ in the past three years
a more than doubled b more doubled than c much than doubled d much doubled than
7 7The moon is about _____ in diameter as diameter as the earth
a onethree as large b one three as large c onethird as large d one third as
large
8 8Five hundred yuan a month _____ enough to live on
a is b are c is being d has been
9 9______ of the buildings were ruined
a Three fourth b Three four c Threefourths d Threefour
10 10Consult _____ for questions about earthquakes
a the six index b index six c sixth index d index numbering six
11 11She went to the countryside ______
a a in the morning at nineon June first1968 b on June first1968in the
morning at nine
b b at nine in the morningon June first1968 d on June first1968at nine in
the morning
1212Threefourths of the surface of the earth ______ covered with water
a are b is c were d be
1313This month the production of stainless steel in our steelworks has increased ______
2000 tons
a a with b in c on d by
1414With the miniaturization of the structural components the weight of these electric
devices has decreased ________ 30 percent
a as b with c in d by
1515The Olympic Games are held ______
a a every four years b every four year c every fourth years d every
fouryears
1616As he is not in good health he goes to his factory only ______ just to learn
something about the progress of experiment
a a once a week b one week c one time a week d one a week
1717Three students ______ in this university come from the South
a of ten b out of in ten c out of ten d in tens
1818Strings of the same thickness made of nylon are ______
a a five times stronger than those b five time stronger than those
b b five times strong than those d five times stronger as those
19the wheels of the old wagon are nearly ______ those of a modern car
a a twice the size of b twice size of c twice sizes of d twice the
size of
2020One day on the moon is ______
a a two Earth week long b two Earth weeks long
b b two Earth weeks longer d two Earth weeks length
附：限定词练 21
11My hand was hurt Could you do ______ typing for me
a a some b many c such d any
2 2There were ______ students in the reading room
a a neither b not c no d none
33If it is of ______ use to you please take it
a a some b many c no d any
44I’ve invited five people to tea this afternoon Out of them only John and Mary can
come______ can’t
a a other b the other c others d the others
55Most English people go to Spain for the sea the sun and all the ______ things
associated with a relaxing holiday
a a any b another c some d other
66______ were ironed by my mother yesterday
a a The all sheets b all of sheets c All the sheets d Sheets of all
77As usual______ man was given his individual assignment
a a every b each c all d both
8 8They saw ______ girls the day before yesterday
a a both the other two b the two other both c the both other two d the
both two other
99One uses the freezer the computer and the business school to manufacture ______
dishes in never a tick longer than 100 seconds
a a such others b other such c such other d other such a
1010______ boxer was strong but ______ had a good build and was light on his feet
aaEitherevery b Neithereach c Bothboth d All theall
1111______ was astonished to find himself rooting and shouting in a most undignified
manner
a Many elderly man b A many elderly men
c Many an elderly man d Many elderly men
1212I know now of course there is ______ as love
a a no such a thing b not such thing c not a thing d no such thing
1313As there were ______ lifeboats for everybody40 lives were lost
a a as little b so little c too few d very few
1414He was brave_____ soldiers fought so bravely in that battle
a a no others b no another c no other d not other
1515I don’t think we have met before I’m afraid you’re confusing me with ______
a a some other b some other person c other person d one other
1616Weekends last from Friday evening to Sunday night______ days are weekdays
a a The other b Another c Other d Every other
1717We had ______ good time that we hated to leave the party
a a such a b such c so d pretty
1818Paris is ______ that we can hardly visit all the beautiful parks in two or three
days
a such large a city b so a large city c such a large city d a such large
city
1919Deputies to the National People’s Congress are elected_______
a every four year b each four years c every of four years d every four
years
2020There is hardly ______difference between the two libraries
a no b any c much d some 22
2121For young people Carpenter is ______ singer
a most their popular b most popular of theirs
cctheir most popular d most popular of their
2222______ are about the American Independent War
a a Both book b Both books c All the two book d all of two books
2323When I am in trouble my friends will give me their hands without ______ hesitation
a a some b a c any d the
2424You’re welcome to my house ______ time you’d like
a a the b any c no d some
2525He was very much disappointed because ______ went to his wedding party
a a no his friends b all no his friends c none his friends d none of
his friends
2626You shouldn’t stop your car here since there is a sign ______’
a a Not Parking b No Park c No Parking d Not a Park
2727I cannot invited ______ of you since I’ve got only one extra ticket
a a either b both c some d one
2828______ the idioms are not easy to remember and use
a a Every b Some c All d Each
2929There is a line of trees in ______ side of the river
a a every b each c per d none
3030______ our countries are developing countries
a a Each b Either c Every d Both
3131The scientist wrote a number of books but ______ books were novels
a a last two his b his last two c two his last d last two of his
3232Have you got ______ copies to go around
a a much c a large amount of c enough d great
3333You can never use my car ____ time should you touch it
a a At no b At any c any d No
3434My brother is going on the picnic with ______ friends
a a his two little other b other his two little c his other little two
d his two other little
3535Those examples are not enough you should give ______ examples to make your argument
convincing
a a some b any c some more d any more
3636______ feels entitled to more in life than just housework
a a Many women b A lot of woman c Many a woman d A few woman
3737You will have to practice ______ times before you can do it
aamany more b more many c more often d more several
3838It is ______ work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it
a a a so unusual b such an unusual c so unusual d such unusual
3939This cake is delicious but I can’t eat ______
a a some b no c any d much
4040Here are some books by American writers You can read ______ you like
a any b which c what one d whichever one
第三章 代词 23
代词代名词词类数代词具名词形容词功英语中代词代词代名词词类数代词具名词形容词功英语中代词代词代名词词类数代词具名词形容词功英语中代词代词代名词词类数代词具名词形容词功英语中代词
意义特征句中作分：称代词物代词指示代词身代词相互代意义特征句中作分：称代词物代词指示代词身代词相互代意义特征句中作分：称代词物代词指示代词身代词相互代意义特征句中作分：称代词物代词指示代词身代词相互代词 词 词 词
疑问代词关系代词定代词八种疑问代词关系代词定代词八种疑问代词关系代词定代词八种疑问代词关系代词定代词八种
称代词表示词
称代词称数格变化见表：
例：He is my friend 朋友
It＇s me
二 物代词表示关系代词做代词格物代词分形容性物
代词名词性物代词两种物数变化见表
例： I like his car 喜欢汽车
Our school is hereand theirs is there 学校

三 指示代词表示等指示概念代词指示代词
thisthatthesethose 等例：
That is a good idea 意
四 表示
等代词做身代词称反身代词例：
She was talking to herself 言语
五 表示相互关系代词相互代词each other one another 两组运
中两组词没什区例：
They love each other 彼相爱
六 指明代特定名词代词做定代词常见定代词 a11both
eachevery 等含 someanyno等合成代词anybody somethingno one
定代词代名词形容词句中作语宾语表语定语 none
someanyno 等构成复合定代词作语宾语表语every no 作
定语例：
Do you have a car 辆汽车？
YesI have one 辆
I don＇t know any of them 认识
七疑问代词 whowhomwhosewhat which 等句子中构成特殊疑问
数 单数 复数
格 格 宾格 格 宾格
第称 I me we us
第二称 you you you you
第三称
he him they them
she her they them
it it they them
数 单数 复数
称 第
称
第二称 第三称 第
称
第二
称
第三称
形容词性物
代词
my your hisherits our your their
名词性物代
词
mine yours hishersits ours yours theirs 24
句疑问代词作连接代词引导名词性句（语句宾语句表语句）例
： Tell me who he is 告诉谁
八 关系代词 whowhomwhosethatwhichas 等作引导句关联
词定语句中作语表语宾语定语等方面代表句中定
语句修饰名词代词（先行词）例：
He is the man whom you have been looking for 找

31 称代词法
1）称代词格句子中作语语补语例：
John waited a while but eventually he went home 约翰等会回
家
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she 约翰希
位客玛丽真
说明：复合句中果句句语相代词语句中名词语
句中例：
When he arrived John went straight to the bank 约翰直接银行
2）称代词宾格句子中作宾语介词宾语口语中作语补语第
称省略句中作语例：
I saw her with them at least I thought it was her
起少认（her 做宾语them 做介词宾语her 做语补语）
a Who broke the vase 谁碎花瓶？
b Me （me 做语补语 It＇s me）
说明：面两例句中her me 分作语补语现代英语中宾格正式
文体中里应 she I
32 称代词宾格换
1） 宾格代格
a简短话中称代词单独 not 宾语
I like English 喜欢英语
Me too 喜欢
Have more wine 点酒喝
Not me
b表示较非正式文体中常宾格代格 果较状语谓语保留
语格
He is taller than Ime
He is taller than I am
2） 格代宾格
a 介词 butexcept 时格代宾格
b 电话语中常格
I wish to speak to Mary 想玛丽通话
This is she 玛丽
注意：动词 be to be 称代词视前面名词代词定
I thought it was she （格格）
I thought it to be her （宾格宾格）
I was taken to be she 成 （格格）
They took me to be her 成 （宾格宾格） 25
33 代词指代问题
1）定代词 anybodyeverybodynobodyanyone someone everyoneno one
whoever person 正式场合时 he his him 代例：
Nobody came did he 谁没
2）动物名词指代般 it they 代时 he she带亲切感情色彩
例：
Give the cat some food She is hungry 猫吃饿
3）指代车国家船舶名词含感情色彩时常 she
34 列称代词排列序
1） 单数称代词列作语时序：第二称－ > 第三称 －> 第称
you－> heshe it > I例：
You he and I should return on time
2） 复数称代词作语时序：第称 －> 第二称 －> 第三称we
－>you－>they
注意： 列情况中第称放前面
a 承认错误承担责时
It was I and John that made her angry 约翰惹生气
b 长辈晚辈长官属说话时长官第称：
I and you try to finish it 弄
c 列语第称第三称时
d 称代词名词定语句修饰时
35 物代词
1）物代词表示属作指代作例：
John had cut his finger apparently there was a broken glass on his desk
约翰割破手指显易见桌子破玻璃杯
物代词形容词性（my your 等）名词性（mine yours 等）两种形容词性物
代词属限定词名词性物代词法相省略中心名词＇s 属格结构例
：
Jack＇s cap 意 The cap is Jack＇s
His cap 意 The cap is his
2） 名词性物代词句法功
a 作语例：
May I use your pen Yours works better 钢笔？

b 作宾语例：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours 深爱祖国深
爱祖国样
c 作介词宾语例：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word not in yours
应词义解释说话解释
d 作语补语例：
The life I have is yours It＇s yours It＇s yours 生命属属
属 26
36 双重格
物代词 a an this that these those some any several no
each every such another which 等词起前置修饰名词必须双重
格公式：a an this that +名词+of +名词性物代词例：a friend of mine
each brother of his
37 反身代词
1） 列表
外：one 反身代词 oneself
2）做宾语
a 动词需反身代词 absent bathe amuse blame dry cut enjoy
hurt introduce behave 等例：
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night 昨晚玩开心
Please help yourself to some fish 请便吃点鱼
b 物动词 +宾语+介词 take pride in be annoyed with help oneself
to sth 等例：
I could not dress（myself）up at that time 时候扮
注：动词反身代词： get up sitdown stand up wake up 等
例：
Please sit down 请坐
3） 作表语结构 be oneself例：
I am not myself today 天舒服
4） 作位语
The thing itself is not important 事情身重
5） 强调情况but except for 等介词宾语反身代词称代词宾格
均：No one but myself（me）is hurt
注意：
a 反身代词身单独作语
（错） Myself drove the car
（） I myself drove the car 开车
b and or nor连接列语中第二语反身代词特myself
作语例：
Charles and myself saw it 查尔斯见件事
38 相互代词
1）相互代词 each other one another 两词组表示句中动词叙述动作
感觉涉象间相互存例：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always
copied each other
数 单数 复数
称 第称 第二称 第三称 第称 第二称 第三称
称
代词
I you hesheit we you they
反身
代词
myself yourself Yourself
herself
himself
ourselves yourselves themselves 27
显易见文化总相互鉴
2）相互代词句法功：
a 作动词宾语
People should love one another 应彼相爱
b 作介词宾语
Does bark cocks crow frogs croak to each other 吠鸡鸣蛙 唱
说明：传统语法认相互关系存两物间 each other 存两
物间 one another现代英语中两组词交实例例：
He put all the books beside each otherone another 书列摆放
起
Usually these small groups were independent of each other 团体通
常相互独立
c 相互代词加＇s 构成格例：
The students borrowed each other＇s notes 学生互笔记
39 指示代词
1） 指示代词分单数（this that）复数（these those）两种形式作限定
词做代词例：
2） 指示代词句法功
a 作语例：
This is the way to do it 事该样做
b 作宾语例：
I like this better than that 喜欢甚
c 作语补语例：
My point is this 观点
d 作介词宾语例：
I don＇t say no to that 未拒绝
There is no fear of that 怕
说明 1：指示代词作语时指物指作句子成分时指物指
例：
（）That is my teacher 老师（that 作语指）
（）He is going to marry this girl 姑娘结婚（this 作限
定词）
（错）He is going to marry this （this 作宾语时指）
（）I bought this 买（this 指物作宾语）
说明 2：That those 作定语句先行词 this these 时作先
行词时 those 指试较：
（） He admired that which looked beautiful 赞赏外表漂亮东西
（） He admired those who looked beautiful 赞赏外表漂亮
（those 指）
（错） He admired that who danced well （that 作宾语时指）
单数 复数
限定词 This girl is Mary Those men are my teachers
代词 This is Mary Those are my teachers 28
（） He admired those who danced well 赞赏跳舞（those 指
）
（） He admired those which looked beautiful 赞赏外表漂亮
东 西 （those 指物）
310 疑问代词
1） 疑问代词句中起名词词组作构成疑问句疑问代词列：
指： who whom whose
指物： what
指指物： which
2） 疑问代词句中应位谓语动词前没性数变化 who 外没格
变化what which whose 作限定词试较：
疑问代词：Whose are these books on the desk 桌书谁？
What was the directional flow of US territorial expansion
美国领土扩张方？
限定词：Whose books are these on the desk 桌书谁？
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River
becoming part of the United States
事件密西西河东部分土属美国？
说明 1：做疑问代词限定词which what 指范围what
指范围限 which 指定范围例：
Which girls do you like best 喜欢姑娘？
What girls do you like best 喜欢什样姑娘？
说明 2：Whom who 宾格书面语中作动词宾语介词宾语口语中作
宾语时 who 代介词 whom 例：
Who（m）did you meet on the street 街遇谁？（作动词宾
语）
Who（m） are you taking the book to 书带谁？（作介词
宾语置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus 校园里谁讲话？（作
介词宾语置介词 who 取 代 ）
说明 3： 疑问代词介词宾语提问时文体中介词疑问代词通常起
放句首现代英语中疑问代词句首介词句末例：
For what do most people live and work 部分生活工作目
什？（旧文体）
What are you looking for 找什？（现代英语）
说明 4： 疑问代词引导名词性句例：
I can＇t make out what he is driving at 知道意
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed 告诉
床蓝衬衣谁？
Much of what you say I agree with but I cannot go all the way
with you
说部分意完全赞
311 关系代词
1） 关系代词引导定语句代表先行词时句中作定句子成分例
： 29
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin 讲话姑娘表妹
该句中 whom 代表先行词 the girl句中作介词 to 宾语
2） 2） 关系代词格宾格属格分指指物分限定性定语
句中that 指指物见表：
例： This is the pencil whose point is broken 枝折 尖 铅笔
（whose 指物限定性定语句中作定语）
He came back for the book which he had forgotten 回取丢
书 （which 指物限定性定语句中作宾语省略）
说明：非限定性定语句中 that 作关系代词
3） 关系代词 which 先行词句子例：
He said he saw me there which was a lie 说纯属谎言
说明： 关系代词句中作宾语时省略外关系代词 that 句中作表
语时省略例：
I＇ve forgotten much of the Latin I once knew 懂拉丁语现
忘
He＇s changed He＇s not the man he was 变化已
312 every no all both neither nor
1）定代词 all both every each either neither more little few
much many another other some any one no some something
anything everything somebody someone anybody anyone nothing
nobody no one none everybody everyone等
2）定代词功法
a every no 外定代词作名词作形容词 every no 句
中作定语例：
I have no idea about it 知该办
b all 指三者all 谓致：all 单复数修饰指代名词
单复数决定例：
All goes well 切进展
all 通常数名词单数连：说 all the book说 the whole
book
all 表时间数名词单数连 all dayall nightall the year
惯说 all hourall century
all 特殊单数名词连 all Chinaall the cityall my
lifeall the way
3）both 指两者
a both 复数动词连 both… and…单数名词连
b both all 作位语位置行动词前 be 动词果助动词
情态动词面实义动词省位助动词情态动词前例：
Who can speak Japanese 谁讲日话？
We both（all）can 会
指 指物 指指物
格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of
whichwhose
of whichwhose 30
4）neither 两者
a neither 作语时谓语动词单数
b 作定语单数名词连neither… nor 作列连词复数名词连
谓语采原
c 列句型避免重复例：
She can＇t singneither（can）he 会唱歌会
5）neither nor 较
a 前句否定式句句 neither nor例：
If you don＇t do itneither should I 果干干
b 连续否定句式 nor neither例：
He can＇t singnor dancenor skate 会唱歌会跳舞会滑
冰
313 none few some any one ones
none
1） none 作语 of 构成短语 none of 答语中none 单独例：
Are there any pictures on the wall 墙画？
None 没
2） none 作语谓语动词单复数均做表语单复数表语致例：
It is none of your business 闲事莫
二few 少数
few 作语时谓语动词复数肯定句
三some
1） 复数名词数名词连
2） 做某解时单数名词连（ a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day 总天会悔
A certain （some） person has seen you break the rule 意
法
注意：
（1）肯定疑问句中 some 代 any
（2）some 句式中
a肯定疑问句中：说话认方答案会肯定期肯定回答时
Would you like 句式中表委婉请求建议例：
Would you like some coffee 喝咖啡？
b条件状语句中表示确定意义时例：
If you need some helplet me know 需帮助说
csome 位语部分例：
Some students haven＇t been there before 学生没
d否定整体中部分时some 否定句例：
I haven＇t heard from some of my old friends these years 年没
收老朋友信
四any
1） any 否定句疑问句条件状语句中
句中含意思时any 肯定句
Here are three novels You may read any 三说读
五one 复数形式 ones
ones 必须形容词连果代名词时形容词前 some any 31
ones例：
Have you bought any rulers 买尺？
Yes I＇ve bought some 买买
314 onethat it
one 表示泛指that it 表示特指that 指名词类it
指名词例：
I can＇t find my hat I think I must buy one（定）找帽子
想该买顶
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought（类）买顶
帽子买
I can＇t find my hat I don＇ t know where I put it（ 物）找
帽子知道放
315 oneanotherthe other
one… the other 两
some… the others 三
one… anotheranother…
some… othersothers…
others other peoplethings
the others the rest 剩余全部
1） 泛指 another
2） 定范围两（物） one the other
3） 定范围三者 one one （another）第三 the other
a third
4） 定范围部分物剩余全部 the others
5） 泛指物时 others 定范围部分剩余部分
全部时 others
316 the妙
He is one of the students who help me
He is the one of the students who helps me 帮学生
第句定语句 the students 致
第二句定语句 the one 致
317 anyoneany oneno onenoneeveryeach
1．anyone any one
anyone 仅指any one 指指物
2．no one none
a） none of 短语指指物 no one 单独指
b） none 作语谓语动词单复数均 no one 作语谓语动词单数
例：
None of you could lift it 中没举起
Did any one call me up just now 刚电话
No one 没
3．every each
1） every 强调全体概念 each 强调体概念例： 32
Every student in our school works hard 学校学生功
Each student may have one book 学生书
2） every 指三物（含三）each 指两物 （含两）
3） every 作形容词单独each 作代词形容词例：
Every boy has to take one 男孩必须取
Each boy has to take one
Each of the boys has to take one
4） every 作状语each 作状语
5） every 反复重复意思 every two weeks 等 each 没
6） every not 连表示部分否定 each not 连表示全部否定例：
Every man is not honest 非诚实
Each man is not honest 诚实
318 both either neither all any none
词作代词形容词位置 be 动词行动词前第助
动词
1） both （两者）either（两者中）neither （两者）词
范围两物例：
Neither of the two boys is clever 两男孩聪明
2） botheither
both 复数连either 单数连例：
Both the boys are clever 两男孩聪明
Either of the two boys is clever
There are flowers on both sides of the street 路边长满野花
There are flowers on either side of the street
3） all （全部物）any （） none （ ） 词
范围三者例：
All the flowers are gone 花谢
I don＇t like any of the flowers 花喜欢
I like none of the flowers 花喜欢
注意：all none 法样单数名词单数动词复数名词复数动词例
：
All of the students are there 学生
All （of） the milk is there 牛奶
319 many much
Manymuch 意许 many + 数名词much + 数名词例：
How many people are there at the meeting 少出席会议
How much time has we left 剩少时间？
Many of the workers were at the meeting许工开会
Much of the time was spent on learning学化许时间
320 few little a few a little
（a） few + 数名词（a） little + 数名词
a few a little 肯定含义点
few little 否定含义没少例：
He has a few friends 朋友 33
He has few friends 没朋友
We still have a little time 点时间
There is little time left 没剩什时间
固定搭配：only a few （few） not a few （many） quite a few （many）
many a （many）例 ：
Many books were sold
Many a book was sold 卖出许书
典型例题
Although he ＇s wealthyhe spends___ on clothes
A little B few C a little D a few
答案： A spend 指钱数 little a little 句 although
引导步状语句句意知句否定含义应 little 表示
321 代词练
1 1There are several pretty girls standing under the tree but ______ are known to me
a a neither b none c no one d all
22In one year rats eat 40 to 50 times ______ weight
a a its b and c their d theirs
33You’d better continue to use the same spelling of your name as ______ you used in your
application
a a one b the one c any d some one
4 4The little baby was left alone with ______ to look after it
a a someone b anyone c not one d no one
55John can play chess better than ______ else
a a the one b no one c any one d another
6 6The weight of something is another way of describing the amount of force exerted on
______ by gravity
a a it b them c that d one
77It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music but it is quite ______ to perform
skillfully yourself
a a other b another c some d any
88Children should be taught how to get along with ______
a a another b other c others d any other
9 9The poor man lived on wild berries and roots because they had ______ to eat
a a nothing else b anything else c something other d nothing other
1010I go to the cinema ______ day Tuesdays Thursdays and Saturdays
a a each other b every other c this and the other d all other
1111One of the properties of light is ______ traveling in wave form as it goes from one
place to another
a a it b it’s c its d their
1212______ in the world has been asked to do his duty for the human society
a a Each of the tramps b Every of the tramps c The each tramp d The
every tramp
1313In some restaurants food and service are worse than ______ used to be
a a they b it c them d that
1414Let the porter take all the baggage out and put ______ in the lobby
a a it b they c them d its
1515Everyone who comes to the party is given a wooden apple with _____ own names cut in
it as a souvenir
a a his b her c their d our 34
16Everybody in the class must give in ______ exercise book within the given time
a a their b our c his d her
1717During the journey the boys and girls entertained ______ with songs and games
a a themselves b theirselves c himself d itself
18You’d better buy ______ some fruits when you go on a trip
a a youself b myself c yourself d you
1919The boys in this town like to bully ______
a a one another b one and other c each other d one and the other
2020One common family name is Black______ is Anderson
a another b the other c others d none other
2121I have two novels one of the two isGone with the Wind’ and ______ isthe Tale of
Two Cities’
a another b other c none other d the other
2222All girls wear beautiful clothes Some are dressed in red______ in green
a other b another c others d none other
2323She can’t seem to help herself And ______ can help her either
a none else b no one else c not any d somebody else
2424Children can usually dress ______ by the age of five
a a him b them c hiself d themselves
2525The gold watch had belonged to me for years but the police refused to believe it was
______
a me b my c mine d I’s
2626Mother would not let Mary and ______ attend the hockey game
a I b my c me d we
2727In a news conference this afternoon the university announced that ______ intends to
make several important changes in next year’s budget
a he b it c she d they
2828______ but a fool can make such a mistake
a Everyone b No other c Not all d None
2929The poem by Browning is so observed that I cannot grasp ______ meaning
a its b it’s c their d that
3030The mayor felt that the police in spite of the reports had done ______ best
a its b their c his d our
3131I haven’t read ______ of the last four chapters so I know little about them
a anything b any c some d something
3232A pretty face may win friends but it takes character and personality to hold ______
a a it b them c that d one
3333In the discussion one speaker held that since we live in a moneyoriented society
the average individual cares little about solving ______
a a anyone else’s problems b anyone’s else problems
b b anyone else problems d problems of anyone else
3434I don’t know whether small oranges are sweeter than big ______
a those b ones c one d that
3535How much water is left in the bottle’______’
a Nothing b None c Not some d Not one
3636It took two of them to do the work that ______ of us could do
a someone b anyone c any one d everyone
3737He has five children and ______ of them is good at painting
a everyone b everybody d every one d every
3838I have three brothers______ are in Beijing
a no one of them b neither of them c some of them d none of them
3939Some of my students study a lot______ just don’t care
a anothers b the other c some other d others 35
4040As a matter of fact Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves are second only to ______
a Kuweit b that of Kuweit c Kuweits’s d those of Kuweit
4141This book of _______ used to be one of the best sellers in the shop
a his b him c that man d this
4242We should always keep ______ wellinformed of the changing information
a us b ours c ourselves d we
4343The climate here is often said to be similar to ______
a Japan b one of Japan c that of Japan d in Japan
4444Hunted by constant fear of arrest the thief ______ to the police at last
a a gave it up b gave up himself c gave him up d gave himself up
4545______ of the boys in the class who have passed the test is to receive certificates
a Every b Every one c Any d Anyone
4646Do you believe that she has blamed us for the accident especially ______
a you and me b you and I c I and you d me and you
4747Of those who graduated with ______Ellen is the only one who has found a good job
a Betty and he b he and Betty c Betty and him d Him and Betty
4848He is surprised by ______ having to pay for the accident
a you b yours c your d your’s
4949This is a left hand glove and that is ______
a other b the other one c other one d another
5050Add those examples to ______ you have already noted
a one b the one c one d the ones
5151Have you got a ticket Yes I’ve got ______
a it b the one c one d the ones
5252There’s the doorbell I hope ______ Tom
a its b it’s c is d he’s
5353It’s cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new ______ made
a one b ones c furniture d furnitures
5454Those of us who are over fifty years old should get ______ blood pressure checked
regularly
a their b their’s c our d ours
5555Every man and woman eighteen years of age or older is eligible to vote for the
candidate of ______
a his choice b their choice c the choice of him d the choice of theirs
5656I bite my nails I must break ______
a the habit of me b the habit with myself c myself of the habit d of the
habit myself
5757______ of them shared my opinions so we have ______ in common to discuss
a Nobodya little b Fewlittle c A fewlittle d Nonemany
5858When science business and art learn something of ______ methods and goals the world
will have come closer to cultural harmony
a one and the other’s b each and the other’s
c one another’s d the one’s and the other’s
59The boy is ______ of a musician
a a anyone b anything c someone d something
6060For ______ interested in nature the club offers hikes and overnight camping each
week during the summer
a them b whom c themselves d those
6161The use of radar as well as the twoway radio ______ for the police to intercept most
speeders
a make it possible b makes it possible c makes possible d make it a
possibility
6262The family never agree about ______ shares of the property 36
a her b its c their d his
6363The flock of geese was flying through the sky in perfect formation following ______
leader
a its b their c his d her
6464When Jonathan went to Spain with his sister he bought a leather coat for her and
another for ______
a him b himself c he d his
6565Those of us who wear glasses should have ______ eyes examined at regular intervals
a their b our c his d her
6666Frank admired his friends Tom and David He imitated ______
a theirs every action b every action of theirs c every of their action d every
action of their one
6767My desk is ______
a a between his b between his one c beside his one d beside his
6868May I speak to Iris
This is ______ speaking
a she b hers’s c hers d her
6969Mary is the landlady ______
a a from who we rent the flat b from whom we rent the flat
b b whom we rent the flat d who we rent the flat
7070Give the message to ______ is at the table
a whomever b whosever c whatever d whoever
7171It was through experimentation ______ people found out he behavior of electricity
a a that b which c d the
7272______ Nat Turner who led a revolt against slavery in Virginia in 1831
a Where was b It was c He was d it was him
7373It wasn’t ______ telephoned me
a he whom b him whom c he who d his who
7474It was ______ he bought the magazine
a a from a secondhand store where b a secondhand store in which
b b in a secondhand store that d in a secondhand store where
7575It was ______ late in the evening that the students returned to the dormitories
a till b before c when d not until
7676It was ______ that he did not go to Mount Lao with us
a a because he was ill b as he was ill
b b since he was ill d though he was ill
7777It was ______ that he joined the evening party
a finding Comrade Li b found Comrade Li c to find Comrade Li d find Comrade
Li
7878Was it ______ she agreed to help
a a very reluctantly so that b very reluctantly that
b b so reluctantly that d very reluctantly when
7979______ she gave the postcards to
a Whom it was that b Who it was that c Who was it that d It was who that
8080______ the camel can go for three days without food or drink
a That it is why b That is it why c Why it is that d Why is it that
第四章 形容词副词
41 形容词法 37
形容词修饰名词说明事物性质特征通常形容词分成性质形容词形容词修饰名词说明事物性质特征通常形容词分成性质形容词形容词修饰名词说明事物性质特征通常形容词分成性质形容词形容词修饰名词说明事物性质特征通常形容词分成性质形容词
叙述形容词两类位置定放名词前面叙述形容词两类位置定放名词前面叙述形容词两类位置定放名词前面叙述形容词两类位置定放名词前面
1）直接说明事物性质特征形容词性质形容词级变化程度
副词修饰句中作定语表语补语例：hot
2）叙述形容词作表语称表语形容词类形容词没级变化
程度副词修饰数a开头形容词属类例：afraid 害怕
（错） He is an ill man
（） The man is ill
（错） She is an afraid girl
（） The girl is afraid
类词： wellunwellillfaintafraidalikealivealoneasleepawake
等
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时放名词前边果形容词修饰thing
字尾词语时放词例：something nice
42 ly 结尾形容词
1） 部分形容词加ly 构成副词 friendlydeadlylovelylonelylikely
livelyuglybrotherly形容词
改错： （错） She sang lovely
（错） He spoke to me very friendly
（） Her singing was lovely
（） He spoke to me in a very friendly way
2）ly 结尾形容词副词dailyweeklymonthlyyearlyearly
等例：
The Times is a weekly paper 时代周刊周刊
The Times is published weekly 时代周刊周发行期
43 形容词表示类整体
1） 某形容词加定冠词泛指类谓语动词复数连接 the deadthe
livingthe richthe poorthe blindthe hungry 等例：
The poor are losing hope 穷行失希
2） 关国家民族形容词加定冠词指民族整体动词复数连 the
Britishthe Englishthe Frenchthe Chinese 等例：
The English have wonderful sense of humor 英国颇幽默感
44 形容词修饰名词序
形容词修饰名词时序：限定词 数词描绘词（长短形状
新旧颜色）出处材料性质类名词例：
a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a
famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例题
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys
A little two other B two little other C two other little
D little other two
答案：C限定词数词描绘词（长短形状新旧颜色） 性质
名词序知数词描绘词性质次序 C符合答案 38
2） One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace
A old Chinese stone B Chinese old stone C old stone Chinese D
Chinese stone old
答案 A 形容词修饰名词排列序：年龄形状 +颜色+
源+质+途+国家+名词
3） How was your recent visit to Qingdao
It was great We visited some friendsand spent the ___days at
the seaside
A few last sunny B last few sunny C last sunny few D few
sunny last
答案：B题考查形容词排序问题般修饰形容词关系密切形容词
名词果形容词重性差音节少形容词前音节方
确定时参：限定词+数量词（序数词前基数词）+性状形容词+长短
高低等形体 +新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词 those + three + beautiful + large +
square +old + brown + wood + table
45 副词基法
副词修饰动词形容词副词结构
副词位置
1） 动词前
2） be 动词助动词
3） 助动词时副词般放第助动词
注意：
a 数方式副词位句尾宾语长副词提前句子衡例：
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us清楚前
面奇怪光
b 方式副词 wellbadlyhard 等放句尾例：
He speaks English well 英语说
二副词排列序：
1） 时间点副词单位前单位
2） 方式副词短前长 and but 等连词连接例：
Please write slowly and carefully 请写慢仔细
3） 副词排列：程度+点+方式+时间副词
注意：副词 very 修饰形容词修饰动词
改错：（错） I very like English
（） I like English very much
注意：副词enough 放形容词面形容词 enough 放名词前例 ：
I don＇t know him well enough 熟悉
There is enough food for everyone to eat足够食物供吃
There is food enough for everyone to eat
46 兼两种形式副词
1） close closely
close 意思closely 意思仔细例：
He is sitting close to me 坐边
Watch him closely 盯着
2） late lately 39
late 意思晚lately 意思例：
You have come too late 太晚
What have you been doing lately ？
3） deep deeply
deep 意思深表示空间深度deeply 时常表示感情深度深深例
：
He pushed the stick deep into the mud棍子深深插进泥里
Even father was deeply moved by the film老爸电影深深动
4） high highly
high 表示空间高度highly 表示程度相 much例：
The plane was flying high 架飞机飞高
I think highly of your opinion 法道理
5） wide widely
wide 表示空间宽度widely 意思广泛许方例：
He opened the door wide 门开
English is widely used in the world英语世界范围广泛
6） free freely
free 意思免费freely 意思限制例：
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like什时候
饭铺免费开放
You may speak freely say what you like畅欲言想说什说什

47 形容词副词较级
数形容词（性质形容词）副词较级高级变化原级较级
高级表示事物等级差原级形容词原形较级高级规变化
规变化两种
1） 规变化
单音节词少数双音节词加词尾erest 构成较级高级
构成法 原级 较级 高级
般单音节词未尾加 er
est
tall taller tallest
发音 e结尾单音词
少数 le 结尾双音
节词加rst
nice nicer nicest
辅音字母结尾闭音
节单音节词双写结尾辅
音字母加erest
big bigger biggest
辅音字母+y结尾双音
节词改 yi加er
est
busy busier busiest
少数 erow 结尾双音
节词未尾加erest
clevernarrow cleverer
narrower
cleverest
narrowest
双音节词音节词
前面加 moremost 构成
important
easily
more important
more easily
most important
most easily 40
2） 规变化
48 as + 形容词副词原级 + as
1）否定句疑问句中 so… as例：
He cannot run soas fast as you 没跑快
2） as… as 中间名词时采格式：as +形容词 + a +单数名词 as +
manymuch +名词例：
This is as good an example as the other is 例子外样
I can carry as much paper as you can 搬少纸
3）表示倍数词程度副词做修饰语时放 as 前面例：
This room is twice as big as that one 房间面积间两倍
Your room is the same size as mine 房间样
4）倍数+ as + adj + as <> 倍数+ the … + of例：
This bridge is three times as long as that one 座桥长度座三
倍
This bridge is three times the length of that one
Your room is twice as large as mine 房间两倍
Your room is twice the size of mine
49 较级形容词副词 + than
例：
You are taller than I 高
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine房间灯
房间里亮
注意：
1）避免重复较级
（错） He is more cleverer than his brother
（） He is more clever than his brother
（） He is clever than his brother
2）避免语含较象中
（错） China is larger than any country in Asia
（） China is larger than any other countries in Asia
3）注意应句型遵循前致原
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing
较级高级
原级 较级 高级
good better best
well（健康）
worse worstbad
ill（病）
old olderelder oldesteldest
muchmany more most
little less least
far fartherfurther farthestfurthest 41
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out
4）注意定冠词较级中
较：Which is larger Canada or Australia
Which is the larger country Canada or Australia
She is taller than her two sisters
She is the taller of the two sisters
410 修饰较级词
1）a bit a little rather much far by far many a lot lots a great
deal any still even 等
2）表示倍数词度量名词作修饰语
3）词（ by far）外必须置较级形容词副词前面
典型例题：
1） Are you feeling ____
YesI＇m fine now
A any well B any better C quite good D quite better
答案：B any 修饰较级quite 修饰原级well 较级 better
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected
A more B much more C much D more much
答案：C much 修饰较级 BC说通easier 身已较级
需more C正确答案
3）If there were no examinations we should have ___ at school
A the happiest time B a more happier time C much happiest time
D a much happier time
答案：D
411 many old far
1） 果接名词时much more +数名词many more +数名词复数
2） old 两种较级高级形式 olderoldest eldereldesteldereldest
兄弟姐妹长幼关系例：
My elder brother is an engineer 哥哥工程师
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters 玛丽三姐妹中
3） far 两种较级fartherfurther般 father 表示距离further 表示进
步例：
I have nothing further to say 没什说
412 the + 高级 + 较范围
1）形容词高级前通常必须定冠词 the副词高级前例：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world 撒哈拉沙漠世界
沙漠
形容词 most 前面没 the表示高级含义表示非常例：
It is a most important problem It is a very important problem
重问题
注意：高级注意语包括较范围
（错） Tom is the tallest of his three brothers
（） Tom is the tallest of the three brothers
2） 列词修饰高级by far far much mostly almost例： 42
This hat is nearly almost the biggest 帽子差
注意：
a very 修饰高级位置 much
This is the very best
This is much the best
b 序数词通常修饰高级例：
Africa is the second largest continent非洲第二洲
3） 高级意义时较级表示出例：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class 马克班聪明
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class
4）否定词语+较级否定词语+ so… as结构表示高级含义例：
Nothing is so easy as this 没更简单
Nothing is easier than this
This is the easiest thing
413 more 关词组：
1） the more…the more… 越……越……例：
The harder you workthe greater progress you＇ll make 越努力进步越
2） more B than Aless A than B 说 A说 B例：
He is more lazy than slow at his work He is less slow than lazy at
his work 工作时说反应慢说懒
3） no more… than… ……样…………例：
The officials could see no more than the Emperor 官员皇帝
样
no less… than… ……样……例：
He is no less diligent than you 样勤勉
4） more than 非常例：
She is more than kind to us all 非常热心
典型例题
1）The weather in China is different from____
A in America B one in America C America
D that in America
答案：D 题意中国天气美国热较天气国家C选A没
名词句成分全排BD中B中 one 常代数名词 that 车
代数抽象名词选 D
2）After the new technique was introducedthe factory produced ___ tractors
in 1988 as the year before
A as twice many B as many twice C twice as many D twice many as
答案C 句意厂1988生产拖拉机年两倍表示倍数倍数+ as +
形容词原形+ as +较象句型句答案 C
414 形容词副词练
11 The modern machine proved ______ in heart surgery
a high valuable b highly valuable c valuable high d valuable
highly
22 Mr Johnson and his ______ daughter do not always understand each other
a older b the oldest c eldest d the eldest 43
33 They ______ thought that the truth would be finally discovered
a little b not c small d bit
44 They hardly believe that the apartment which costs them 4000 is
______
a so small b such little c so little d such small
55 If a claim is kept ______ it is more likely to be recognized
a live b lived c alive d living
66 On his way to school he met ______ so he sent him to hospital
a very ill man b much sick man c serious ill man d very sick
man
77 She was operated a month ago but now she was ______
a very good b very well c healthy d good conditioned
88 What I would do is to go ______
a really quietly somewhere b somewhere quietly really
c really quiet somewhere d somewhere really quiet
99 The chairman asked ______ to write their questions on a piece of paper
and send them to the front
a the present members b the members presently
c the members present d the presently members
10 10 The price was very reasonable I would gladly have paid ______ he
asked
a three times much as b three times as many as
c as three times much as d three times as much as
11 11 The trousers are ______ but Tom does not care a bit
a too a little small b a little too small c a too little small
d a small too little
12 12 She wore a dress to the party that was far more attractive than
______
a other girls b that of other girls c the other girls d those
of other girls
13 13 he can play tennis better than ______ in the class
a any boys b any other boy c any boy d any other
14 14 Kasia is taking her ______ tour of the shops in search of bargains
a daily b day c day time d night
15 15 ______ the child expresses his interest in an activity the
stronger it will become
a The more frequent b The frequenter c The more frequently d
the frequentlier
16 16 We’d better wait _______ Peter and Tom will come very soon
a a little longer b more longer c long d as longer
17 17 although the medicine tastes ______ it seems to help my condition
a bad b badly c too much bad d too badly
18 18 When she got her first month salary Diana bought herself ______
dress
a a cotton blue …expensive b an expensive … blue cotton
c a blue expensive … cotton d a cotton expensive… blue
19 19 The doctors have tried ______ to save the life of the wounded 44
soldier
a everything possible humanly b humanly everything possible
c everything humanly possible d humanly possible everything
20 20 I was worried very much because I’ll miss my flight if the bus
arrives ______
a lately b late c latter d more later
21 21 The noise outside was ______ his speech was hardly audible
a too irritating that b so irritating so c so irritating that d
so irritating enough that
22 22 The harder the shrub is to grow ______
a the more higher price it b the higher price it is
c the higher the price is d the higher is the price
23 23 The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are ______ taken from
the earth
a clearest than those b clearer than that
c much clear than those d much clearer than those
24 24 ______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when
you dial it yourself
a Threeminute call b A threeminutes call
c A threeminute call d A threeminutescall
25 25 We arrived ______ Professor Baker had already called the roll
a so lately that b as late that c so later that d so late
that
26 26 It is ______ that I would like to go to the beach
a so nice weather b such nice weather c so nice a weather d
such a nice weather
27 27 Her little car isn ’t ______ to seat more than two people
comfortably
a big enough b enough big c so big enough d big as enough
28 28 His score on the exam was ______ to qualify him for a graduate
program
a too good b well enough c as high as d good enough
29 29 The plane is scheduled to arrive ______ because of bad weather
a lately b late c later d latest
30 30 There are ______ that I can’t finish them
a so long assignments b such long assignments
c long assignments d so very long assignments
31 31 Bats find their way by squeaking ______ and guiding themselves by
echoes
a very fast b very fastly c much faster d most fastly
32 32 Your application will be considered ______ your file is completed
a as quickly as b as soon as c as fast as d as early as
33 33 This dress is prettier but it costs ______ that one
a twice more than b twice as much as c as much twice as d
twice so much as
34 34 A new shopping center on the north side will have ______
a five hundred more than shops b as more than five hundred shops 45
c five hundred shops more than d more than five hundred shops
35 35 The more you study during the semester ______ you have to study
the week before exams
a the less b the lesser c less d the little
36 36 To answer accurately is more important than ______
a a quick finish b to finish quickly c finishing quickly d you
finish quickly
37 37 When a body enters the earth’s atmosphere it travels ______
a in a rapid manner b fastly c with great speed d very rapidly
38 38 The salary of a taxi driver is much higher _______
a in comparison with the salary of a teacher b than a teacher
c than that of a teacher d to compare as a teacher
39 39 Frost occurs in valleys and on low grounds ______ on adjacent hills
a more frequently as b as frequently than
c more frequently than d frequently than
40 40 She can speak _______ in front of Mack but she can’t eat ______ in
his restaurant
a free free b free freely c freely free d freely freely
41 41 You will have to practice ______ times before you can do it
a may more b more several c more often d more many
42 42 I have been going to Shanghai ______ than I used to
a lesser b less c fewer d less often
43 43 Tuition at American university runs ______ one thousand dollars a
semester
a so high as b as high to c as high as d as higher than
44 44 I enjoy the concert last night they played ______ beautiful music
a such b such a c so d so a
45 45 Several day ______ I saw the man again on the street
a late b later c latter d last
46 46 When electricity was first invented people refused to believe such
a thing ______
a impossible b possibly c possible d impossibly
47 47 The reason why so many people sit before the television tonight is
that there will be a ______ show
a living b live c alive d lived
48 48 When the three boys met one another they found they looked very
much ______ Then they knew they were triplet
a like b alike c likely d liked
49 49 The doctor assured the patient that there was ______ with her but
she could not help worrying
a seriously wrong nothing b nothing serious wrong
c nothing seriously wrong d serious nothing wrong
50 50 If you live in Wuhan one day and in Shenyang the next you ______
the change in temperature
a are certainly to feel b certainly feel c are to feel certainly
d are certain to feel
51 51 As a safety precaution all drivers carry only enough money to make 46
change for ______
a a bill of tendollar b a tendollars bill
c a tendollar bill d a tensdollar bill
52 52 When I spent holidays Europe I bought _____ vases
a two lovely big old German b two lovely old big German
c two German big old lovely d lovely big two old German
53 53 Everyone will agree that food in the south is as good as ______ in
the country
a other region b any other region c that of any region d that
of any other region
54 54 Stars are so far away that they are ______ spots of light when seen
from the earth
a nothing more as b anything more than
c more than d nothing more than
55 55 What deeply impressed his was that magnificent ______
a eightcenturyold b eightcenturies c oldeightcenturies d
eightcentury’sold
56 56 _______ focus on cultural differences between Chinese and Western
societies
a The below text and dialogues b Below the text and dialogues
c The text and dialogues below d Text and dialogues the below
57 57 People will be able to fly from one planet to another in ______
a little nasty arrowshaped tubes b nasty little arrowshaped tubes
c arrowshaped little nasty tubes d arrowshaped little nasty tubes
58 58 Beginning in the late 19th century the _______ rise in the
productivity of England was just ______ less than Germany and the US
a year…slightly b yearly…slight c yearly…slightly d year…
slightly
59 59 In Spain officials estimate that ______ 75 percent of the current
violent crime is drug related
a much as b as much as c as many as d as great
60 60 You should spend ______ in the study of the various senses and uses
of the common words
a much time as you can b as time much as you can
c time as many as you can d as much time as you can
61 61 Professor Chen asked us to write ______ essay on individual
differences in second language learning
a a no more than twothousandword b a less twothousandwords
c a less than twothousandswords d a no more two than thousand
word
62 62 Her voice is ______
a loud b aloud c loudly d loudness
63 63 That so many advances have been made in ______ is the most valid
argument for retaining the research unit
a such short time b so a short time c such a short time d such
short a time
64 64 ______ curriculum includes all experiences which the students may 47
have within the environment of the school
a Broad speaking b Speaking broadly c Broadly speaking d
Broadly
65 65 Since taxi fare in the city may run ______ twenty dollars I
suggest that you take a bus
a as high as b as expensive as c so high that d so expensive
as
66 66 If negotiations for the new trade agreements take ______ critical
food shortages will develop in several countries
a too much longer b much too long c the longest d the longer
67 67 If he had followed the directions carefully in taking the medicine
he would have felt better ______
a much quicker b more quick c much quickly d more quickly
68 68 Since he spent his childhood in France Jack is able to converse in
French ______
a rather good b quite better c fairly more d rather well
69 69 Of the two cars that the Smiths have the Plymouth is without any
question ______
a the cheapest to run b the cheaper to run c cheaper d more
cheaper
70 70 With ______ three inches of rain falling in a sixmonth period the
farmers found it necessary to irrigate the land
a less than b little than c fewer than d less few than
71 On a small marble table in the center of her boudoir stands ______ vase
aa a little exquisite antique brown Chinese porcelain
bb an exquisite little antique brown Chinese porcelain
cc an antique little exquisite brown Chinese porcelain
dd a Chinese antique little expensive brown porcelain
72 72 When is Tom going to leave
He is going to leave ______ this week
a sometimes b some time c sometime d somewhat
73 73 The librarian insists that Dana take ______ books from library before
she returns the dictionary she borrowed last month
a no b many c not many d no more
74 74 The facilities of the older hospital are ______ the new hospital
a as good or better than b as good as or better as
c as good as or better than d as good as or better than those of
75 75 ______ iron has relatively few economical uses
a Chemical pure b Chemically pure c Pure chemical d Purely
chemical
76 76 I walked 8 miles today I never guessed that I could walk ______ far
a much b that c such d as
77 77 They _____ to our proposal
a have not still responded b have not responded still
c have still not responded d still have not responded
78 78 True hibernation takes place only among ______ animals
a whose blood is warm b blood worm 48
c warmblooded d they have warm blood
79 79 He works ______
a lone b lonely c alone d lonesome
80 80 A_____ road goes ______ from our college to the center
a straight …straight b straightly …straightly c straight …
straightly d straightly…straight
第五章 动词
1） 表示动作中状态词做动词
2） 根句中功动词分四类分：实义动词系动词助动词情
态动词
说明：情况动词兼类词例：
We are having a meeting 正开会（have 实义动词）
He has gone to New York 已纽约（have 助动词）
3） 动词根否带宾语分两类分：物动词物动词英语
缩写形式分 vt vi
说明：动词时作物动词时作物动词例：
She can dance and sing 唱歌跳舞（sing 作物动词）
She can sing many English songs 唱首英文歌曲（sing 作物动
词 ）
4） 动词根否受语称数限制分两类分：限定动词非限定动
词例：
She sings very well 唱（sing 受语 she 限制第三称单数
形式 sings）
She wants to learn English well 想学英语（to learn 受语 she 限
制没词形变化非限定动词）
说明：英语中三种非限定动词分：动词定式动名词分词
5） 根动词组成形式分三类分：单字词短语动词动词短语例：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases 英
语里许短语动词动词短语（contains 单字动词）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries 学生学会
查 字 典 （look up 短语动词）
The young ought to take care of the old 年轻应料老（take care of
动词短语）
6） 动词五种形态分：原形第三称单数形式式分词现分词
51 系动词
系动词称联系动词（Link Verb）作系动词身词义单独作谓
语边必须表语（称补语）构成系表结构说明语状况性质特征等情
况说明：系动词实义动词该动词表达实义时词义单独作谓语
例：
He fell ill yesterday 昨天病（fell 系动词补足语说明语
情 况 ）
He fell off the ladder 梯子摔fell 实义动词单独作谓语
1）状态系动词
表示语状态 be 词例： 49
He is a teacher 名教师（is 补足语起说明语身份）
2）持续系动词
表示语继续保持种状况态度 keep rest remain stay
lie stand例：
He always kept silent at meeting 开会时总保持沉默
This matter rests a mystery 事谜
3）表系动词
表示起概念 seem appear look例：
He looks tired 起累
He seems （to be） very sad 起伤心
4）感官系动词
感官系动词 feel smell sound taste 例：
This kind of cloth feels very soft 种布手感软
This flower smells very sweet 朵花闻起香
5）变化系动词
系动词表示语变成什样变化系动词 become grow turn fall
get go come run例：
He became mad after that 疯
She grew rich within a short time 没长时间富
6）终止系动词
表示语已终止动作 prove turn out 表达证实变成意例：
The rumor proved false 谣言证实假
The search proved difficult 搜查证实难
His plan turned out a success 计划终成功（ turn out 表终止性结
果）
52 助动词
1）协助动词构成谓语动词词助动词协助动词称作动词助动词
身没词义单独例：
He doesn＇t like English 喜欢英语
（doesn＇t 助动词词义like 动词词义）
2） 助动词协助动词完成功：
a 表示时态例：
He is singing 唱歌
He has got married 已结婚
b 表示语态例：
He was sent to England 派英国
c 构成疑问句例：
Do you like college life 喜欢学生活？
Did you study English before you came here 前学英语？
d 否定副词 not 合构成否定句例：
I don＇t like him 喜欢
e 加强语气例：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening 明天晚定参加晚会
He did know that 确知道件事
3） 常助动词：be have do shall will should would 等 50
521 助动词 be法
1） be +现分词构成进行时态例：
They are having a meeting 正开会
English is becoming more and more important 英语现越越重
2） be + 分词构成动语态例：
The window was broken by Tom 窗户汤姆碎
English is taught throughout the world 世界教英语
3） be + 动词定式表示列容：
a 表示未计划安排例：
He is to go to New York next week 周纽约
We are to teach the freshmen 教新生
说明： 种法说成种时态表达法
b 表示命令例：
You are to explain this 做出解释
He is to come to the office this afternoon 天午办公室
c 征求意见例：
How am I to answer him 该样答复？
Who is to go there 谁该呢？
d 表示相约商定例：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning 明天
早晨 7点校门口集合
522 助动词 have 法
1）have +分词构成完成时态例：
He has left for London 已伦敦
By the end of last month they had finished half of their work 月
未止已完成工作半
2）have + been +现分词构成完成进行时例：
I have been studying English for ten years 直学英语已达十年
久
3）have +been +分词构成完成式动语态例：
English has been taught in China for many years 中国教英语已年
523 助动词 do 法
1）构成般疑问句例：
Do you want to pass the CET 想通学英语测试？
Did you study German 学德语？
2）do + not 构成否定句例：
I do not want to be criticized 想挨批评
He doesn＇t like to study 想学
In the past many students did not know the importance of English
学生知道英语重性
3） 构成否定祈句例：
Don＇t go there 里
Don＇t be so absentminded 心焉
说明： 构成否定祈句 do did does 51
4）放动词原形前加强该动词语气例：
Do come to my birthday party 定参加生日宴会
I did go there 确实
I do miss you 确实想
5）倒装句例：
Never did I hear of such a thing 未听说样事情
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of
English 进学认识英语重性
说明： 引导类倒装句副词 never seldom rarely little only so
well 等
6）作代动词例：
Do you like Beijing 喜欢北京？
Yes I do 喜欢（do 作代动词代 like Beijing）
He knows how to drive a car doesn＇t he 知道开车吧？
524 助动词 shall will 法
shall will 作助动词动词原形起构成般时例：
I shall study harder at English 更加努力学英语
He will go to Shanghai 海
说明：语法中语法学家说 shall 第称will 第二第三称
现尤口语中will 常第称 shall 第称第二
第三称失助动词意义已变情态动词试较
He shall come 必须（shall 命令意味）
He will come （will 动词原形构成般时）
525 助动词 should would 法
1）should 词义 shall 形式动词原形构成时第
称例：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week 昨天
电话问周干什
较：What shall I do next week I asked 周干什？问道
说shall 变成间接引语时变成 should
2） would 词义will 形式动词原形构成时第二第
三称例：
He said he would come 说
较：I will go he said 说：变成间接引语成 He said he
would come原 will 变成 wouldgo 变成 come
53情态动词
531 情态动词语法特征
1） 情态动词表示正发生已发生事情表示期估计某事发生
2） 情态动词 ought have 外面接带 to 定式
3） 情态动词没称数变化情态动词第三称单数加s
4） 情态动词没非谓语形式没定式分词等形式
532 较can be able to 52
1）cancould 表示力 （时 could） 现式式（could）
be able to 种时态例：
They will be able to tell you the news soon 快告诉消息
2） be able to 情况：
a 位助动词
b 情态动词
c 表示某时刻动作时
d 句首表示条件
e 表示成功做某事时 waswere able to could例：
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out He managed to
flee Europe before the war broke out
战争爆发前逃离欧洲
注意：could 时表示时态
1）提出委婉请求（注意回答中 could）例 ：
Could I have the television on 电视？
Yes you can No you can＇t
2）否定句疑问句中表示推测怀疑例：
He couldn＇t be a bad man 坏
533 较may might
1） 表示允许请求表示没握推测may 放句首表示祝愿例：
May God bless you 愿帝保佑
He might be at home 家
注意：might 表示推测时表示时态性 may
2） 成语：maymight as well面接带 to 定式意妨例：
If that is the case we may as well try果情况确实妨试
试
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight but he isn＇t very sure yet
A must B may C can D will
答案 B 表性 may句意半句推出
534 较have tomust
1） 两词＇必须＇意思have to 表示客观需must 表示说话观
法观必例：
My brother was very ill so I had to call the doctor in the middle of
the night
弟弟病厉害半夜里医生请（客观需做件事）
He said that they must work hard 说必须努力工作（观做件
事）
2） have to 称数时态变化 must 种形式 must 间接
引语中表示必义务例：
He had to look after his sister yesterday 昨晚顾姐姐
3） 否定结构中：don＇t have to 表示必mustn＇t 表示禁止例：
You don＇t have to tell him about it 定事告诉
You mustn＇t tell him about it 件事告诉 53
535 must 表示推测
1） must 肯定句中表示较握推测意定
2） must 表现状态现正发生事情推测时must 面通常接系动词 be
原形行动词进行式例：
You have worked hard all day You must be tired 辛苦干整天定累
（现情况推测判断）
He must be working in his office 定办公室工作呢
较：He must be staying there 现肯定里
He must stay there 必须呆
3） must 表示已发生事情推测时must 接完成式例：
I didn＇t hear the phone I must have been asleep 刚没听电话
想必睡着
4） must 表示某时正发生事情推测 must 面接定式完成进行式
例：
Why didn＇t you answer my phone call 接电话？
Well I must have been sleeping so I didn＇t hear it唉肯定睡觉
没听见
5） 否定推测 can＇t例：
If Tom didn＇t leave here until five o＇clock he can＇t be home yet 果
汤姆五点离开时定未家
536 表示推测法
can could may might must 皆表示推测法：
1）情态动词+动词原形表示现情况推测时动词通常系动词例
：
I don＇t know where she is she may be in Wuhan 知道
武汉
2）情态动词+动词现进行时表示现正进行情况进行推测例：
At this moment our teacher must be correcting our exam papers 时想
必老师正批改试卷
3）情态动词+动词完成时表示情况推测例：
The road is wet It must have rained last night 湿昨天晚定
雨
4）情态动词+动词现完成进行时表示正发生事情推测例：
Your mother must have been looking for you 妈妈定直找
5）推测否定形式疑问形式 can＇t couldn＇t 表示例：
Mike can＇t have found his car for he came to work by bus this morning
迈克定没找回车早坐公汽车班
注意：could might 表示推测时表示时态推测程度 can may
537 情态动词+ have +分词
1） may（might） have + done sth can （could） have + done sth 表示
推测时间里发生事情例：
Philip may （might） have been hurt seriously in the car accident 菲力浦
车祸中受重伤
Philip can （could） have been hurt seriously in the car accident
2） must have +done sth时间里发生事情推测语气较强具肯
定谅必意思例： 54
Linda has gone to work but her bicycle is still here 琳达已班
单车
She must have gone by bus肯定巴士
3） ought to have done sth should have done sth 表示应该做某事事实没
做否定句表示该做某事做例：
You ought to （should） have been more careful in this experiment 时
做试验时应该更仔细点
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away该旧衣服扔（事实
已扔）
ought to 语气 should 强
4） needn＇t have done sth 表示没必做某事做例：
I dressed very warmly for the trip but I needn＇t have done so The
weather was hot
旅行时衣服穿较实没必时天热
5） would like to have done sth 表示算做某事没做例：
I would like to have read the article but I was very busy then 想读
篇文章太忙直没读
538 should ought to
述法两者表示想必定理应该意思例：
I ought to be able to live on my salary 薪水想必维持
It ought to be ready now 想必现准备吧
They should be there by now I think 现该
The poems should be out in a month at most 诗集估计月出
版
539 had better 表示相助动词种形式面动词
原形例：
It is pretty cold You＇d better put on my coat 天相冷穿外
套
She＇d better not play with the dog 玩耍条狗
had better have done sth 表示事实相反结果意例：
You had better have come earlier 该早点
5310 would rather 表示宁愿
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿…愿
would sooner had rather had sooner 表示宁愿宁意思例：
If I have a choice I had sooner not continue my studies at this school
果选择余宁辍学离开学校
I would rather stay here than go home I would stay here rather than go
home 宁愿呆愿回家
典型例题
Shall we go skating or stay at home
Which ___ do
A do you rather B would you rather C will you rather D should 55
you rather
答案 B题考查情态动词 rather 法would rather +do sth 意宁愿
题疑问句would 提前选 B
5311 will would
注意：1）would likewould like to do want to 想固定搭配例：
Would you like to go with me 想块？
2）Will you… Would you like… 表示肯定含义请求劝说时疑问句中
般 some any例：
Would you like some cake 吃点蛋糕吧
3）否定结构中 will般 would won＇t you 种委婉语气
Won＇t you sit down 坐？
5312 情态动词回答方式
典型例题
1）Could I borrow your dictionary
Yes of course you____
A might B will C can D should
答案 C could 表示委婉语气时态答语中 of course表示肯定语气
允许某做某事时 can may 表达 could mightwill you
连提出求命令should you 连提出劝告
2）Shall I tell John about it
No you ___ I＇ve told him already
A needn＇t B wouldn＇t C mustn＇t D shouldn＇t
答案 Aneedn＇t 必 wouldn＇t 会 mustn＇t 禁止
shouldn＇t 应该题需必意思应 needn＇t
3）Don＇t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow
______
AI don＇t BI won＇t CI can＇t DI haven＇t
答案 B will 作情态动词表请求建议作实义动词表 意愿意
志决心题表示决心选 B
5313 带to 情态动词
带to 情态动词四：ought to have to used to be to 加 have got
to （must） be able to六疑问否定形式应予注意：
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month
She didn＇t use to play tennis before she was fourteen
You ought not to have told her all about it
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once
ought to 身作情态动词词作实义动词变疑问否定时
须 do 等助动词协助
问句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you…
Yes I must
No I needn＇t
Must you… No I don＇t have
to 56
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret but he meant no harm
A have told B tell C be telling D having told
答案 A句时告诉秘密动作发生前应完成时
情态动词 ought to have told
5314 较need dare
两词做实义动词做情态动词作情态动词两者疑问
句否定句条件句need 作实义动词时面定式必须带 todare 作实义动
词时 面 to 时常省略
1） 实义动词：need（需 求） need + n to do sth
2） 情态动词：need原形 need 加 do否定形式 need not例：
Need you go yet 走？
Yes I must No I needn＇t走急着走
54 短语动词
动词加品构成起动词作短语短语动词例：
Turn off the radio 收音机关（turn off 短语动词）
短语动词构成基列种：
1）动词+副词：black out
2）动词+介词：look into
3）动词+副词+介词：look forward to构成短语动词副词介词统称品
词
55 助动词练
11If it is fine tomorrow we ______ a football match
a have b will have c has d shall has
22When he was at school he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast
a will rise b shall rise b should rise would rise
33In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist
revolution and socialist construction
a has made b have made c had made d having made
44I______ go to bed until I______ finished my work
a don’thad b didn’thave c didn’thad d don’thave
55______ you think he ______ back by dinner time
a Dohave come b Didwill have come c Doeswill come d Dowill
have come
66He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus
a was runing b was running c were running d is running
77No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another
journey
a haswas asked b havewere asked c hadis asked d hadwas asked
88______ you give me a room for the nightI asked on arriving at the
hotel
a Should b Can c Might d May
99There are nine of them so ______ get into the car at the same time
a they may not at all b all they may not c they can’t all d all they 57
can’t
10 10We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterdayHe ______ it
a mustn’t attend b cannot have attended
c would have not attended d needn’t have attended
1111You realize that you were driving at 100 mph don’t you
No officer I______ This car can’t do more than 80
a didn’t need to be b may not have been c couldn’t have been d
needn’t have been
1212he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police
a might b succeeded to c would d was able to
1313If they ______ our plan will fall flat
a are cooperating b had not cooperated c won’t cooperate d didn’
t cooperate
1414I hoped ______ my letter
a her to answer b that she would answer c that she answers d her
answering
1515He ______ live in the country than in the city
a prefers b likes to c had better d would rather
1616______ to see a film with us today
a Did you like b Would you like c Will you like d Have you liked
1717I’m sorry but I had no alternative I simply ______ what I did
a must do b had to do c ought to have done d have to do
1818Time is running out______
a a hadn’t we better got start b hadn’t we better get start
b b hadn’t we better get started d hadn’t we better not started
1919No one ______ that to his face
a dares say b dares saying c dare say d dare to say
2020The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise
a need b ought c must d dare
2121You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work
a ought to come b ought to be coming c ought have come d ought
to have come
2222The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers
a to be fed b to feed c to being fed d to have been fed
2323I wonder why they’re lateThey ______ the train
a can have missed b could miss c may have missed d might miss
2424Tom graduated from college at a very young age
He ______ have been an outstanding student
a a must b could c should d might
2525You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it
a needn’t have taken b didn’t need to take c needn’t take d mustn’
t take
2626He is really incompetent The letter ______ yesterday
a a should be finished typing b must be finished typing
b b must have finished typing c should have been finished typing
2727The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut
a become b to become c becoming d became 58
2828When we reached the station the train had still not arrived so we
______
a a needed not to hurry b needn’t have hurried
b b need not to have hurried d didn’t need to hurry
2929Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend_____ you like
to have dinner with us tonight
a will b won’t c wouldn’t d do
3030He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career
a might have b could be c have been d shall be
3131He ______ hardly say anything more since you know about it
a don’t need to b needn’t c needs d need
3232You ______ the look on his face when he won the prize
a would have seen b should have seen c must see d can be seeing
3333Some people think the stock market will crash but ______
a a I wonder if it happens b I doubt if it will happen
c I am afraid it wouldn’t happen d I doubt if it does happen
3434Whatever has happened to GeorgeI don’t know He ______ lost
a can have got b may have got c might get d could get
3535He has no idea what the book is about He ______read the book
a couldn’t b couldn’t have c mightn’t have d shouldn’t have
3636New studies show that two of Saturn’s rings ______ longer than the 45
billion years since the birth of the Solar System
a could have lasted b should have lasted c would have lasted d
must be lasting
3737Take the telescope with you in case you ______ it in your expedition
a will need b would need c should need d could need
3838Need he come at once Yes he ______
a must b must not c need d may
3939Please answer the phone It ______ be by your father If it is would
you tell that I want to see him
a will b should c would d could
4040We’ll never give in whatever they ______ say or do
a may b will c shall d should
4141With all this work on hand he ______ to the cinema last night
a mustn’t go b wouldn’t go c oughtn’t go d shouldn’t have gone
4242Everyone ______ the cake because there wasn’t even a small piece left
a must like b must have liked c must have been liking d had
liked
4343I wish to recollect where I met her ______
a a would I b may I c may not I d can I
4444I______ think he will ______ dare the risk
a not b donot c not d don’t
4545If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time it ______
be active
a may not b must c might d is not
4646You ______ your seats today if you want to go to the game
a a had better to reserve b had better reserve 59
c had to better reserve d had to reserve better
4747I______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary
a a would rather not have b would not rather had
b b rather would not have d rather not would have
4848Many scientists ______ their own eyes and ears than the theories of the
ancients
a a would rather to believe b would rather believe
c rather would believe d will rather believe
4949To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport
a haven’t got b mustn’t have c needn’t d don’t need
5050One of the statements ______ to be untrue
a is turned out b has turned out c have been turned out d have
turned out
5151I don’t know whether it will rain or not but if it ______ rain I shall
stay at home
a will b did c does d shall
5252You’d like some tea______
a wouldn’t you b shouldn’t you c hadn’t you d didn’t you
5353May we take the books out
a No you may not b No you can not c No you can’t d Please don’
t
5454I would have come sooner but I______ that you were waiting
a didn’t know b hasn’t known c hadn’t know d haven’t known
5555If you don’t want to you ______ to get there with us
a mustn’t b can’t c don’t have d have not
5656I would go to visit them but I______ think they are anxious to see me
a haven’t b don’t c doesn’t d didn’t
5757Whatever you can do______
a a I can do so as well b I can do this as well
b b I can do it as well d I can do as well
5858_____ I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated
getting involved
a Had b Have c Having d Has
5959Perhaps she is working for JohnYes she ______ for him
a a need have been working b may be working
b b ought have been working d ought be working
6060I know she was in because I heard her radio but she didn’t open the
doorShe ______ the bell
a a may not be hearing b may not have heard
b b must not have heard d must not be hearing
61 He was smokingThen he ______
a a ought to have been not smoking b ought to have not been
smoking
b b ought not to have been smoking d ought to not have been
smoking
6262You ______ out yesterday without a coat No wonder you caught cold
a oughtn’t have gone b shouldn’t have gone c mustn’t have gone d 60
can’t have gone
6363Paul was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the
trailer of a lorry
He _____ a bicycle along the motorway bicycles are not allowed
a a shouldn’t have been riding b couldn’t have been riding
c oughtn’t have been riding d can’t have been riding
6464I am listening But you ______
a need be listening b should be listening c need have been listening
d ought be listening
6565He ______ with us last night
a a would have liked to go b should like to be going
b b should be liked to go d would like to go
6666I______ his face when he opened the letter
a a should like you to see b would have liked you to be seen
b b should like you to have seen d would like you to see
6767You say you ______ do it but I say you ______ do it
a ought notcould b will notshall c could notneed d shall
notought
6868We ______ put the meeting off for a week
a can as well b will as well c shall as well d may as well
6969______ wind your watch every day
a Do you need b Must you have to c Have you to d Do you have to
7070______ give him a chance to try
a Oughtn’t to we b Oughtn’t we to c Ought to we not d Oughtn’t we
7171Did you blame him for his mistakes______
a I’d rather not do b I’d not rather do c I’d better not do d I’
d rather not doing
7272You had better ______ your hair cut
a had b have c to get d to have
7373My sister didn’t go to the party last night because she ______ the baby
for her friend until 930
a a must have looked after b would have to look after
b b had to look after d should have looked after
7474Mary is very late she ______
a a may miss her train b may have missed her train
c must miss her train d could miss her train
7575No matter what you may say he ______ to his own views
a a would always stick b will always stick c should always stick
d must always stick to
7676It’s wonderful that you ______ have achieved so much in these years
a may b can c should d would
7777The students asked whether he ______ take the books out of the reading
room
a could b might c should d would
7878He ______ still be thinking about the question you raised
a may b might c must d should
7979I’d be glad if you______ give me an account of the fact 61
a a shall b should c would d may
8080He ______ accomplish the task in time
a did b has c is d do
第六章 非谓语动词
句子中充谓语外句子成分动词形式做非谓语动词非谓语动词分三
种形式动名词定式分词（分词包括现分词分词）
1）动名词
2）定式
3）分词
否定形式： not +定式 not + 动名词 not + 现分词
６动名词
动名词非限定动词种形式动词原形+ing 构成动词特征名
词特征称动名词动名词时态语态变化表示（物动词 write
例）物动词没语态变化
61 动名词作语宾语表语
1）作语例：
Fighting broke out between the South and the North 南方北方开战
2）作宾语
a 动词动名词作宾语例：
时态＼语态 动 动
般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
时态＼语态 动 动
般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
时态＼语态 动 动
般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
时态语态 动 动
般式 writing being written
完成式 having written having been written
admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认 delay 耽误 62
例：Would you mind turning down your radio a little please 收音机音
量调点
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught 松鼠幸运
刚逃避逮住厄运
b 结构面动名词作宾语成分例：
3）作表语语说明解释例：
Her job is washing cleaning and taking care of the children 工作
洗刷清扫顾孩子
较：She is washing cleaning and taking care of the children
4）作定语般表示修饰名词事物途例：
a writing deska desk for writing 写字台
a swimming poola pool swimming 游泳池
动名词作定语修饰名词关系较复杂例：
boiling pointa temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
a walking tractora tractor which a driver can operate while he or she
is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机
62 worth 法
worth worthy worthwhile 形容词意值
1 worth： be worth + n 名词金钱时表示…… 值……
常见 It ’s worth while to do It ’s worth（someone’s）while doing
be worth doing sth ……某事值做
The question is not worth discussing again and again 问题值反复
讨
2 worthy：be worthy of +n 名词抽象名词时表示……值……
be worthy to be done 某事值做
The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again
3 worthwhile： be worthwhile to do sth 值做某事
It is worthwhile to ask him to join the club值邀请加入俱乐部
典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again
A worth B worthy C worthwhile D worth while
答案 C worth 法知句适合词组 be worthwhile to do sth选 C
63 动名词定式分词练
deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象
finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practice 训练
recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resume 继续 resist 抵抗 risk 险 suggest 建议
face 面 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to
stick to no good no use be fond of look forward to be proud of
be busy can＇t help be tired of be capable of be afraid of think of
burst out keep on insist on count on set about
put off be good at take up give up be successful in 63
1 1 I was ______ work last week but I changed my mind
a to start b to have started c to be starting d to have been
starting
2 2 I intended ______ the matter with you but I had some guests hen
a discuss b discussing c having discussed d to have discussed
3 3 Don’t let me catch you ______
a do that again b to do that again c doing that again d done
that again
4 4 There are many kinds of metals ______
a a each has its special properties b one has its special
properties
b b each having its special properties d having its special
properties
5 5 It’s payday and they’re waiting ______
a for paying b to be paid c to be paying d to have paid
6 6 _______ trouble I’m going to forget the whole affair
a Then rather cause b Rather causing
c Rather than cause d Rather than caused
7 7 The brilliance of his satires was ______ make even his victims laugh
a so as to b such as to c so that d such that
8 8 Children with parents whose guidance is firm consistent and
rational are inclined ______ high levels of selfconfidence
a possess b have possessed c to possess d possessing
9 9 The worker is ______ in repairing the machine to notice my coming
a too busy b enough busy c busy too d busy enough
10 10 What did you do in the garden
I watched my father ______ his motorbike
a to repair b repaired c repairing d repairs
11 11 We must have an engineer ______ the workers build the house
a to see b see c seeing d seen
12 12 Induction means ______ a general conclusion from special facts
a to come to b to coming c coming to d came
13 13 I’m not going to ask the teacher why he gave me that grade I intend
_______
a to let rest the matter b the matter to be let resting
c letting the matter to rest d to let the matter rest
14 14 I have tried _______ worrying about it
a to stop consciously b to consciously stop
c to conscious stopping d to stopping consciously
15 15 Do you want to give a talk on that subject
I prefer ______
a not want b not wanting c to not giving d not to
16 16 I_______ the truth of your remarks although they go against my
interests
a cannot but admit b cannot help but to admit
c cannot but admitting d cannot help but admitting
17 17 Since she is angry we ______ 64
a had better leaving her alone b should leave her alone
c might as well leave her alone d had rather leave her alone
18 18 I don’t allow ______ in my office and I don’t allow my family ______
at all
a to smoke…smoking b smoking…to smoke
c to smoke…to smoke d smoking…smoking
19 19 You should remember ______ from the point when you are writing a
composition
a don’t wander b not to wander c no wandering d not
wander
20 20 Grace advised us to withdraw ______
a so as to get not involved b so as not to get involved
c so that to get not involved d as not to get involved
21 21 He ran all the way up to the station ______ that the train had left
fifteen minutes before
a in order to find b so as to find c only to find d such as
to find
22 22 George went hunting for a week but still he didn’t find a room
______
a to live b to live in c for living d to be living in
23 23 You should really avoid ______ at home alone as he is old and ill
a your father stay b your father to stay
c your father’s staying d your father who stays
24 24 John didn’t want to risk ______ wet as he had only one suit
a getting b to get c being got d to be gotten
25 25 I’m disappointed with the new officers elected in our club but
there is no point _______ about it
a to worry b in worrying c with us worrying d if we worry
26 26 It won’t be any use ______ to borrow any more money
a you to try b of your trying c trying you d your trying
27 27 The law requires all cars _______ for safety and efficiency
a being tested regularly b to be regularly tested
c be regularly tested d regularly tested
28 28 I remember ______ to the zoo by my father when I was little
a being taken b taking c have been taken d to have taken
29 29 I completely forgot ______ the front door last night and feel
fortunate that nothing is stolen
a locking b being locked c to lock d to have locked
30 30 I regret ______ you that your application has been refused
a informing b being informed c to be informed d to inform
31 31 I didn’t mean ______ anything but these apples looked so good I
couldn’t resist ______ one
a to eat…trying b to eat…o trying c eating…to try d
eating…to trying
32 32 I know it isn’t important but I can’t help ______ about it
a but to think b thinking c think d to think
33 33 The ship ______ to a shapeless wreck was hardly recognizable 65
a being reduced b reducing c reduced d having been reducing
34 34 The young doctor could not sleep at night his thoughts ______ him
no peace
a gave b giving c being given d to give
35 35 After a long walk on a hot day one feels ______
a exhaustive b exhausting c exhaust d exhausted
36 36 Those relatives of his are ______ I don ’t want to have any
dealings with them
a boring people b bored people
c people having bored d people having boring
37 37 You must follow the directions exactly and if you become ______ you
must take the time to go back again and reread them
a to confuse b confusing c confuse d confused
38 38 There is something wrong with my TV set I must have it ______
a checking b check c to check d checked
39 39 He was just about to jump up when he felt something ______ near his
feet
a to move b move c moving d moved
40 40 ______ with the corresponding period of last year the output of
chemical fibers in the first quarter rose by 15
a Comparing b To compare c Compared d Compare
41 41 Was the rally successful’
No because the number of ______ was smaller than we had expected
a people who attend b attended people
c people attending d attendance of people
42 42 Uncle Dick has already arrive Do you expect ______ to see him
a a Going b go c to go d that you go
43 43 From the electric refrigerator Dick takes a carton of cream another
of fresh milk and a can of ______ orange juice
a a frozen b froze c freezing d freezed
44 44 He felt bad for ______ a chance to study abroad
a having not given b not having given
c having not been given d not having been given
45 45 In some countries there are already a number of firms ______
computer programming
a specialize in b specialized in c specializing in d
specializes in
46 46 The young man who saw the car ______ into the river telephoned the
police station
a plunge b plunged c was plunging d to plunge
47 47 While she was shopping she kept ______ the list to make sure she
hadn’t forgotten anything
a checked b checking c to check d check
48 48 You’d better ______
a to have your shoes mended b to have mended your shoes
c have your shoes mended d having your shoes mended
49 49 The machines are made ______ at full speed 66
a work b working c to work d to be worked
50 50 It is certain that men will never stop ______ new energy sources to
power their growing industry
a finding b to find c having found d found
51 51 It is really quite extraordinary that we should have been at the
same college without ______ before
a met b being met c having met d having been met
52 52 Professor Smith is said ______ another important discovery in
chemistry
a having made b having been made c to have made d to make
53 53 Without the sun’s light ______ the earth’s surface it would be so
cold that life could not exist on the earth
a warms b warmed c warming d to warm
54 54 The rocket will weigh about 200 tons when ______
a being completed b completed completing d have been
completed
55 55 There are plans ______ a number of atomic power station in this
regions
a to build b to be built c building d being built
56 56 All of us are looking forward to ______ a trip to the Ming Tombs
a make b making c to making d have made
57 57 I can’t understand ______ a decision until it is too late
a him to postpone to make b his postponing to make
c him to postponing making d his postponing making
58 58 I would like ______ that I don’t have a very high opinion of you
a to have you know b have you know
c to have your known d having you know
59 59 I had intended ______ him while he was living at Aberdeen
a visiting b visit c to have visited d having visited
60 60 Do you consider better _______
a not doing it again b not do it again
c not having done it again d not to do it again
61 61 The famous scientist was easy _______ along with
a to get b for getting c getting d got
62 62 The students will have more discussions like this in the weeks
______
a coming b to come c come d to be coming
63 63 He felt lonely at first but after a time he got ______ alone and
even got ______ it
a used to living…to like b used to live… to like
c using to live…liking d to be used to living…liking
64 64 Our master raised his voice so that the could make himself ______ by
the pupils in the back of the hall
a hear b heard c hearing d to be heard
65 65 When he awoke he found himself ______ in the hospital and ______ by
an old woman
a lying…being looked after b lying…be looking after 67
c lie…be looked after d lie…being looked after
66 66 ______ from the hilltop the lake scenery is beyond description
a To see b Seeing c Seen d Having seen
67 67 ______ in the strange forest the poor girls fell to ______
a Lost…crying b Lost…cry c To lost…cry d Having been
lost…crying
68 68 They’ll have you ______ if you don’t pay your taxes
a to be arrested b arrest c arrested d being arrested
69 69 All flights ______ because of the storm they decided to take the
train
a having cancelled b were cancelled
c have been cancelled d having been cancelled
70 70 Although it was very late when John began doing the job he managed
with his friend’s assistance ______ before the building was locked
a to be finished b being finished c finishing d to finish
71 71 Despite the earnest efforts of various private groups as well as
government agencies many of the problems have not yet been solved and
much remains to ______
a have been done b be done c have done d do
72 72 ______ that bad weather was on the way the climbers decided to put
off their attempt on Eiger until the following week
a Having told b Being told c Telling d Having been told
73 73 Members of the Government itself acknowledge many of their
predictions _______ wildly overoptimistic
a to be b being c to have been d having been
74 74 The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match
without a standard court
a objected to having b objected to have
c were objected to have d were objected to having
75 75 The teacher doesn’t permit ______ in class
a smoke b smoking c to smoke d to have smoke
76 76 I like watching TV______ to the cinema
a more than to go b more than going
c than going d rather than to go
77 77 The manager promised to keep me ______ of how our business was going
on
a to be informed b informed c on informing d informing
78 78 Mrs Brown is supposed ______ for Italy last week
a to have left b to leave c to be leaving d to have been
left
79 79 Dorothy went to work quietly ______ to work as hard as she could
a her mind being made up b with her mind made up
c with her mind making up d he mind making up
80 80 Husband and wife with a common duty to the country will find
themselves ______ closer together
a been drawn b drawn c to draw d drawing
81 81 Here we found little snow as most of it seemed ______ blown off the 68
mountain
a to have been b that it was c to be d that it had been
82 82 ______ halfway through the exercise the teacher changed his mind
and collected all our papers
a When only being b When we were only
c Being only d Having been
83 83 Some passengers are reading the morning paper others are talking
with one another ______ nervously for the train
a to wait b are waiting c waiting d being waited
84 84 There’s one thing I dislike about him he will never admit ______ a
mistake
a having made b making c being made d have been made
85 85 Stan spent half a year ______ material for his new book
a to collect b collect c collecting d collected
86 86 It’s no use ______ me not to worry
a you tell b your telling c for you to have told d having
told
87 87 The chairman insists that there be a meeting _______ within the
shortest possible time
a to hold b to be held c to have been held d to be holding
88 88 When the famous pianist was a child he was accustomed ______ for
several hours a day
a to practicing b to practice c to be practicing d to have
practiced
89 89 In China hundreds of different dialects are spoken people of some
villages ______ themselves understood by the inhabitants of the next town
a making trouble have b have making trouble
c have trouble making d trouble making have
90 90 It’s a wonderful place for anyone ______ in architecture as you
are
a interesting b to be interested c being interested d
interested
91 91 Another feature worth ______ is the role of information throughout a
feedback control system
a noticed b noticing c being noticed d notice
92 92 I believe ______ very largely due to mistaken views of the world
a this unhappiness are b to be this unhappiness
c this be unhappiness d this unhappiness to be
93 93 When they met Leonards and his enemy were fighting ______
a killed each other b to kill each other
c killing each other d to be killed each other
94 94 Before the invention of aeroplanes ______ in the sky like a bird
was only a dream
a men fly b to fly c for flying d man flys
95 95 At last they succeeded ______ the job
a to persuade him to take b in persuading him to take
c to persuade him taking d in persuading him taking 69
96 96 All that it does is ______ the place of a house wife
a takes b taking c take d being taken
97 97 He listened to me ______ what Mr Smith had said the day before
a to repeat b to be repeated c to repeating d repeat
98 98 He could do little except ______
a writing b write c written d to write
99 99 The electric shaver ______ before it can be used
a needs repairing b requires to repair
b b should be in repair d has to be repairable
100 100 ______ a problem requiring multiplication or division the
computer solves it by adding or subtracting
a Giving b Having given c Being given d Given
101 101 You can fly to London this evening ______ you don’t mind changing
planes in Paris
a provided b except c unless d so far as
102 102 Students from the south prefer _______
a eat rice than bread b eating rice than bread
c eating rice to eating bread d eating rice to eat bread
103 103 Would you be ______ to help me with my luggage
a enough kind b kind enough
c too kind d kind too
104 104 The father advise ______ the secondhand car
a his son to not buy b his son not to buy
c his son’s no buying d that his son not to buy
105 105 Do you intend to come with us
Yes ______
a I intend so b I intend that c I intend to d I intend
106 106 It takes a whole year for the earth ______ round the sun once
a traveling b to travel c traveled d travels
107 107 The factory ______ next year will be one of the largest in this
city
a to build b to be built c being built d having been built
108 108 With the guide ______ the way we set off on foot into the dark
night
a leading b led c leads d to lead
109 109 They got the work ______ before the rainy season set in
a to do b done c doing d did
110 110 Things are known ______ when they unite with the oxygen of the
air
a burning b to burn c burn d being burning
111 111 He was thoroughly ashamed ______ so much money on such an ugly
picture
a for spending b with spending
c to have spent d of having spent
112 112 ______ of the burden of ice the balloon climbed up and drifted
to the South
a To be free b Freeing c To free d Freed 70
113 113 The bank is reported in the local newspaper ______ in broad
daylight yesterday
a to be robbed b robbed c to have been robbed d having been
robbed
114 114 There seemed little hope that the explorer ______ in the
tropical forest would find his way through it
a to be deserted b having deserted
c to have been deserted d having been deserted
115 115 Where should I send my application
The Personnel Office is the place ______
a to sent it b sent it to c to send it to d for sending it
116 116 The publisher will send you a specimen copy of their new book
______
a when it will be requested b when they are requested
c when requested d when request it
117 117 Rome is the city ______
a I rather most like to visit b I’d most like to visit
c I’m rather to visit most d I’d prefer most to visit
118 118 There ______ no further business the meeting came to a stop
a being b was c been d had been
119 119 Please remind me ______ some eggs for the coming party
a buy b to buy c of buying d for buying
120 120 Don’t say anything at the meeting unless ______
a asking b asked c being asked d to be asked
121 121 The radio announced that all flights ______ have been cancelled
because of the fog
a go out b gone out c going out d will go out
122 122 What’s the use ______ extra leisure time if you don’t know what
to do
a have b to have c being have d of knowing
123 123 ______ mathematical concepts of some students was very difficult
because the students did not have a math background
a Explain b Explaining c Have explained d Having explained
124 124 Although John was the oldest in the family he always let his
sister _____ charge of the house
a to take b taking c take d taken
125 125 Commercial banks make most of their income from interest ______
on loans and investment in stocks and bonds
a earn b earned c to earn d was earned
126 126 Amelia Earhart the first woman ______ a solo flight across the
Atlantic Ocean was born in 1898
a makes b made c making d to make
127 127 It is impossible for the plan ______
a to put into practice b not to put into practice
c c to be put into practice d to be not put into practice
128 128 ______ is what she wants to know
a Who to do it b Whom to do it 71
c Who does it do d Whom doing it
129 129 My wife suggested ______ to Scotland for a holiday but I favor
______ Wales instead
a to go…to visit b going …visiting
c to go…visiting d going …to visit
130 130 There are several ______ leaves on the ground
a falling b fallen c to fall d fell
７ 动词定式
动词定式 to+动词原形构成里to定式标志没词义定式具
名词形容词副词某语法功动词时态语态特点作
常见形式表示（物动词 do 例）物动词没动语态
71 动词定式作宾语致三种情况
1） 1） 物动词定式作宾语结构动词+定式例：
例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time 司机没时见辆
车
He offered to help me 表示愿意帮助
2）动词定式作宾语定式作补语动词 +宾语+定式
结构例：
例：
I like to keep everything tidy 喜欢件东西保持整洁
I like you to keep everything tidy 喜欢件东西保持整洁
I want to speak to Tom 想汤姆谈话
I want you to speak to Tom 想汤姆谈话
3） 3） 动词动词词组动词+疑问词+定式结构作宾语例：
例：
Please show us how to do that 请演示做
时态＼语态 动 动
般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
afford aim agree arrange ask decide
bother care choose demand desire determine
elect endeavor hope fail help learn
long 渴 mean manage offer plan pretend
refuse tend undertake expect hate intend
ask choose expect help beg intend
likelove need prefer prepare want wish
decide know consider forget learn remember
show wonder find out tell inquire explain 72
There are so many kinds of taperecorders on sale that I can＇t make up my
mind which to buy
录音机定意买种
72 定式作补语
1） 动词+宾语+定式结构例：
例
Father will not allow us to play on the street 父亲街玩耍
The officer ordered his men to fire 长官命令士兵开火
注意：动词 makehavegetwant 等定式作做宾补分词作宾补
现分词表达动表达正进行分词表达动
2) 动词+宾语+定式结构定式动词 be定式般
省例：
例：
We believe him to be guilty 相信罪
We know him to be a fool 知道笨蛋（to be 省）
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer
A to invent B inventing C to have invented D having invented
答案：C 般没 consider+宾语+be 外定式结构没 consider+宾语+doing
结构排 ABDconsider 动词 be 外定式作宾补时般求定式
完成式选 C
3) 动词 there +to be 结构例：
例：
We didn＇t expect there to be so many people there 没料会
里
You wouldn’t want there to be another war 想外场战争发生吧
73 定式作语
定式作语 it 作形式语真正语定式放句子面
例：It＇s so nice to hear your voice 听声音真高兴
It＇s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it
车时候锁车必
It＇s very kind of you to help us 帮助真
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything
东西显太私
advise allow cause challenge command compel
drive 驱 enable encourage forbid force impel
induce instruct invite likelove order permit
make let have want get warn
persuade request send tell train urge
consider find believe think declare（声称） appoint
guess fancy（设想） guess judge imagine know
believe expect intend like love mean
prefer want wish understand 73
定式作语句子中定式作表语时 It is… to…句
型外样句子动名词作表语例：
（）To teach is to learn
（错）It is to learn to teach
（错）To teach is learning
（错）Teaching is to learn
典型例题：
The chair looks rather hard but in fact it is very comfortable to ___
A sit B sit on C be seat D be sat on
答案：B 果定式物动词应必介词动词介词连时
常位形容词+动词定式结构末尾
74 It＇s for sb It＇s of sb
样句子中表语形容词性质导致定式逻辑语标志 for of
区
1）for sb 句型中形容词般表示事物特征特点表示客观形式形容词
easy hard difficult interesting impossible 等：例：
It＇s very hard for him to study two languages 说学两门外语难

2）of sb 句型中形容词般表示性格品德心智力表示观感情态度
形容词 good kind nice clever foolish right例：
It＇s very nice of you to help me 帮助真太
for of 种辨方法：
介词 for of 面逻辑语作句子语介词前边形容词作表语造
句子果通 of通 for例：
You are nice （通应 of）
He is hard （非表达意思通 for）
75 定式作表语
定式放 be 动词面形成表语例：
My work is to clean the room every day 工作天清扫房间
His dream is to be a doctor 梦想成名医生
76 定式作定语
定式做定语通常放修饰词表示未发生动作例：
I have a lot of work to do 许事做
There was nothing to bring home that morning 天早（回家时）两手空空
77 定式作状语
1）目状语
常结构 to do only to do（仅仅） in order to do so as to do
so（such）… as to…（…便…）例 ：
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus 飞快跑便赶第班车
I come here only to say goodbye to you 仅仅告
2）作结果状语表示没预料事愿违结果定式放句子面
I awoke to find my truck gone 醒发现箱子见
He searched the room only to find nothing 搜索房间没发现什 74
3） 表原
I＇m glad to see you 见高兴
She wept to see the sight 情形哭
4）表示理条件
He must be a fool to say so
You will do well to speak more carefully
78 作介词 to
to 作介词作定式标示面 to 作介词：
79 省to 动词定式
1） 情态动词 （ ought 外）
2） 役动 词 let have make 感 官动 词 see watch look at notice
observe hear listen to smell feel find 等
注意：动语态中省 to例：
I saw him dance 见跳舞
He was seen to dance
The boss made them work the whole night 老板整夜干活
They were made to work the whole night
3） would ratherhad better 句型
4） Why… why no…句型
5） help 带 to带 to help sb （to） do sth：
6） but except but 前实义动词 do 时面出现定式带 to
较：He wants to do nothing but go out 想出玩
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine 吃
药什信
7） and or than 连接两定式第二 to 省：
8） 通常 discover imagine suppose think 等词作宾补时省 to be
例：
He is supposed （to be） nice 应该
典型例题
1） I usually go there by train
Why not ___ by boat for a change
A to try going B trying to go C to try and go D try going
答案：D why not 面接带 to 定式选 D
2） Paul doesn＇t have to be made ___ He always works hard
A learn B to learn C learned D learning
答案：B make 接带 to 动词定式动时to 省略
710 动词定式否定式
定式标志 to 前加 not例：
Tell him not to shut the window关窗
She pretended not to see me when I passed by 走时候假装没
见
典型例题
admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to 开始
look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to 75
1）Mrs Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking
A never to drive B to never driver C never driving D never
drive
答案：Awarn sb to do sth 否定形式 warn sb not to do sth 处
否定词 never
2） The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the streetbut his mother told
him ____
A not to B not to do C not do it D do not to
答案：Anot to not to do it 省略形式 to 词必重复
整定式词组物动词 do 应宾语 BD
711 定式特殊句型 too…to…
1）too…to 太……例：
He is too excited to speak 太激动说出话
Can I help you 需帮忙
Well I＇m afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it but thank
you all the same
箱子太重恐怕搬动谢谢
2） too 前否定词整句子否定词表达肯定too 词表达种委婉
含义意 太例：
It＇s never too late to mend 改嫌晚（谚语）
3） too 前面 only all but 时意思：非常… 等 very例：
I＇m only too pleased to be able to help you 帮助非常高兴
He was but too eager to get home 非常想回家
712 定式特殊句型 so as to
1） 表示目否定式 so as not to do例：
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job汤姆事
保持沉默丢掉工作
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby轻点进惊醒婴
2） 表示结果例：
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time 劳驾现点
713 定式特殊句型 Why not
Why not +动词原形 表达某提出建议翻译：什 ……干
……例：
Why not take a holiday 干度假
714 定式时态语态
1） 般式表示动词时谓语动词表示动作时发生时发生谓语动词
动作例
He seems to know this 似知道事
I hope to see you again I hope that I＇ll see you again 希见

2） 完成式表示动作发生谓语动词表示动作前例：
I＇m sorry to have given you so much trouble 抱歉添麻
烦 76
He seems to have caught a cold 已感
3） 进行式表示动作正进行谓语动词表示动作时发生例：
He seems to be eating something 正吃什东西
4） 完成进行式表示动作开始延续说话时候例：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years 知
道研究问题年
715 动名词定式
1）动名词定式区：
动名词表达： 状态性质心境抽象常性已发生
定式表达： 目结果原具体次性发生
2）动词 continue 接定式动名词作宾语意义基相
3）动词 continue 接定式动名词作宾语意义相径庭常见节
专门讨
８特殊词精讲
81 stop doingto do
stop to do 停止中断做某事做件事stop doing 停止做某事例：
They stop to smoke a cigarette 停抽根烟
I must stop smoking 必须戒烟
典型例题：
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the
side of the path
A to have rested B resting C to rest D rest
答 案 ：C题意知山顶停路边石头休息应选择stop
to do sth 停做件事仅仅爬山动作终止 stop doing sth
正确
82 forget doingto do
forget to do 忘记做某事forget doing 忘记做某事例：
The light in the office is stil on He forgot to turn it off 办公室灯
亮着忘记关（没做关灯动作）
He forgot turning the light off 忘记已关灯（已做关灯动作）
典型例题：
The light in the office is still on
OhI forgot___
A turning it off B turn it off C to turn it off D having turned
it off
答案：C the light is still on 知灯亮着关灯动作没发生
forget to do sthforget doing sth 表示灯已关忘记事实
处符合题意
83 remember doingto do
remember to do 记做某事remember doing 记做某事例：
Remember to go to the post office after school 记着放学趟邮局
Don＇t you remember seeing the man before 记前见 77
84 regret doingto do
regret to do 做事遗憾regret doing 做事遗憾悔例：
I regret to have to do this but I have no choice 遗憾必须样做
实没办法
I don＇t regret telling her what I thought 告诉想法悔
典型例题：
You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting
Well now I regret ___ that
A to do B to be doing C to have done D having done
答案：Dregret having done sth 已发生事感遗憾regret to do sth
做事感遗憾题已说话感悔选 D
85 cease doingto do
cease to do 长时间甚永远停做某事cease doing 短时停止做某事
会接着做例：
That department has ceased to exist forever 系已复存
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by 姑娘
老师走时停会聊天
86 try doingto do
try to do 努力企图做某事try doing 试验试着做某事例：
You must try to be more careful 加心
I tried gardening but didn＇t succeed 试着种果木花卉未成功
87 go on doingto do
go on to do 做件事接着做件事go on doing 继续做原做事
例：
After he had finished his mathshe went on to do his physics 做完数学
接着做物理
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one 作完
练接着做练
88 be afraid doingto do
be afraid to do 敢胆怯做某事观原做意怕be
afraid of doing 担心出现 doing 状况结果doing 客观造成意生 怕
恐怕例：
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being
bitten by a snake
生怕蛇咬着敢草丛中走步
She was afraid to wake her husband 敢醒丈夫
She was afraid of waking her husband 生怕吵醒丈夫
89 be interested doingto do
interested to do 做某事感兴趣想解某事interested in doing 某种
想法感兴趣doing 通常想法例：
I shall be interested to know what happens 想知道发生什事（想 78
解）
I＇m interested in working in Switzerland Do you have any idea about that
瑞士工作感兴趣想事（种想法）
810 mean to doingto do
mean to do 算想mean doing 意味着例：
I mean to go but my father would not allow me to 想父亲
肯
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power 增加工资意味着增加购买
力
811 begin（start） doingto do
begin start to do sth begin start doing sth
1） 谈项长期活动开始种惯时 doing例：
How old were you when you first started playing the piano 岁时开始弹
钢琴？
2） begin start 进行时时面动词定式to do例：
I was beginning to get angry开始生起气
3） attempt intend begin start 接know understand realize 类动词
时常定式 to do例：
I begin to understand the truth开始明白真相
4） 事物作语时例：
The snow began to melt雪开始融化
812 感官动词 + doingto do
感官动词 see watch observe notice look at hear listen to smell
taste feel + do表示动作完整性+doing 表示动作进行性例：
I saw him work in the garden yesterday 昨天见花园里干活（强调
见事实）
I saw him working in the garden yesterday（强调见正干活动作）昨
天见正花园里干活
典型例题：
1）They knew her very well They had seen her ___ up from childhood
A grow B grew C was growing D to grow
答案：A题意着长强调成长程非正长动
作 see sb do sth 句型
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river
A playing B to be playing C play D to play
答案 A 题强调动作正河边玩应 see sb doing sth 句型
９ 分词
分词动词特征形容词副词特征分词现分词分词两种
现分词般式完成式分词没种区物动词现分词动形式
动形式区分词常形式表示（物动词 do 物动词 go 例 ）： 79
91 分词作定语
物动词现分词作定语表达强调动作正进行分词强调完成物动词
现分词作定语强调动分词强调动分词完成式般作定语分词作
成分时分词作定语单分词作定语般前置分词词组分词
given left 等修饰定代词等分词作定语需置例：
We can see the rising sun 东升旭日
He is a retired worker 位退休工
There was a girl sitting there 女孩坐里
This is the question given 问题
There is nothing interesting 没趣东西
分词作定语相定语句 Most of the people invited to the party were
famous scientists Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were
famous scientists
典型例题：
1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came
out in the 16th century
A have written B to be written C being written D written
答案 D 书写作动关系应分词做定语表动相定语句 which
was written
2）What＇s the language ____ in Germany
A speaking B spoken C be spoken D to speak
答案 B 语 language 谓语动词间动含义spoken句中作定语修饰语
language spoken language 动关系该句理解： What＇s the language
（which is） spoken in German
92 分词作状语
分词作状语表示时间原理条件步连续等相状语
句例：
Not receiving any letter from him I gave him a call 没收信
电话
As I didn＇t receive any letter from him I gave him a call
Given more attentionthe trees could have grown better 顾
树会长更
If more attention was given the trees could have grown better
典型例题：
1）_____ some officials Napoleon inspected his army
A Followed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been
followed
答案 B Napoleon follow 间动含义being followed 表达动外
do go动 动
现分词 doing being done going
分词 done gone
完成式 having done having been done 80
动作正进行意 followed by（…）题改：
With some officials following Napoleon inspected his army
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light
A followed B following C to be followed D being followed
答案 B 声音闪电声着光声音发出者动
现分词
3）_______ liquids can be changed into gases
A Heating B To be heated C Heated D Heat
答案 C 题选分词作状语现分词表动正进行分词表动
已完成液体说加热受动者动选 C相状语
句 When it is heated…
注意：选择现分词分词关键句语分词动作句语
发出分词选现分词反分词例：
Used for a long time the book looks old 长时间书旧
Using the book I find it useful 程中发现书
93 连词+分词（短语）
时分词短语句关系更清楚分词前加连词 连词： whenwhileif
thoughafter before as 分词语句语必须例：
While waiting there he saw two pretty girls come out of the building
等时见两靓妹走出楼（waiting saw 语相）
94 分词作补语
通常感官动词役动词例：
I found my car missing 发现车见
＇ll have my watch repaired 想手表修
95 分词作表语
表示语状态等例：
She looked tired with cooking 忙着做饭疲倦
He remained standing beside the table 然站桌旁
96 分词作插入语
分词作插入语结构固定意思语句子语例：
generally speaking 般说
talking of （speaking of） 说道
strictly speaking 严格说
judging from …判断
all things considered 整体
taking all things into consideration 全面
例：Judging from his face he must be ill 脸色定病
Generally speaking dogs can run faster than pigs 总说狗猪跑
快 （speaking dogs 动作）
97 分词时态
1）般式表示语动词时发生例：
Hearing the news he jumped with joy 听消息高兴手舞足蹈 81
Arriving there they found the boy dead 发现男孩死
典型例题
The secretary worked late into the night ___a long speech for the
president
A to prepare B preparing C prepared D was preparing
答案 B 处没连词选 D否出现两谓语动词worked was preparing
BC中选前两动作时发生语动关系应现
分词
2）完成时表示先语动词发生例：
While walking in the gardenhe hurt his leg 花园里散步时伤腿
分词作时间状语果先动词动作强调先 having done
Having finished his homework he went out 做完作业出
As he had finished his homework he went out
典型例题
___ a reply he decided to write again
A Not receiving B Receiving not C Not having received D Having
not received
答案 C 题考查分词时态分词否定式根题意判断分词动作（接信）
发生谓语动词动作（决心写信）前分词完成式分词否定式
构成 not +分词选C该句理解：Because he had not received a reply
he decided to write again
98 分词语态
1）通常现分词表示动分词表示动例：
He is the man giving you the money （ who gave you…）钱

He is the man stopped by the car （ who was stopped by…）
车拦住
2）物动词分词表示动作已发生 gone fallen retired grownup
escaped faded returned 等
例： a wellread person 读许书
a muchtraveled may 许方
a burntout match 烧完火柴
第十章 独立格结构
101 独立格
独立格结构构成：名词（代词）+现分词分词
名词（代词）+形容词
名词（代词）+副词
名词（代词）+定式
名词（代词） +介词短语构成
独立格结构特点：1）独立格结构逻辑语句子语独立存2）
名词代词面分词形容词副词定式介词
等谓关系 82
3）独立格结构般逗号句分开
例：
The test finished we began our holiday When the test was finished we
began our holiday 考试结束开始放假
The president assassinated the whole country was in deep sorrow After
the president was assassinated the whole country was in deep sorrow 总
统谋杀举国沉浸悲哀中
Weather permitting we are going to visit you tomorrow 天气允许明
天
This done we went home 工作完成回家
The meeting gone over everyone tired to go home earlier 会议结束
想早点回家
He came into the room his ears red with cold 回房子里耳朵冻红
通通
He came out of the library a large book under his arm 夹着厚书走出
图书馆
102 with 复合结构作独立格
表示伴情况时分词独立结构 with 复合结构：with +名词（代
词）+现分词分词形容词副词定式介词短语例：
He stood there his hand raised He stood there with his hand
raise举手着站
典型例题
The murderer was brought in with his hands ___ behind his back
A being tied B having tied C to be tied D tied
答案 D with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构分词表示伴状况时语
常常 with 引导句中名词手分词绑动关系分词
选D
注意
1） 独立格结构介词问题： 介词 in时前两名词均加
成分（物代词冠词）复数 with 复合结构受限制例 ：A robber
burst into the room knife in hand（hand 前加 his）劫匪进房间手里着
刀
2） 表示体部位词做逻辑语时物动词现分词物动词分
词例：
He lay there his teeth set his hand clenched his eyes looking straight
up
躺牙紧咬双手握拳两眼直勾勾着面
典型例题：
Weather___ we＇ll go out for a walk
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案 B 题中没连词复合句列句 句中逗号we
写知两简单句够样独立格 with 复合结构
判断句中独立结构结构：名词 +分词 permit 里翻
译＇天气允许＇表动应现分词选 B
果会判断独立结构作状语形式妨句子改条件句例句改 If
weather permits we＇ll go out for a walk 然 if 掉谓语动词改 83
非谓语动词
第十章 动词时态
英语时态１６种do例：
111 般现时法
1） 常性惯性动作常表示频腮度时间状语连时间状语： every…
sometimes at… on Sunday例：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning 天早七点离开家
2） 客观真理客观存科学事实例：
The earth moves around the sun 球绕太阳转动
Shanghai lies in the east of China 海位中国东部
3） 表示格言警句例：
Pride goes before a fall 骄者必败
注意：法果出现宾语句中句时句谓语般现
时
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round 哥伦布证实球圆
4） 现时刻状态力性格性例：
I don＇t want so much
Ann writes good English but does not speak well 安英语写错讲
行
较：Now I put the sugar in the cup 糖放入杯子
I am doing my homework now 正做功课
第句般现时操作演示指导说明示范性动作表示言行瞬间动作
第二句中 now 进行时标志表示正进行动作客观状况句般
现时
112 般时法
1）确定时间里发生动作存状态例：时间状语：yesterday
last week an hour ago the other day in 1982 等例：
Where did you go just now 刚？
2）表示段时间常性惯性动作例：
When I was a child I often played football in the street 孩子时
候常马路踢足球
动作
时间 般 进行 完成 完成进行
现时 doesdo amisare+doing hashave+done hashave+been
doing
时 did Waswere+doing had done had been doing
时 Shallwill+do Shallwill
be+doing
Shallwill
have+done
Shall will+have
been doing

时 Shouldwould+do Wouldshould+be
doing
Shouldwould+have
done
Wouldshould+have
been doing 84
Whenever the Browns went during their visit they were given a warm
welcome
时布朗家什时候受热烈欢迎
3）句型：It is time for sb to do sth ……时间该……例：
It is time for you to go to bed 该睡觉
It is time that sb did sth 时间已迟早该……例 It
is time you went to bed 早该睡觉
would （had） rather sb did sth 表示＇宁愿某做某事＇例：I＇d
rather you came tomorrow明天吧
4） wish wonder think hope 等时作试探性询问请求建议等
般时表示动作状态已成现已复存例：I thought you might
have some 想
较：Christine was an invalid all her life（含义：已间）
Christine has been an invalid all her life（含义：现活着）
Mrs Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years （含义：达太太已
住肯塔基州）
Mrs Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years （含义：现住
肯塔基州指刚离）
注意： 时表示现表示委婉语气
1）动词 want hope wonder think intend 等例：
Did you want anything else 您什？
I wondered if you could help me 帮
2）情态动词 could would例：
Could you lend me your bike 行车？
113 used to be used to
used to + do：常常表示惯性动作状态已存例：
Mother used not to be so forgetful 老妈没健忘
Scarf used to take a walk 斯卡夫常常散步
be used to + doing： ……已感惯惯to 介词需加名词
动名词例：
He is used to a vegetarian diet
Scarf is used to taking a walk 斯卡夫现已惯散步
典型例题
Your phone number again I___ quite catch it
It＇s 69568442
A didn＇t B couldn＇t C don＇t D can＇t
答案 A 句没明确时间状语语意出听时候没听懂动
作发生应时
114 般时
1） shall 第称常 will 代will 陈述句中称征
求意见时常第二称例：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 先读段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening 晚七点回家？
2） be going to +定式表示
a 语意图做某事例：What are you going to do tomorrow 明天 85
算作什呢？
b 计划安排发生事例：The play is going to be produced next
month出戏月开播
c 迹象发生事例：Look at the dark clouds there is going to be
a storm 乌云快雨
3） be +定式表计划正式安排发生事例：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday星期六讨份报告
4） be about to +定式意马做某事例：
He is about to leave for Beijing 马北京
注 意 ：be about to do tomorrow next week 等表示明确时时间状语连

115 be going to will 条件句时be going to表will 表意愿例：
If you are going to make a journey you＇d better get ready for it as soon
as possible
Now if you will take off your clothes we will fit the new clothes on you
in front of the mirror
116 be tobe going to
be to 表示客观安排受指示做某事 be going to 表示观算计划
例：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon 明天午踢球（客观安排）
I＇m going to play football tomorrow afternoon 明天午想踢球（观
安排）
117 般现时表
1）列动词 come go arrive leave start begin return 般现时
表示表示时间已确定安排事情例：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning 火车明天午六点开
When does the bus star It stars in ten minutes 汽车什时候开？十分钟

2） here there 等开始倒装句表示动作正进行例：
Here comes the bus The bus is coming 车
There goes the bell The bell is ringing 铃响
3）时间条件句中例：
When Bill comes （ will come） ask him to wait for me 尔
等
I＇ll write to you as soon as I arrive there 里写信
4）动词 hope take care that make sure that 等宾语句中例：
I hope they have a nice time next week 希星期玩开心
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room 离开
房间前务必窗户关
118 现进行时表示
列动词 come go arrive leave start begin return 等现进行时表示
例：
I＇m leaving tomorrow 明天走 86
Are you staying here till next week 会呆周？
119 现完成时
现完成时表示前已发生完成动作状态结果影响现存
表示持续现动作状态构成：have （has） +分词
1110 较般时现完成时
1）般时表示某时发生动作单纯叙述事情强调动作现完
成时发生强调事情现影响强调影响
2）般时常具体时间状语连现完成时通常模糊时间状语连
时间状语
般时时间状语：yesterday last week…ago in1980 in October just
now 等皆具体时间状语
现完成时时间状语： for since so far ever never just yet tilluntil
up to now in past years always 等皆确定时间状语
时间状语：this morning tonight this April now already recently
lately 等
3）现完成时表示持续现动作状态动词般延续性 live
teach learn work study know
般时常非持续性动词 come go leave start die finish become
get married 等例：
I saw this film yesterday （强调动作发生）
I have seen this film （强调现影响电影容已知道）
Why did you get up so early （强调起床动作已发生）
Who hasn＇t handed in his paper （强调卷子未交疑公竞争）
He has been in the League for three years （团状态延续）
He has been a League member for three years （团员状态持续）
句子中时时间副词（ yesterday last week in 1960）时
现完成时时
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night
（）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night
1111 现完成时句型
1）It is the first second time that…结构中句部分现完成时
例：
It is the first time that I have visited the city 第次访问城
市
This is the first time （that） I＇ve heard him sing 第次听唱
歌
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late
2）This is +形容词高级+that…结构that 句现完成时例：
This is the best film that I＇ve （ever） seen 电影
典型例题
（1）Do you know our town at all
No this is the first time I___ here
A was B have been C came D am coming
答案 B This is the first time 面加句应现完成时选 B 87
（2）Have you ____ been to our town before
No it＇s the first time I___ here
A even come B even have come C ever come D ever have
come
答案 D ever 意时反意词 never两词常完成时
注意：非延续性动词否定形式表示延续时间状语连动作发生
状态持续
（错）I have received his letter for a month
（）I haven＇t received his letter for almost a month
1112 较since for
Since 说明动作起始时间for 说明动作延续时间长度例：
I have lived here for more than twenty years住二十年
I have lived here since I was born 出生起住
注意：非 for 作时间状语句子现完成时
I worked here for more than twenty years （现已里工作）
I have worked here for many years（现里工作）
注意：句型转换方法容易排非延续动词 forsince 结构完成时中
误
1）（） Tom has studied Russian for three years Tom began to study
Russian three years ago and is still studying it now
2）（错 ） Harry has got married for six years Harry began to get married
six years ago and is still getting married now
显然第二句应改 Harry got married six years ago Harry
has been married for six years
1113 since 四种法
1） since +时间点（具体年月日期钟点1980 last month half
past six）例 ：
I have been here since 1989 1989 起直
2） since +段时间+ ago例：
I have been here since five months ago 已五月
3） since +句例：
Great changes have taken place since you left 走变化
Great changes have taken place since we were here 走变化
4） It is +段时间+ since 句例：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student考研究生两年

1114 延续动词瞬间动词
1） 完成时区
延续动词表示验历 瞬间动词表示行结果表示段时间状语
连例：
He has completed the work 已完成项工作 （表结果）
I＇ve known him since then 时起认识（表历）
2） till until 句差异
延续动词肯定句表示做……直…… 瞬间动词否定句表示…… 88
……例：
He didn＇t come back until ten o＇clock 10 点回
He slept until ten o＇clock 直睡 10 点
典型例题
1 You don＇t need to describe her I___ her several times
A had met B have met C met D meet
答案 B 首先题句强调现影响知道模样描述次
several times 告知反复发生动作现完成时
2 I＇m sorry to keep you waiting
Oh not at all I___ here only a few minutes
A have been B had been C was D will be
答案 A 等动作开始持续现应现完成时
1115 完成时
1） 概念：表示
|||> 构成 had +分词构成
时前 时 现
2） 法
a told said knew heard thought 等动词宾语句例：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris 告诉巴黎
b 状语句
时间发生两动作中发生先完成时发生
般时例：
When the police arrived the thieves had run away 警察达时偷
早跑
c 表示意动词hope wish expect think intend mean suppose 等
完成时表示原…未…例：
We had hoped that you would come but you didn＇t 时希
没
3）完成时时间状语 before by until when after once as soon as
例：
He said that he had learned some English before 说前学英
语
By the time he was twelve Edison had began to make a living by himself
十二岁年爱迪生开始谋生
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at
the party
汤姆失达晚会时部分客已走
典型例题：
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the
office
A had written left Bwere writing has left C had written had left
D were writing had left
答案 D书忘办公室发生取书动作前忘书
动作发生完成时句中 when 表示时间点表示学
正忙……背景when 引导动作发生前句应进行时
注意：① had hardly… when 没等…… ……例： 89
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me 刚开门
② had no sooner…than 刚…… ……例：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it 刚买辆车转眼卖

1116 般时代完成时
1）两动作序发生强调先 thenandbut 等连词时
般时例：
When she saw the mouseshe screamed 老鼠起
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it 姑妈顶帽子丢
2）两动作相继发生般时第动作需干时间完成
完成时例：
When I heard the news I was very excited
3）叙述历史事实完成时般时例：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492
1117 完成时
1） 构成 will have done
2） 概念
a 状态完成：表示某事继续某时止直状态例：
They will have been married for 20 years by then 时结婚二十
年
b 动作完成：表示某时动作前已完成动作获
验例：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow 明天时已
达海
1118 现进行时
现进行时基法：
a 表示现（指说话说话时）正发生事情例：
We are waiting for you 正等
b 惯进行：表示长期重复性动作说话时动作未必正进行例：
Mr Green is writing another novel 写部说（说话时未写
处写作状态）
c 表示渐变样动词：get grow become turn run go begin 等例
：
The leaves are turning red 叶子变红
It＇s getting warmer and warmer 天越越热
d always constantly forever 等词连表示反复发生动作持续存
状态带说话观色彩例：
You are always changing your mind 老改变意
典型例题：
My dictionary ___ I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it
A has lost don＇t find B is missing don＇t find C has lost
haven＇t found D is missing haven＇t found
答案 D 前句持续状态应进行时没找影响然存
应完成时瞬间动词否定式时完成时 90
1119 进行时动词
1）表示事实状态动词have belong possess cost owe exist include
contain matter weigh measure continue 等例：I have two brothers
两兄弟
This house belongs to my sister 房子姐
2）表示心理状态动词 know realize think see believe suppose
imagine agree recognize remember want need forget prefer mean
understand love hate 等例：I need your help 需帮助
He loves her very much 爱深
3）瞬间 动词 accept receive complete finish give allow decide
refuse 等例：
I accept your advice 接受劝告
4）系动 词 seem remain lie see hear smell feel taste get become
turn 等例：
You seem a little tired 点累
1120 进行时
1）概念：表示某时正进行状态动作
2）进行时法描述件事发生背景长动作延续时候
短动作发生
3） 常时间状语 this morning the whole morning all day yesterday
from nine to ten last evening when while 等例：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself 兄
弟骑车时摔受伤
It was raining when they left the station 离开车站时正着雨
When I got to the top of the mountain the sun was shining 达山顶
时阳光灿烂
典型例题：
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger
A made B is making C was making D makes
答案 C 割伤手指已发生事情应时时 when 表时间时性玛
丽做衣服时提供事情发生背景进行时
2） As she ___ the newspaper Granny ___ asleep
A readwas falling B was reading fell C was reading was falling D readfell
答案 B句中 as when while意……时描述件事发生背景时
进行长动作发生时候短动作发生句意 报纸时奶奶
睡着句中 fell（fall 时）系动词形容词：fall sick
1121 进行时
1） 概念：表示某时进行状态动作预测会发生事情例：
She＇ll be coming soon 会快
I＇ll be meeting him sometime in the future 定见
注意：进行时表示意志说 I＇ll be having a talk with her
2）常时间状语soon tomorrow this eveningon Sunday by this time
tomorrow in two days tomorrow evening 等 例 ：By this time tomorrow I＇ll be
lying on the beach 明天时正躺海滩呢 91
1122 般现时代般时
When while before after till once as soon as so long as by the
time if in case （that） unless even if whether the moment the minute
the day the year immediately等引导时间状语句条件句中般现时代
时
例：
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing 北京
姨妈
典型例题：
（1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the
experiment
A had not given had not succeeded B would not give succeeded
C will not give succeed D would not give will succeed
答案 B 时间条件步语句中般时题 He said
式句时选 B 处般式代时
（2） 表示现已安排未事项行程等活动例：
The museum opens at ten tomorrow 博物馆明天 10 点开门（实际天）
1123 般现时代般时
1 ）书说报纸说等例：
The newspaper says that it＇s going to be cold tomorrow 报纸说明天会
冷
2） 叙述事生动例：
Napoleon＇s army now advances and the great battle begins破仑军队正
前挺进战开始
1124 般现时代现完成时
1） 动词般现时代完成时hear tell learn write understand
forget know find say remember 等例：
I hear （ have heard） he will go to London 听说伦敦
I forget （have forgotten） how old he is 忘
2） 句型 It is … since…代It has been … since …例：
It is （ has been） five years since we last met 次见面五
年
1125 般现时代现进行时
Here comes…There goes…等句型里般现时代现进行时例：
There goes the bell 铃响
1126 现进行时代时
1） 表示发生预定中计划活动例：
Are you staying with us this weekend 起度周末
We are leaving soon 马走 92
2） 渐变动词 get run grow become begin 瞬间动词 die 等例：
He is dying 死
1127 时态致
1） 果句叙述真理相变事实现时例：
At that time people did not know that the earth moves 时知道
球动
He told me last week that he is eighteen 星期告诉十八岁
2） 宾语句中助动词 ought need must dare 时态变例：
He thought that I need not tell you the truth 认必告诉真相
1128 时态时间状语
第十二章 动词语态
语态两种：动语态动语态语动作发出者时动语态语动作
接受者时动语态
注意：1）感官动词动语态宾语补足语带 to 定式变动语态时
该定式前加to例：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom 老师逼走出教室
时态 时间状语
般现时 every… sometimes at… on Sunday 等
般时 yesterday last week an hour ago the other day in 1982
just now 等
般时 next… tomorrow in+段时间 before+时间点等
现完成时 for since so far ever never just yet tilluntil up to
now in past years always recently 等
完成时 before by+时间 until when after once 等
进行时 this morning the whole morning all day yesterday from
nine to ten last evening… when while 等
进行时 soon tomorrow this evening on Sunday by this time
tomorrow in two days tomorrow evening 93
> I was made to go out of the classroom （by the teacher）
We saw him play football on the playground 见草场踢球
> He was seen to play football on the playground
2）情态动词+ be +分词构成动语态例：
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and
industry 煤产生工农业需电
121 let 法
1） let 单音节动词变动语态时带 to 定式例：
They let the strange go放陌生走
> The strange was let go
2） let 宾补较长时let 通常动语态 allow permit 代例
：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital 护士探
住院学
> I was allowed permitted to see my classmate in the hospital
122 短语动词动语态
短语动词整体丢掉面介词副词例：
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma 妹妹奶奶顾
Such a thing has never been heard of before 样事闻未闻
123 表示说相信 词组基 believe consider declare expect
feel report say see suppose think understand等组成例：
It is said that… 说
It is reported that… 报道
It is believed that… 家相信
It is hoped that… 家希
It is well known that… 众周知
It is thought that… 家认
It is suggested that… 建议
It is taken granted that… 视然
It has been decided that… 家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住
124 动语态情况
1） 物动词物动词短语appear die disappear e n d（vi 结 束 ） fail
happen last lie remain sit spread stand break out come true fall
asleep keep silence lose heart take place 等没动语态例：
After the fire very little remained of my house 火家烧剩

较：rise fall happen 物动词raise seat 物动词
（错） The price has been risen
（） The price has risen
（错） The accident was happened last week 94
（） The accident happened last week
（错） The price has raised
（） The price has been raised
（错） Please seat
（） Please be seated
想正确动语态须注意动词物物特
词义动词两种法解决问题唯学程中留意积累
2） 动语态物动词动词短语 fit have hold marry own
wish cost notice watch agree with arrive at in shake hands with
succeed in suffer from happen to take part in walk into belong to
等例：
This key just fits the lock 钥匙配锁
Your story agrees with what had already been heard 说听说致
3） 系动词动语态 appear be become fall feel get grow keep
look remain seem smell sound stay taste turn 等例： It sounds
good 听错
4） 带源宾语物动词 diedeath dreamdream livelife 等反身代
词相互代词动语态例：
She dreamed a bad dream last night 昨晚做恶梦
5） 宾语定式时少动语态例：
（） She likes to swim
（错） To swim is liked by her
125 动形式表示动意义
1）wash clean cook iron look cut sell read wear feel draw write
sell 等例：
The book sells well 书销路
This knife cuts easily 刀子
2）blame let（出租） remain keep rent build 等例：
I was to blame for the accident 事发生该受指责
Much work remains 许活干
3） need require want worth （形容词） deserve 动名词必须动形
式例：
The door needs repairing The door needs to be repaired 门该修
This book is worth reading 书值读
4）特殊结构：make sb heard understood （听见理解）等例：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood 解释清楚理解
话
126 动形式表示动意义 be determined be pleased be graduated （from）
be prepared （for） be occupied （in） get married 等例：
He is graduated from a famous university 毕业名学
注意：表示某结婚 marry sb get married to sb均例：
He married a rich girl 富妞结婚
He got married to a rich girl
127 needwantrequireworth
need want require be worth 面接 doing 时表示动意义例： 95
Your hair wants cutting 头发该理
The floor requires washing 板需洗
典型例题
The library needs___ but it＇ll have to wait until Sunday
A cleaning B be cleaned C clean D being cleaned
答案 A need （实意） +n to doneed （情态）+ do动语态时need +
doing 题考种法选 A to be cleaned 正确答案
128 时态语态练
11I don’t like to travel Have you ever _____ in an airplane
a flying b flew c flowed d flown
22The center of gravity of the human body ______ behind his joint
a located b locating c to locate d is located
33Today is very cold isn’t itYes the river is _____ over
a freezed b freeze c frozen d freezing
44 What happened in that new areaNew houses ______ recently over there
a are built b build c have built d have been built
55When did you go to workAs soon as they came we ______ to work
a a went b were going c had gone d go
66 Did you wait for him very longYes I______ to bed until five in the
morning
a a did go b didn’t go c had gone d went
7 7Perhaps it will be a long time ______ from abroad
a when Tom comes back b when Tom will come back
ccbefore Tom comes back d that Tom comes back
8 8Tom ______ mathematics throughout his college life
a bored b bored with c was bored d was bored with
9 9______ that dress when I first saw you at the station
a Were you wearing b Have you worn c Did you wear d do you wear
10 10Mr Wu ______ to work by bus every day
a has been traveling b has traveled c travels d is traveling
11 11Don’t disturb him He ______ to the weather forecast
a listens b is being listened c has listened d is listening
12 12My English teacher ______ my test
a a has not yet graded b has not yet been graded
c is not yet to be graded d is not yet graded
1313We ______ on it for many hours but we have not yet reached any
conclusion
a are being worked b are working c have been working d have
been worked
1414Shanghai ______ on the Huangpu River
a stand b stands c is being stand d has stood
1515Tell the students to stop shouting We ______ our essays now
a write b have been writing c are writing d have written
1616______ your best It’s not satisfactory I’m afraid you will have to do
it again
a a Do you try b Have you tried c Are you trying d Have you 96
been trying
1717Chinese married couple _____ red packets to children and the unmarried
during the Chinese new Year
a give b have been giving c are giving d have given
1818My uncle Sam______ manager of the firm
a has just made b is just being made c has just been made d is
just made
1919This is the first time the students ______ to Hyde Park
a have gone b have been gone c have been going d are being gone
2020She ______ her mother’s work since she was admitted into hospital
a is doing b has been doing c has done d has been done
2121I______ the incident as if it were yesterday
a am still to remember b have still been remembering
c am being still remembered d still remember
2222I______ swimming in the river and I always _____ to swim when I can
a a am likinghave gone b am being likedam going
c likego d have likedhave been going
2323We have sometimes accidents on this line but no accidents ______ since
last winter
a occur b have occurred c have been occurring d are occurring
2424He _____ on this essay for twenty minutes but he _____ only a hundred
words
a a has been workinghas written b is workingwrites
b b has workedhas been writing d worksis writing
2525Elections _______ every four years and Congress meets once a year
a are taken place b are to be taken place c took place d take
place
2626______ careless or you will make mistakes
aaBe not b Not be c Don’t d Don’t be
2727The No8 bus ______ to Chengdu college of Geology and not to Sichuan
University
a a are gone b is being gone c goes d are going
2828Oil exported from Iran to Europe _____ by tankers
a used to be transportedhave been built up
b used to being transportedhave built up
c was used to be transportedhad been built up
d was used to being transportedwill be built up
2929If it ______the match will be postponed
a a has been rained b does rain c rains d is rained
3030As soon as I______ the tools I shall begin with the work
a a have b am having c have been having d have been had
3131Once you ______ the knack of it you will have no further difficulty
a shall have b had had c are having d have
3232Every time he ______ me he is rude to me
a will see b sees c is seeing d is seen
3333John told Mary that he ______ what he was doing during the vacation
a was just asked b was just asking c had just been asked d had 97
just asked
3434Now that you _______ what are you going to do
a are bing returned b have been returning c have been returned d
have returned
3535I started my teaching career at the school That was more than twenty
years ago and I______ there ever since
a was b had been c will be d have been
3636Everything on the earth ______ all the time
a is changing b is changed c has changed d has been changed
3737We ______ fine weather for the past few days
a have b are having c have been had d have been having
3838It ______ every day so far this month
a is raining b rains c has rained d has been rained
3939no one can prove that the earth ______ not round
a is being b is to be c is d has been
4040There she ______We needn’t wait any longer
a a comes b has been come c has been coming d is to come
4141The little girl ______ by the drugpusher to carry drugs into the
country
a a was made use b was made used c was made use of d was
made used of
4242I shall tell you what he ______ at three o’clock yesterday afternoon
a a had done b would do c was doing d had been done
4343By the end of last year they ______ 1000 machines
a turned out b had turned out c would turn out d had been turned
out
4444He was sixtyeight In two years he ______ seventy
a would be b was c had been d was being
4545How long ago ______ playing football
a had you stopped b would you stop c did you stop d were you
stopping
4646Up till then we ______ half the distance
a had only covered b covered c would only cover d would be only
covered
4747While I______ television the door bell ______
a a watchedwould ring b would watchhad rung
b b was watchingrang d had been watchedwas ringing
4848They ______ with us for the time being
a would stay b will stay c have been staying d will be staying
4949I never dreamed I______ here discussing state affairs with the other
deputies
a will be sitting b would be sitting c will have been sitting d
would have been sitting
5050John told us that by the end of the year they ______ together for thirty
years
a would have been living b would have lived
c would have been lived d will have been living 98
5151The new type of machine ______ the year after next
a a is going to turn out b is going to being turned out
b b is going to have turned out d is going to be turned out
5252Large sums of money ______ each year in painting the steelwork of
bridges ships and other exposed structures
a have spent b have to be spent c have to spend d spend
5353The police ______ in what the informer reported
a interested b had interested c were interesting d were
interested
5454A candidate for the post ______ at the moment
a is interviewing b being interviewing c interviewing d is being
interviewed
5555By the end of last year the railway ______
a a was being completed b would be completed
b b had been completed d had completed
5656I______ to visit their country before long
a a have been invited b am being invited c had been invited d
shall be invited
5757Theory ______ with practice
a must be combining b must combine c must have been combined d must
be combined
5858He said such a thing ______ to happen
a a ought to be not allowed b ought not to be allowing
b b ought not to have allowed d ought not to be allowed
5959She told me that her proposal ______
a a needed to take into consideration b needed to be taken
into consideration
c needed to be taking into consideration d needed to have taken into
consideration
6060The school authorities and the teachers ______ over the advantages of
the demerit system
a a were always argued b were always arguing
b b had always had argued d had always been argued
6161He fulfilled the plan earlier than he ______
a had expected b expecting c should expect d would expect
6262______ when the bell rang
a a Hardly would he reach school b Hardly had he reached school
ccHardly he reached school d Hardly he was reaching school
6363We were determined not to do it unless Julie ______ it too
a had done b was doing c was done d did
6464They were sure they ______ final victory
a were won b would be won c would win d had been won
6565When ______ to give us an answer
a will you be able b will you have been able c will you able d
will you have abled
6666We ______ on the project by the end of next week
a a shall have finished to work b shall finish to work 99
c shall have finished working d shall finish working
6767He ______ for six years by the time he takes his examination
a a shall have finished to work b shall finish to work
b b shall have finished working d shall finish working
6868I promise you that I______ you a present next week
a will give b will have given c shall give d shall have given
6969I hope that she ______ to the demands of the naughty boys
aawill not have agreed b will not be agreed c will not agree d will
not have been agreed
7070In the long run your money ______ in bonds
a a was more safely invested b is more safely invested
b b will be more safely invested d are more safely invested
7171MrWilson asked me if these islands ______ to Japan
a belong b are belonging c are belonged d have been belonged
7272Before the end of the nineties air pollution ______ a serious problem
that endangers the health of the human race
a will be become b will become c will have become d will have
been become
7373The train ______ at eight tonight
a will be started b will have started c shall be started d starts
7474We ______ an English evening tonight
a are being having b are having c will be had d shall be had
7575They ______ for Beijing for practice
a are leaving b are being left c will have left d will be left
7676_____ me or aren’t you
a Will you help b Shall you help c Are you going to help d Will
you have helped
7777A new power station ______ there
a will be going to build b is going to be built c will be gone to
build d is gone to be built
7878______ a meeting this afternoon
a a There going to be b There will be going to be
b b There is going to be d There will going to be
7979We ______ a new experiment this afternoon
a a shall be to perform b will be to perform c are to be
performed d are to perform
8080The government _____ to approve the use of widespread surveillance when
the Justice Department took objections
a is going b had been c was about d is coming
8181You ought to _____ a test in physics the day before I think
a have taken b take c be taken d be taking
8282Kepler proved that the sun ______ the center of the solar system
a is b was c had been d would be
8383This is one of the best novels that ______ this year
a appears b is appearing c has appeared d have appeared
8484My friend ______ here last week but he couldn’t
a was to have come b must have come c came d had to come 100
8585He did not arrive until the meeting was nearly over for the simple
reason is that he _____ asleep while watching television
a had fallen b has fallen c fell d was falling
8686We had hardly sat down when she ______ plates of food for us
a brought b has brought c had brought d was bringing
8787A friend of mine returned to his house after a holiday only to find it
______
a be broken into b was broken into c had broken into d had been
broken into
8888What were you doing when Anna phoned you
I had just finished my work and ______ to take a bath
a a starting b to start c have started d was starting
8989Have you gone to see the doctor
No but ______
a I go b I am going to see c I go to see d I’m going to
9090Each time you look at an object you ______ a picture
a took b are taking c take d have taken
9191Water pipes ______ rusty after a period of use
a become b is becoming c are become d were become
9292This foreign scientist ______ in our college for fifteen years and does
not want to leave
a worked b is working c works d has been working
9393______ to have dinner with us tonight
a Will you like b Do you like c Wouldn’t you like d Won’t you
like
9494What I was uncertain about ______ whether they could overcome the
difficulties
a is b will be c had been d was
9595Certainly______ him about something else in any case so it won’t be
any bother
a I’ll see b I see c I can see d I’ll be seeing
9696By the time the course ends______ a lot about Britain
a we’ll learnt b we are learning c we have learnt d we’ll have
learnt
9797All the machines ______ by the end of the following week
a were repaired b would be repaired
c will have been repaired d were being repair
9898He will come to call one you the moment he ______ his work
a will finish b finishes c had finished d finished
9999I don’t think she’ll be upset but I’ll see her in case ________
a she’ll b she is c she does d she would
100 100I wish that your sister would come to visit me
Well I’ll tell her when I______ her
a see b saw c well see d would see 101
第十三章 句子种类
（）目句子分陈述句疑问句祈句感叹句
1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明事实陈述种法例：
Light travels faster than sound 光声传播速度快（说明事实）
The film is rather boring 部电影乏味（说明法）
2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题四种：
a 般疑问句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time 时完成工作？
b 特殊疑问句（WhQuestions）：
Where do you live 住？
c 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee 茶咖啡？
d 反意疑问句（TagQuestions）：
He doesn＇t know her does he 认识？
3）祈句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求建议发出命令例：
Don＇t be nervous 紧张
4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话惊奇喜悦愤怒等情绪例
：
What good news it is 消息啊
（二）句子结构分三类：
1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：包含谓结构句子简单句例：
She is fond of collecting stamps 喜欢集邮
2）列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两两谓结构句子列句
句句间通常列连词分号连接例：
The food was good but he had little appetite 食物精美没什胃口
3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含句句句子复合
句句属连词引导例：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema 达电影院时候电影
已开演
（三）基句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化句子根结底
五种基句型组合扩展变化：
1） + 动（SV）例：I work 工作
2） + 动 + 表（SVP）例：John is busy 约翰忙
3） + 动 + 宾（SVO）例：She studies English 学英语
4） + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例：Time would prove me right 时间会证明

5） + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例：My mother made me a new dress
母亲做件新衣裳
131 祈句结构
祈句表达命令求请求劝告等
1）祈句两种类型种动词原形开头动词原形前加 do （限
省略第二称语句子）例：
Take this seat 坐 102
Do be careful 务必心
否定结构：例：
Don＇t move 准动
Don＇t be late 迟
2）第二种祈句 let 开头
Let 反意疑问句：
a Let＇s 包括说话者例：
Let＇s have another try shall we shan＇t we Shall we have another
try 试次？
b Let us 包括说话者例：
Let us have another trywill you won＇t you Will you please let
us have another try 试次？
否定结构：例：
Let＇s not talk of that matter 谈件事
Let us not talk of that matter 谈件事
132 感叹句结构
感叹句通常 what how 引导表示赞美惊叹喜悦等感情what修饰名词how
修饰形容词副词动词感叹句结构种：
掌握搭配掌握感叹句重点
How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序例：How clever a boy he is 聪明
孩子
How+形容词副词+陈述语序例：How lovely the baby is 毛头真爱
What +名词+陈述语序例：What noise they are making 真吵
What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序例：What a clever boy he is 聪明
孩子
What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序例：What wonderful ideas （we have）
意真棒
What+ 形容词+数名词+陈述语序例：What cold weather it is 冷天
What a clever boy he is省略形式：What a clever boy
典型例题
1）___ food you＇ve cooked
A How a nice B What a nice C How nice D What nice
答案 D How 修饰形容词副词what 修饰名词food 数名词AB
排C How + adj 面加名词 D正确句型 What + adj
+n （数）
2）___terrible weather we＇ve been having these days
A What B What a C How D How a
答案 A weather 数名词BD排Chow + adj 面应名词
A符合句型 What +形容词+数名词
3） _____ I had
You really suffered a lot
A What a time B What time C How a time D how time
答案 A 感叹句分两类：
1：What + n+谓部分
2：How + adj adv v+谓部分题属第种省略 bad相 103
What a bad time I had 惯语
133 强调句结构
常强调句结构 it 引导句子结构 It i s（was）+ 强调部分+ t h a t（who） +
句子余部分结构强调成分限语宾语状语例：
It is from the sun that we get light and heat 太阳获取光热
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state
of affairs 知道读信知道实际情形
典型例题
1）It was last night ___ I see the comet
A the time B when C that D which
答案 C 强调句结构： It +be +强调部分 + that （who））+ 谓句 强调句
连词两that who强调部分句子语时 who
余 that：原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday
evening
强调 语 ： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday
evening
强调宾 语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday
evening
强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the
lab （注意 when）
强调 点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday
evening
2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada
A that B when C since D as
答案 C 考点连词法题易误选 A that 实句强调句掉
It be… that 应完整句子句掉 ＇It is…that＇剩 ten years
Miss Green returned to Canada 成句句强调句
134 助动词进行强调
句子强调句助动词 do （diddoes） 强调谓语例：
She does like this horse 确喜欢匹马
Please do take care of yourself 千万保重
135 反意疑问句
1） 陈述部分语 I疑问部分 aren＇t I例：
I＇m as tall as your sister aren＇t I 姐样高？
2） 陈述部分谓语 wish疑问部分 may +语例：
I wish to have a word with you may I 想说句话行？
3） 陈述部 分 no nothing nobody never few seldom hardly rarely
little 等否定含义词时疑问部分肯定含义例：
Some plants never blown （开花） do they 植物开花？
4） 含 ought to 反意疑问句陈述部分肯定疑问部分 shouldn＇t
oughtn＇t +语例：
He ought to know what to do oughtn＇t he shouldn＇t he 应该知道该
做什？
5） 陈述部分 have to +v （had to + v）疑问部分常 don＇t +语（didn＇t + 104
语）例：
We have to get there at eight tomorrow don＇t we 明天早八点
达？
6） 陈述部分谓语 used to 时疑问部分 didn＇t +语 usedn＇t +语例
：
He used to take pictures there didn＇t he usedn＇t he 前常
拍？
7） 陈述部分 had better + v 疑问句部分 hadn＇t you 例：
You＇d better read it by yourself hadn＇t you 读？
8） 陈述部分 would rather +v疑问部分 wouldn＇t +语例：
He would rather read it ten times than recite it wouldn＇t he 宁
读十遍愿意背诵？
9） 陈述部分 You＇d like to +v 疑问部分 wouldn＇t +语例：
You＇d like to go with me wouldn＇t you 想块？
10） 陈述部分 must 疑问句疑问部分根实际情况定例：
He must be a doctor isn＇t he 肯定医生？
You must have studied English for three years haven＇t you didn＇t
you 定读三年英语？
He must have finished it yesterday didn＇t he 肯定昨天完成务
？
11） 感叹句中疑问部分 be +语例：
What colors aren＇t they 漂亮颜色？
12） 陈述部分 neither… nor either… or 连接列语时疑问部分根实
际逻辑意义定
Neither you nor I am engineer are we 工程师？
13） 陈述部分语指示代词定代词 everything that nothing this 疑问部
分语 it例：
Everything is ready isn＇t it 切绪？
14） 陈述部分语句列复合句疑问部分三种情况：
a 列复合句疑问部分谓语动词根邻句谓语定例：
Mr Smith had been to Beijing for several times he should have been
in China now shouldn＇t he
史密斯先生次北京理说现应该中国？
b 带定语句宾语句复合句疑问部分谓语根句谓语定
例：
He said he wanted to visit Japan didn＇t he 说想日
样说？
c 陈述部分句第称谓语 think believe expect suppose
imagine 等引导定语句疑问部分宾语句相应构成反意疑问句例：
I don＇t think he is bright is he 认聪明？
We believe she can do it better can＇t she 相信做更
？
15） 陈述部分语定代词 everybody anyone somebody nobody no one 等疑
问部分常复数 they时单数 he例：
Everyone knows the answer don＇t they （does he） 知道答案
样吧？
Nobody knows about it do they （does he） 没知道件事吧？ 105
16） 带情态动词 dare need 反意疑问句疑问部分常 need （dare ） + 语
例：
We need not do it again need we 必重做遍？
He dare not say so dare he 敢样说？
dare need 实义动词时疑问部分助动词 do + 语例：
She doesn＇t dare to go home alone does she 敢独回家？
17） 省语祈句反意疑问句疑问部分 will you例：
Don＇t do that again will you 样做？
Go with me will you won＇t you 走吧？
注意：Let＇s 开头祈句 shall we
Let us 开头祈句 will you 例：
Let＇s go and listen to the music shall we 起听音乐？
Let us wait for you in the readingroom will you
阅览室等？
18） 陈述部分there be结构疑问部分 there 省略语代词例：
There is something wrong with your watch isn＇t there 表问题
？
There will not be any trouble will there 会麻烦吧？
19） 否定前缀视否定词反意疑问句否定形式例：
It is impossible isn＇t it ？
He is not unkind to his classmates is he 会学坏？
20） must 表推测时根推测情况确定反意疑问句例：
He must be there now isn＇t he 现肯定吧？
It must be going to rain tomorrow won＇t it 明天肯定雨？
136 反意疑问句练
11 You’d rather watch TV this evening ______
a isn’t it b hadn’t you c wouldn’t you d won’t you
22 I suppose you’re not going today ______
a are you b do you c don’t you d aren’t you
33 I wish to shake hands with you ______
a shall b may I c do I d will I
44 Three hours ought to be enough time ______
a oughtn’t three hours b didn’t they c shouldn’t it d shouldn’
t three hours
55 They have to study a lot ______
a don’t they b haven’t they c did they d hadn’t they
66 When the car crashed your brother escaped being hurt ______
a didn’t he b did he c did it d didn’t it
77 I＇m sure dirty ______
a am I b isn’t I c aren’t I d am not I
88 You seem to be dissatisfied with your present post I don’t think you
judged your ability objectively when you applied for it ______ you
a do b did c don’t d didn’t
99 That’s the sort of the book you want ______
a is it d isn’t that c is that d isn’t it
10 10 All these dictionaries are a great help to you ______ 106
a are they b aren’t they
c are all these dictionaries d aren’t all these dictionaries
11 11 The movie that we saw last week was quite interesting ______
a wasn’t it b was it c didn’t we d weren’t we
12 12 Tom has been writing letters all afternoon but he should have
finished them by now
______
a hasn’t he b has he c shouldn’t he d didn’t you
13 13 David told me that you would take a trip to America ______
a would you b wouldn’t you c did you d didn’t you
14 14 There appeared to be no better way _______
a was there b were there c did there d didn’t there
15 15 You has some trouble finding where I live ______
a didn’t you b hadn’t you c do I d don’t I
16 16 He has his hair cut every month ______
a has he b hasn’t he c does he d doesn’t he
17 17 Your friend needs to come earlier ______
a does he b doesn’t he c need he d needn’t he
18 18 The little boy dare not go to church ______
a dare he b daren’t he c does he d doesn’t he
19 19 Susan’d have worked abroad if she’d had the chance ______
a has she b hadn’t she c would she d wouldn’t she
20 20 Everyone’s having a good time ______
a is he b isn’t everyone c does he d aren’t they
21 21 Any one can join the club ______
a can any one b can’t any one c can’t they d can they
22 22 Tell me how to operate the electronic computer ______
a will you b shan’t you c do you d don’t you
23 23 Magaret scarcely comes to visit you on Christmas Day ______
a doesn’t she b does she c do you d don’t you
24 24 Let ’s listen to the radio program that the teacher mentioned
______
a do we b don’t we c shall we d shan’t we
25 25 You think you’re funny ______
a didn’t you b are you c don’t you d do you
26 26 Janet used to take part in labor in that village ______
a used she b did she c didn’t she d should she
27 27 What beautiful weather ______
a is it b isn’t it c won’t it d doesn’t it
28 28 He ought to go to Kwangchow by plane ______
a should he b shouldn’t he c would he d wouldn’t he
29 29 We never dared to ask him a question ______
a did we b didn’t we c dared we d daren’t we
30 30 Nobody will believe how difficult his work has been ______
a will he b won’t nobody c will they d won’t they
31 31 You must have made the mistake ______
a mustn’t you b haven’t you c didn’t you d hadn’t you 107
32 32 Learning how to repair computers takes a long time ______
a isn’t it b aren’t they c doesn’t it d don’t they
33 33 Jack has coffee with breakfast ______
a hasn’t Jack b hasn’t he c doesn’t Jack d doesn’t he
34 34 They must have stayed at hotel last night ______
a mustn’t they b haven’t they c didn’t they d hadn’t they
35 35 There isn’t anything wrong with the radio ______
a is there b is it c does it d does there
36 36 You must be hungry ______
a must you b mustn’t you c are you d aren’t you
37 37 Let’s do the exercises by ourselves ______
a shall we b shan’t we c will you d will we
38 38 Her daughter had the carpets and curtains cleaned ______
a had she b hadn’t she c didn’t she d didn’t her daughter
39 39 The teacher had a talk with you ______
a has you b hadn’t she c did she d didn’t she
40 40 Something’ll have to be done about the air pollution ______
a won’t it b will it c has it d does it
第十四章 倒装
141 倒装句全部倒装
全部倒装句子中谓语动词全部置语前结构通常般现时
般时常见结构：
1） here there now then thus 等副词置句首 谓语动词常 be come go
lie run 等表示状态动词例：
Then came the chairman 时总裁
Here is your letter 信
2） 表示运动方副词点状语置句首谓语表示运动动词例：
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber 轰炸机肚底窜出枚导弹
Ahead sat an old woman 前面坐着老妪
注意：述全部倒装句型结构语必须名词果语称代词完
全倒装例：
Here he comes
Away they went 走开
142 倒装句部分倒装
部分倒装指谓语部分助动词情态倒装语前果句子谓语没
助动词情态动词需添加助动词do does did置语前
1） 句首否定半否定词语no not never seldom little hardly at no
time in no way not until… 等例：
Never have I seen such a performance 未见糟糕表演
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question 会找 108
问题答案
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room 母亲直
孩子入睡离开房间
Not until 引出复合句句倒装句倒装注意： 否定词句首
倒装例：
I have never seen such a performance
The mother didn＇t leave the room until the child fell asleep
典型例题
1） Why can＇t I smoke here
At no time___ in the meetingroom
A is smoking permitted B smoking is permitted
C smoking is it permitted D does smoking permit
答案 A 倒装问题否定词语置句首表示强调时句中谓须倒装
结构否定词包括 no little hardly seldom never not only not until 等
题正常语序 Smoking is permitted in the meetingroom at no time
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is
A man did know B man know C didn＇t man know D did man know
答案 D Not until…句型知道倒装句答案 CD 中选
改写正常语序 Man did not know what heat is until the early years of
the 19th 现 not 提前面否定否意思变
143 否定词开头作部分倒装
Not only…but also HardlyScarcely…when No sooner… than 等倒装
例：
Not only did he refuse the gift he also severely criticized the sender
没收礼物狠狠批评送礼
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her 刚出门
学生访
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her 刚出门
学生访
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily
A the game began B has the game begun
C did the game begin D had the game begun
答案 D 具否定意义副词放句首时般采倒装句（谓语前置）类表示否定
意义词 never seldom scarcely little few not hardly not only…
but （also） no sooner…than hardly… when scarcely… when 等等
注意： Not only… but also 连接两分句时第分句倒装结构果
置句首Not only… but also仅连接两列词语倒装结构Not only you
but also I am fond of music
144 so neither nor 作部分倒装
词表示 句子部分倒装例：
Tom can speak French So can Jack 汤姆会讲法语杰克会
If you won＇t go neither will I
典型例题 109
Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother
I don＇t know _____
A nor don＇t I care B nor do I care CI don＇t care neither D
I don＇t care also
答案：B nor 增补意思 关心句子应倒装 A错 don＇t 次否定 C
neither 法缺乏连词D缺乏连词
注意： so 引出句子文容加证实肯定时倒装结构意
确例：
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did 汤姆邀踢球
It＇s raining hardSo it is 雨真呀
145 only 句首倒装情况例：
Only in this way can you learn English well 样学英语
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting 三次
参加会议
果句子复合句句倒装句倒装例：
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed 病狠重时卧
床休息
146 as though 引导倒装句
as though 引导步句必须表语状语提前（形容词 副词 分词 实义动
词提前）需注意：
1） 句首名词带冠词
2） 句首实义动词 助动词放语果实义动词宾语状语实义
动词起放语前例：
Try hard as he will he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily
工作努力总满意
注意：步状语句中thoughalthough 时面句 but though
yet 连
147 部分倒装
1） so… that 句型中 so 位句首时需倒装例：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch 害怕动
敢动
2） 某表示祝愿句型中例：
May you all be happy 愿快乐
3） 虚拟语气条件句中句谓语动词were had should等词if 省 略 were
had should 移语前采取部分倒装例：
Were I you I would try it again 话试次
典型例题：
1）Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A man did know B man knew C didn＇t man know D did man know
答案 D 否定词 Not 句首求部分倒装句子结构
2）Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted
A didn＇t I realize B did I realize CI didn＇t realize DI
realize
答案 B 110
3） Do you know Tom bought a new car
I don＇t know ___
A nor don＇t I care B nor do I care
CI don＇t care neither DI don＇t care also
答案 B 句中 nor 引出部分倒装结构表示 so neither nor 引导倒
装句表示前情况重复出现中 so 肯定句 neither nor 否定句中
148 倒装练
11 Only when you have obtained sufficient data ______ come to a sound
conclusion
a can you b you can c would you d you would
22 ______ that this region was so rich in natural resources
a Little he knew b Little did he know
a Little he did know d Little he had known
33 Never again ______ political office after his 1928 defeat for the
presidency
a Alfred E Smith seriously sought b seriously Alfred E Smith
sought
c when did Alfred E Smith seriously seek d did Alfred E Smith
seriously seek
44 Only in recent years ______ begun to realize that wild dogs kept within
bounds often do more good than harm
a people have b since people have c have people d people who
have
55 _______ we were not going to make any concessions to his unreasonable
demands
a What may come b Come what may c May what come d What come
66 Not until I shouted at the top of my voice ______ his head
a that he turned b did he turn c he didn’t turn d he had
turned
77 ______ received law degrees as today
a Never so women have b The women aren’t ever
c Women who have never d Never have so many women
88 Heat does not travel by convection in solid because the solid does not
move ______
a so does a liquid b so a liquid does c as does a liquid d so
is a liquid
99 On no account ______ to anyone
a my name must be mentioned b must my name mention
c must my name be mentioned d my name must mention
10 10 ______ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed
on construction sites by 90 percent
a Such construction robots are clever b So clever the construction
robots are
c So clever are the construction robots d Such clever construction
robots are
11 11 ______ do we go for picnics 111
a Certainly b Sometimes c Seldom d Once
12 12 ______ is it only the ignorant and illeducated person who has such
faith in the bottle of medicine
a Either b Often c Nor d Usually
13 13 Her answer is not acceptable and ______
a neither am I b either is mine c neither is mine d mine is
neither
14 14 ______ I must do another experiment
a Be it ever so late b It is ever so late
c It be ever so late d So late it be ever
15 15 So fast ______ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed
a light travel b travels the light c do light travel d does
light travel
16 16 A sneeze cannot be performed voluntarily ______ be easily
suppressed
a nor it can b nor can it c it cannot d and cannot it
17 17 ______ notebook and report that I promised you last week
a Here is the b Here are the c Is here the d Are here the
18 18 ______ a little more time to think he might have acted more
sensibly
a If he took b If he has taken c had he taken d Should he
take
19 19 Beneath our feet ______ that our life depends on for food and
clothing
a the earth lay b the earth lies c lie the earth d lies the
earth
20 20 ______ the beginning of the 19th century did scientists know that
all matter is made up of atoms
a At b By c Up to d Not until
21 21 Hardly ______ he got out of the court ______ the reporters raised a
lot of questions to him
a had … when b had…than c did…when d has…than
22 22 Among these books ______ a dictionary that his father gave him as a
birthday present
a have included b is included c has included d are included
23 23 No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any
one country ______ is this more true than in Europe
a nowhere b hardly c little d seldom
24 24 Important ______ his discovery was it was regarded as a matter of
no account in his time
a to b for c as d although
25 25 According to the periodic table ______ still some elements
undiscovered
a there seem to be b it seems c it seems to be d here seems
26 26 Here ______ you want to see
a the manager comes b comes the manager
c comes a manager d is coming a manager 112
27 27 Barry can hardly drive a car ______
a so can’t Molly b can’t Molly either c Molly can’t too d
neither can Molly
28 28 _______ for the leadership of the Party we should not have
succeeded
a Had not it been b Had it not been c There was d Is there
29 29 ______ no air or water there would be no life in the world
a Were there b There are c There was d Is there
30 30 Not only ______ the data fed into it but it can also analyze them
a the computer can memorize b can the computer memorize
c do the computer memorize d can memorize the computer
31 31 Not once ______ his view of life
a did the gentleman mention b the gentleman mentioned that
c the gentleman mentioned d does gentleman mentioned
32 32 By no means ______ their own language well
aa it is true that all English people know
bb is it true that do all English people know
cc it is true that do all English people know
dd is it true that all English people know
33 33 The molecules of gases move more freely than ______
a do liquids and solids b liquids and solids do
c do those of liquids and solids d those do of liquids and solids
34 34 The world’s birth rates are on a decline and ______ are the death
rates
a so b also c too d the same
35 35 _____ is the volume of chemical goods
a Constantly growing too b Too constantly growing
c Growing constant to d Too growing constant
36 36 Many a time _______ me with my English study
a have he helped b has he helped c he have helped d did he
have helped
37 37 Typical of the new type of young people ______ who set a shining
example to the whole nation
a was Lei Feng b Were Lei Feng c Lei Feng was d Lei Feng were
38 38 What Mr Smith did was important but ______
aa more important the way of he did things was
bb the way of he did things was more important
cc more important was the way he did things
dd more important the way were he did things
39 39 She didn’t want to buy it ______
a however good was it b however good it was
c for how good might it be d for how good it might be
40 40 ______ it is always possible to find out its volume
aa Whatever the shape of a body may be
bb The shape of a body may be whatever
cc May whatever the shape of a body be
dd Whatever may the shape of a body be 113
41 41 I won’t pay 20 for the coat it’s not worth ______
a all that much b that much all c that all much d much all
that
42 42 Hot air accompanied by high relative humidity feels warmer than
______
a is it actually b it actually is c actually it is d actually
is it
43 43 Qingdao is usually cool in summer but Nanjing ______
a is rarely b scarcely is c hardly is d rarely is
44 44 David something important has happened I wish to ______
a talk it over with you b talk over it c talk over d talk you
over it
45 45 ______ more than 200 houses and buildings are heated by solar
energy not to mention the big cities in the region
a Alone in the small town b In the small alone town
c In the small town alone d In the alone small town
46 46 Geysers are found new near rivers and lakes where water drains
through the soil ______
a surface below the deep b deep below the surface
c the deep below surface d the deep surface below
47 47 The wallflower ______ because its weak stems often grow on walls
and along stony cliffs for support
a so called is b so is called c is so called d called is so
48 48 The history of painting is a fascination chain of evens that
probably began with ______
aa ever made the very first pictures
bb the ever made very first pictures
cc the very first ever made pictures
dd the very first pictures ever made
49 49 On the side of the hill there is ______ which was once the
entrance to a gold mine
a a deep hole in ground b a hole deep in ground
c a deep hole in the ground a deep in the ground hole
50 50 Will the boy who has taken my pen brine ______
a back to me b it back to me c back it to me d it to me back
第十五章 谓致
15 谓致指：
1） 语法形式致单复数形式谓语致
2） 意义致语意义单复数谓语单复数形式致
3） 原谓语动词单复形式取决词语
般说数名词动词单数数名词复数动词复数例：
There is much water in the thermos 114
数名词前表示数量复数名词时谓语动词复数形式例：
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year
151 列结构作语时谓语复数例：
Reading and writing are very important 读写重
注意：语 and 连结时果表示单概念指物时
谓语动词单数and 时连接两词前冠词例：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life 钢铁工业
生活重意义
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the
meeting
A is B was C are D were
答案 B 注： 先时态考虑发生事情应时先排 AC题易
误选 D The League secretary and monitor 象两仔细辨monitor
前没 the英语中兼数职时第职务前加定冠词面职务 and 相
连样题语应选 B
152 谓致中原
1） there be 句型语系列事物时谓语应邻语保持致例：
There is a pen a knife and several books on the desk 桌支笔
刀书
There are twenty boystudents and twentythree girlstudents in the class
班二十男孩二十三女孩
2） either… or… neither… nor连接两语时谓语动词邻语保
持致果句子 here there 引导语止时谓语通常邻
语致例：
Either you or she is to go
Here is a pen a few envelops and some paper for you 笔信封纸
153 谓语动词前面语致
语 with together with like except but no less than as well as 等词
组成短语时谓语动词前面语部分致例：
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory 教师
学生参观工厂
He as well as I wants to go boating想划船
154 谓语需单数
1）代词 each every some no any 等构成复合代词作语时语中含
each every 时 谓语需单数例：
Each of us has a taperecorder 录音机
There is something wrong with my watch 表坏
2）语书条格言时谓语动词常单数例：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English 天方夜谭英
语爱者熟悉书
3）表示金钱时间价格度量衡复合名词作语时通常名词作整
体谓语般单数例： 115
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations 三星
期做准备
Ten yuan is enough 十元够
155 指代意义决定谓语单复数
1）代词 what which who none some any more most all 等词单复数指
代词单复数决定例：
All is right 切利
All are present 齐
2）集体名词作语时谓语数根语意思决定family audience crew
crowd class company committee 等词谓语动词复数形式时强调集体中
成员单数时强调该集体整体例：
His family isn＇t very large 家成员
His family are music lovers 家音乐爱者
集合名词 people police cattle poultry 等情况复数形式例
：
Are there any police around 附警察？
3）名词 variety number population proportion majority 等时作
单数时作复数例：
A number of +名词复数+复数动词
The number of +名词复数+单数动词
A number of books have lent out
The majority of the students like English
156 接名词代词保持致
1） half of most of none of heaps of lots of plenty of 等引起语时谓
语动词通常 of 面名词代词保持致例：
Most of his money is spent on books 部分钱化书
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports 部分学生积极
参体育运动
2）a portion of a series of a pile of a panel of 等引起语时谓语动词
通常单数例：
A series of accidents has been reported 媒体报道连串事
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth 炉边堆木柴
3） many a more than one 修饰短语作语时谓语动词单数形式
more than… of 作语时动词应名词代词保持致例：
Many a person has read the novel 许读书
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city百分六十学
生城市
157 谓致练
11 Each of you ______ responsible for the accident
a am b be c is d are
22 Each man and woman ______ the same rights
a has b have c had d is having
33 Every means ______ tried but without much result
a has been b have been c are d is
44 There ______ in this room 116
a are too much furniture b is too many furnitures
c are too much furnitures d is too much furniture
55 The manager or his assistant ______ planning to go
a were b are c was d be
66 Not only I but also David and Iris ______ fond of playing basketball
a am b is c are d was
77 Neither Tom nor his parents ______ at home
a is b are c has d was
88 Either the dean or the principal ______ the meeting
a attends b attend c are attending d have attended
99 ______ was wrong
a Not the teacher but the students b Both the students and the
teacher
c Neither the teacher not the students d Not the students but the
teacher
10 10 ______ twenty dollars a big sum to her
I suppose so
a Will be b Is c Are d Were
11 11 Three hours ______ enough for us to finish the task
a are b has c is d were
12 12 Most of his savings ______ in the Xin Hua Bank
a has been kept b is being kept c have kept d have been kept
13 13 All that can be done ______
a has done b has been done c have done d have been done
14 14 One or perhaps more pages _______
a is missing b has been missed c are missing d was missing
15 15 More than one worker ______ dismissed
a have been b are c has been d has
16 16 Many a student ______ the importance of learning a foreign language
a have realized b has realize c have been realized d has been
realized
17 17 The gas works ______ near the city
a is b are c were d be
18 18 The surroundings of his house ______ clean now
a is b are c was d were
19 19 The committee ______ over the problem among themselves for two
hours
a has argued b has been arguing c have argued d have been
arguing
20 20 The public ______ generous in their contributions to the earthquake
victims
a is b was c are d has been
21 21 Cattle ______ on the hillside
a grazes b is grazing c was grazing d were grazing
22 22 Her politics ______ neither conservative nor liberal
a is b are c was d has been
23 23 Measles ______ a kind of infectious illness 117
a is b are c were d have been
24 24 The Philippines ______ to the southeast of China
a lies b lie c lay d lays
25 25 Mary is one of the girls who ______ always on time
a is b am c are d was
26 26 Tom is the only one of the stall members who ______ to be promoted
a is going b are going c has been going d have been going
27 27 What caused the accident ______ on the road
a were stone b were stones c was stone d was stones
28 28 Wisky and soda ______ his favorite drink
a is b are c were d have been
29 29 ______ is to attend our evening
a both the singer and the dancer b Either the singer or dancers
c The singer or dancers d The singer and dancer
30 30 The Smiths ______ their breakfast when the morning post came
a had b has been having c are having d were having
31 31 No one except two students ______ the meeting
a has been late for b have been late for c was late for d were
later for
32 32 All but him and me ______ to the exhibition
a am going b is going c are going d was going
33 33 Interest as well as prospects ______ important when one looks for
a job
a are b were c is d was
34 34 The president accompanied by his assistants ______
a have arrived b are arriving c had arrived d has arrived
35 35 A number of cars ______ in front of the park
a is parked b was parked c are parked d has parked
36 36 the number of articles published on smoking ______ amazing
a is b are c were d have been
37 37 The majority of doctors ______ smoking is harmful to health
a are believed b had believed c has believed d believe
38 38 The majority of the damage ______ easy to repair
a is b are c were d be
39 39 Fourfifths of the crop ______
a are ruined b was ruined c were ruined d have been ruined
40 40 Threefourths of the buildings ______
a was destroyed b is destroyed c were destroyed d has been
destroyed
41 41 Early to bed and early to rise ______ a man healthy happy and wise
a making b to make c make d makes
42 42 Mathematics ______ the language of science
a is b has been c are d have been
43 43 The young ______ the vital forces in our society
a is b has been c are d have been
44 44 Every man woman and child ______ some history enough at least to
survive in the world 118
a knows b know c is known d are known
45 45 None of them ______ my friends
a is b are c was d has been
46 46 Not only the whole nation but the whole Europe indeed the whole
human society ______ to alter its attitude to racial problems
a need b needs c has a need d have a need
47 47 Getting to other planets or to the moon _____ many problems
a involve b involves c involving d to involve
48 48 In that country the rich ______ richer the poor poorer
a become b has become c becomes d is becoming
49 49 The project requires more labor than ______ because it is extremely
difficult
a has been put in b have been put in c being put in d to be
put in
50 50 Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease ______
likely to develop it
a should be b must be c is d are
第十六章 虚拟语气
16 虚拟语气
1）虚拟语气表示说话观愿假想说条件定事实
事实相反虚拟语气条件句中应较
2）条件句分两类类真实条件句类非真实条件句非真实条件句表示
假设实际性情况采虚拟语气
161 真实条件句陈述语气假设情况发生种结构参见表：
例：If he comes he will bring his violin 果会带提琴
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___
A will rain B rains C rained D is rained
答案 B真实条件句句时句般现时
注意：
1）真实条件句中句 be going to 表示该 shall will
（错） If you leave now you are never going to regret it
（） If you leave now you will never regret it
2）表示真理时句谓语动词 shall （will） +动词原形直接般现时
动词形式
162 非真实条件句
句型
条件句 句
般现时
shallwill + 动词 原
形
祈句
情态动词般现时 119
1）虚拟语气表示现情况时态基特点时态推移
a 现事实相反假设
例：If they were here they would help you 果会帮助
含义：They are not here they can’t help you
b 事实相反假设
例：If he had come yesterday I should would have told him about it
果昨天话会件事告诉
含义：He did not come yesterday so I did not tell him about it
c 表示发生事情假想
例：If you succeeded everything would be all right 果成功
切会
If you should succeed everything would be all right
If you were to succeed everything would be all right
含义 ： You are not likely to succeed everything will be what it is
now
163 混合条件句
时句句动作发生时间句句谓语动词虚拟语气形式时间
种条件句做混合条件句例：
If you had asked him yesterday you would know what to do now 果昨天
问天知道做什
（句事实相反句现事实相反）
If it had rained last night（） it would be very cold today （现）
果昨晚雨天会冷
164 虚拟条件句倒装
虚拟条件句句部分含 were should had时 省略 if were should
had 移句句首实行倒装例：
Were they here now they could help us If they were here now they
could help us现话会帮助
Had you come earlier you would have met him If you had come earlier
you would have met him早点碰
Should it rain the crops would be saved Were it to rain the crops
would be saved假雨庄稼救
注意：虚拟语气句中动词＇be＇时态律were was
句中 be were 代例：
条件句 句
般时（be were） should（would）等 +动词原形
条件句 句
完成时 should（would）等+ have+ 分
词
条件句 句
般时
shouldwould 等 + 动词原形were+ 定式
should+ 动词原形 120
If I were you I would go to look for him 果会找
If he were here everything would be all right 果切会

典型例题
_____ to do the work I should do it some other day
A If were IBI were C Were ID Was I
答案 C 虚拟条件状语中果 were should had 三词通常 if 省略语提
前 变成 were should had +语形式注意虚拟条件状语句中省略连
词倒装形式句首动词缩略形式说 Were I not to do 说
Weren＇t I to do
165 特殊虚拟语气词 should
1）语句中应
It is demanded necessary a pity + that…等结构语句谓语动词
should 加动词原形should 省略
2）宾语句中应
表示命令建议求等类动词面句中 order suggest propose
require demand request insist command insist + （should） do 等例：
I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week 建议周召开
会议
He insisted that he （should ） be sent there求派
注意： suggest insist 表示建议 坚持某做某事时
意暗示表明坚持认时宾语句陈述语气
判断改错： （错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill
（） Your pale face suggests that you are ill
（错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong
（） I insisted that you were wrong
3）表语句位语句中应
suggestion proposal idea plan order advice 等名词面表语句位语
句中虚拟语气（should）+动词原形例：
My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference
想法更参加会议
I make a proposal that w e（should）hold a meeting next week提建议
周开会
166 wish 法
1）wish 面句表示事实相反情况表示太实现愿宾
语句动词形式：
It
is
词三类
that （should）do
suggested ordered required proposed demanded
requested insisted 等
important necessary natural imperative
strange 等
a pity a shame no wonder 等 121
例：I wish I were as tall as you 希样高
He wished he hadn＇t said that 希没讲样话
I wish it would rain tomorrow 希明天雨
2）wish to dowish sb sth to do例：
I wish to see the manager I want to see the manager 希见见理
I wish the manager to be informed at once （ I want the manager to be
informed at once）希理马消息
167 较if only only if
only if 表示if only 表示果……If only 陈述语气
例：
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings 闹钟响会醒
If only the alarm clock had rung 时闹钟响
If only he comes early 愿早点回
168 It is （high） time that
It is （high） time that 面句谓语动词式 should 加动词原形
should 省略例：
It is time that the children went to bed 孩子该睡觉
It is high time that the children should go to bed
169 need 必做必做
didn＇t need to do 表示必做某事 事实没做
needn＇t have done 表示必做某事 事实做例：
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary so she didn＇t need to
walk back home
约翰开车车站接玛丽必步行回家
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary so she needn＇t have
walked back home
约翰开车车站接玛丽必步行回家（Mary 步行回家没遇John
车 ）
典型例题
There was plenty of time She ___
A mustn＇t have hurried B couldn＇t have hurried C must not hurry
D needn＇t have hurried
答案 Dneedn＇t have done 意必已做某事时实际必
Mustn＇t have done 法正确发生事情进行否定性推断应 couldn＇t
have done 已 must not do （般现时）
1610 虚拟语气练
句 句
句动作先句动词动作
（be 式 were）
现时 时
句动作句动作时发
生（had + 分词）
时 完成时
实现愿 时 wouldcould +动词原形 122
11Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade
a a will be destroyed b will have been destroyed
b b would be destroyed d would have been destroyed
22If you hadn’t gone with Tom to the party last night______
a a you would meet John already b you won’t have missed John
c you will have met John d you would have met John
33Supposing this ship ______ do you think there would be enough life
jackets for all the passengers
a was sinking b has sunk c were to sink d sunk
44The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads if
______ for the protection we get from insecteating animals
a it is not b it were not c were it not d they were not
55The teacher suggested that each student ______ a plan for the vacation
a made b make c makes d will make
66Frankly I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being
a do b don’t do c didn’t do d will not do
77After the way she treated you if I______ in your place
a be b am c was d were
88The idea is that the nation ______ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the
planet first
a sent b sends c send d must send
99It’s high time you ______
a start to work b would start to work c started to work d had
started to work
10 10If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger the musician saysI______
able to play so well now
a wouldn’t be b won’t be c wouldn’t have been d couldn’t have been
11 11It is imperative that you ______ there in person
a are b were c be d will be
12 12The atomic structure is ______ a miniature solar system
a as it were b as if they were c as it were d as if are
13 13We required that the machine parts ______ cast iron
a is made of b be made from c be made of d is made by
14 14The management urged that the cost of production ______
a a to be further reduced b was further reduced
b b be further reduced d should further reduced
1515The business is risky But ______ we would be rich
a should we succeed b we should succeed c might we succeed d would
we succeed
1616I wish our teacher ______ to give another test I haven’t got prepared
yet
a isn’t going b weren’t going c will not going d could have gone
1717I wish I______ to the movies with you last night
a went b did go c could go d could have gone
1818I’d just as soon ______ rudely to her
a that you won’t speak b your not speaking c you not speak d you 123
didn’t speak
1919If I______ in the twentyfirst century I______ my vacation in a very
different way
a should live…would spend b will live …should spend
c are living … should have spent d will be living…would have spent
2020It is required that the machine ______ as frequently as necessary
a be oiled b must be oiled c is oiled d will oil
2121His English teacher recommends that he ______ a regular degree program
a begins b begin c will begin d is beginning
2222We prefer that the plan ______ before being put into execution
a a is fully discussed b must be fully discussed
c be fully discussed d will be fully discussed
2323What do you think of his proposal that improvements ______ in the old
type of vacuum cleaner
a be made b will be made c would be made d will have to be made
2424The doctor’s advice is that the patient ______ about his real physical
condition
a a be not told b not be told c will not be told d must
not be told
2525______we could not have finished the work on time
a a If they do not help us b Was it not for their help
c Should they offer to help us d But for their help
2626If we had been more careful we ______ much better results now
a got b had got c would be getting d would have got
2727Henry ______ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past
a would be b is c will be d was
2828They thought it desirable that an armed guard ______ in readiness
a stands b stand c stood d would stand
2929All science students ______should have a good foundation in basic
sciences
a a whether they are future physicists and chemists
b they are future physicists of chemists
c c they should be future physicists of chemists
d d be they future physicists or chemists
3030Sally can’t have written tome or ______ the letter by now
a I’ll get b I’ll have got c I’d have got d I’d get
3131I should very much like to have gone to the party but I______
a am not invited b was not invited c shall not be invited d am
not being invited
3232There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of
Directors that chief attention ______ to the undertaking that is expected
to bring in highest profit
a is given b gives c should be given d must be given
3333One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ______ to its
burning temperature
a be heated b is heated c would be heated d to heat
3434Did you go to see the football match yesterday 124
No I didn’t feel well but I would have gone if I______
a a did b have c would d had
3535If we had known that she had planned to arrive today we ______ her at
the bus station
a may have met b might meet c may meet d might have met
3636We’re safer in a train than we would be if we ______ any other way
a traveled b had traveled c travel d have traveled
3737He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I
______ of hunger and cold
a would be died b would have died c would die d will have died
3838______ today he would get there by Friday
a a Was he leaving b If he is leaving c Were he to leave d
If he leaves
3939Had electronic computers not been invented many problems of space
flight ______
a a could be not solved b could not be solved
b b could not have been solved d could not have solved
4040He is a poorly learnt man But he acts as though he ______
a is b were c should be d seems like
4141The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way
a goes wrong b go wrong c went wrong d would go wrong
4242______ the fog we should have reached our destination
a Because of b In spite of c In case of d But for
4343The old man went to office on foot but he ______ by bus
a might have gone b ought have gone c could have gone d should
be gone
4444He is working hard for fear that he ______ to pass the exam
a fails b may fail c should fail d would fail
4545She put on her glasses in order that she _____
a can see b saw c had seen d might see
4646Whatever ______ we’ll go ahead
a had happened b will happen c might happen d may be happened
4747If I______ out of ink I might have finished writing the paper
a hadn’t run b shouldn’t run c didn’t run d haven’t run
4848But for your advice I______ into trouble
a would get b got c might have got d should get
4949______ for the traffic jam I should have covered fifty miles
a Had it been b Had it not been c It had not been d It not had
been
5050Were it not for the adoption of the open policy things ______ they are
today
a would never be b could have been c would never have been d
didn’t have
5151If only I______ there
a have not been b would not been c will not be d had not been
5252Tom would buy that bicycle but he ______ no money
a had b has c had had d has had 125
5353I didn’t go to the party but I do wish I_____ there
a was b were c had been d went
5454It is time we ______ up our results
a sum b summed c will sum d would sum
5555Dr Bethune worked hard as if he ______
a never had felt tired b had never felt tired c never felt tired
d was tired never
5656I enjoyed the movie very much I wish I______ the book from which it
was made
a have read b should have read c am reading d had read
5757It is strange that such a thing ______ in your school
a a will happen b happens c should happen d happened
5858If she could sew______
a a she make a dress b she would have made a shirt
c she will make a shirt d she would had made a coat
59 59 Did you notice John was not at work today
No If ______ working I would have noticed it
a a I’d be b I wasn’t c I’d been d weren’t
6060Why don’t you explain it to her
I______ it to her if I thought she would understand
a a would explain b will explain c explain d would have
explained
6161Your performance was very good
I could have done better if I______ more time
a have had b had c had had d will have had
6262She wouldn’t drink her medicine last night would she
______
a a No but I wish she wouldn’t b No but I wish she had
b b Yes I wish she drank d yes I wish she could
63 63 I think it advisable that he ______ for Tokyo soon
a will leave b may leave c leave d leaves
64 64 The committee asked that the matter ______ at the next meeting
a would be discussed b will be discussed c be discussed d may
be discussed
65 65 ______ to the doctor right away he might have been alive today
a a If he went b Were he gone c should he had gone d Had
he gone
66 66 ______ the work he would do it some other way
a Was he going b If he does c Were he to do d If he is doing
67 67 ______I hardly think I would have recognized him
a a Should his name not be mentioned b Had someone not
mentioned his name
c If someone did not mention his name d If someone had mentioned his
name
68 68 I’d just as soon ______ to the theatre tonight
a not going b not to go c not go d that I won’t go
69 69 At the last committee meeting the motion that the club ______ open 126
until midnight was defeated
a remains b remain c remained d would remain
70 70 The business of each day ______ selling goods or shipping them
went quite smoothly
a it being b be it c was it d it was
第十七章 名词性句
17 名词性句
句子中起名词作句子名词句名词句功相名词词组 复合
句中担语宾语表语位语介词宾语等根句中语法功
名词句分称语句宾语句表语句位语句
171 引导名词性句连接词
引导名词性句连接词分三类：
连接词： that whether if （充句成分）
连接代词：what whatever who whoever whom whose which
连接副词：when where how why
省略连词：
1 介词连词
2 引导语句位语句连词省略例：
That she was chosen made us very happy 选高兴
We heard the news that our team had won 听消息说队赢
较：whether if 均否意思 列情况whether if
取代：
1 whether 引导语句句首
2 引导表语句
3 whether 句作介词宾语
4 句or not
部分连接词引导语句置句末 it 充形式语例：
It is not important who will go 谁重
It is still unknown which team will win the match 底谁赢呢形势
尚明朗
172 名词性 that句
1）属连词 that 引导句做名词性 that句That 起连接句句作
句中担成分身没词义名词性 that句句中充语宾
语表语位语形容词宾语例：
语：That he is still alive is sheer luck 活着全运气
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday 约翰说星
期三伦敦
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently 事实谁没
见
位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in
his office
谁没见情况令办公室安 127
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job 工作满意
感高兴
2）That句作语通常 it 作先行词 that句置句末例：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure 清楚
整计划注定失败
It＇s a pity that you should have to leave 非走真件憾事
it 作形式语 that句四种搭配关系：
a It + be +形容词+ that句
It is necessary that… 必……
It is important that… 重……
It is obvious that… 明显……
b It + be + ed 分词+ that句
It is believed that… 相信……
It is known to all that… 周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c It + be +名词+ that句
It is common knowledge that………常识
It is a surprise that… 令惊奇……
It is a fact that… 事实……
d It +物动词+ that分句
It appears that… 似……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 突然想起……
173 名词性 wh句
1）wh词引导名词句做名词性wh 句 Wh词包括who whom whose whoever
what whatever which whichever 等连接代词 where when how why 等连接副词
Wh句语法功 that句样外充介词宾语宾语补语间接宾语等
例：
语： How the book will sell depends on its author 书销售取决作者

直接宾语：In one＇s own home one can do what one likes 家里心
欲
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize 获胜者俱乐部颁奖
表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation
问题谁接该基金会席职位
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to 高兴起什名字
取什名字
位语： I have no idea when he will return 知道什时候回
形容词宾语： I＇m not sure why she refused their invitation 尚肯定
什拒绝邀请
介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go 取决
2）Wh句作语常先行词 it 做形式语 wh句置句末例：
It is not yet decided who will do that job 没决定谁做项工作
It remains unknown when they are going to get married 时结婚然
明 128
174 if whether 引导名词句
1）yesno 型疑问句
属连词 if whether 引导名词句般疑问句选择疑问转化
分称yesno型疑问句句选择型疑问句功wh句功相
例：
语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved 计划否行
等证实
宾语： Let us know whether if you can finish the article before Friday
请知道否星期五前文章写完
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money 问题否
应该钱
位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is
trustworthy 调查否值信赖
形容词宾语： She＇s doubtful whether we shall be able to come 怀疑
否够前
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his
illness 担心否度疾病危险期
2）选择性疑问句
选择性疑问句关联词 ifwhether…or whethe…or not 构成例：
Please tell me whether if they are Swedish or Danish 请告诉瑞
典丹麦
I don＇t care whether you like the plan or not 否喜欢该计划
175 否定转移
1） think believe suppose expect fancy imagine 等动词面宾语句否定
词转移句中句谓语动词否定式句谓语动词肯定式例：
I don＇t think I know you 想认识
I don＇ t believe he will come 相信回
注意：谓语动词 hope宾语句中否定词转移例：
I hope you weren＇t ill 想没生病吧
2） seem appear 等句否定转移前面例：
It doesn＇t seem that they know where to go 知道
It doesn＇t appear that we＇ll have a sunny day tomorrow 明天
会碰天气
3）时动名词介词短语整句否定转变谓语动词否定例：
I don＇t remember having ever seen such a man 记未见样
（not 否定动名词短语 having…）
It＇s not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on
the street
里会想街会碰陌生（anyone 作语句中谓语动词
否定形式）
4）时状语状语句中否定转移谓语动词前例：
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone （否定状语） 蚂蚁
采食
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so
（否定 because 状语）
亚里斯德说轻信事 129
She had not been married many weeks when that man＇s younger brother saw
her and was struck by her beauty（否定状语 many weeks） 结婚
月弟弟见美貌着迷
第十八章 定语句
18 定语句
定语句句中做定语修饰名词代词修饰名词词组代词先行词
定语句通常出现先行词关系词（关系代词关系副词）引出关系代词定
语句作语宾语定语等关系副词定语句中作状语
关系代词：who whom whose that which 等Whowhomwhose指who
格句中作语whom宾格句作宾语whose 属格 句中作
定语
关系副词：when where why 等
181 关系代词引导定语句
关系代词代先行词物名词代词句中充语宾语定语等
成分关系代词定语句中作语时句谓语动词称数先行词保持
致
1）who whom that
词代先行词名词代词句中作语宾语例：
Is he the man whothat wants to see you 想见？（whothat
句中作语）
He is the man whom that I saw yesterday 昨天见
（whomthat 句中作宾语）
2） whose 指物（作定语 指物 of which 互换）例：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down 车坏
家跑帮忙
Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green 请递绿
皮书
3）which that 代先行词事物名词代词句中作语宾语等例
：
A prosperity which that had never been seen before appears in the
countryside
农村出现前未繁荣（which that 句中作宾语）
The package （which that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped
包快散（which that 句中作宾语）
182 关系副词引导定语句
关系副词代先行词时间点理名词句中作状语
1）关系副词 when where why 含义相介词+ which结构常常介词+
which结构交例：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield 屈
服时候
Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born 北京出生
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer 拒绝 130
帮助理？
2）that 代关系副词表示时间点方式理名词取代 when where
why 介词+ which引导定语句口语中 that 常省略例：
His father died the year （that when in which） he was born 父亲
出生年逝世
He is unlikely to find the place （that where in which） he lived forty
years ago 找四十年前居住方
183 判断关系代词关系副词
方法： 关系代词关系副词完全取决句中谓语动词物动词面
宾语必须求关系代词物动词求关系副词例：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year 年呆山
村
I＇ll never forget the days when I worked together with you永远会忘记
事日子
判断改错：
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside
（） This is the mountain village （which）I visited last year
（） I＇ll never forget the days （which）I spent in the countryside
惯总表点时间名词关系副词 where when 联系起两题错关
系词误
方法二： 准确判断先行词定语句中成分（谓宾定状）正确选
择出关系代词关系副词
例1 Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age
A where B that C on which D the one
例2 Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held
A where B that C on which D the one
答案：例 1 D例 2 A
例1变肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago
例2变肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held
句 1中缺部分宾语 where that on which 起宾语作
the one 做句表语做句宾语省略关系代词应选 D
句 2中 谓宾俱全句部分句子状语表点副词 where
in the museum 词组介词 in + which 引导点状语题中介词on
选 A
关系词选择句中做成分先行词句中做定宾语时选择关
系代词（who whom that which whose） 先行词句中做状语时应选择关
系副词 （ where 点状语when 时间状语why 原状语）
184 限制性非限制性定语句
1） 定语句限制性非限制性两种限制性定语句先行词缺少部分掉
句意思明确非限制性定语句先行词附加说明掉会影响
句意思句间通常逗号分开例：
This is the house which we bought last month 月买幢房
子（限制性） 131
The house which we bought last month is very nice幢房子漂亮
月买（非限制性）
2） 先行词专名词物代词指示代词修饰时定语句通常非限
制性例：
Charles Smith who was my former teacher retired last year 查理·史密
斯年退休老师
My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden 年买
幢房子带着漂亮花园
This novel which I have read three times is very touching 说
动已读三遍
3） 非限制性定语句整句作先行词 进行修饰 时句谓语动词
第三称单数例：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant which greatly upsets me
似没抓住意思心烦
Liquid water changes to vapor which is called evaporation 液态水变
蒸汽做蒸发
说明：关系代词 that 关系副词 why 引导非限制性定语句
185 介词+关系词
1）介词面关系词省略
2）that 前介词
3）某句中充时间点原状语介词+关系词结构关系副词 when
where 互换例：
This is the house in which I lived two years ago 两年前住房子
This is the house where I lived two years ago
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club 记加入俱乐
部天？
Do you remember the day when you joined our club
186 as which 非限定性定语句
as which 引导非限定性定语句as which 代整句相 and this
and thatAs 般放句首which 句中例：
As we know smoking is harmful to one＇s health 知吸烟害健康
The sun heats the earth which is very important to us 太阳球暖起
类重
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss ___came as a surprise
A it B that C which D he
答案 C 非限定性句 that 修饰 whichit he 句
成句子两独立句子单逗号连接况选 he 句意通
2）The weather turned out to be very good ___ was more than we could
expect
A what B which C that D it
答案 Bwhich 代句子非限定性定语句 what That
非限定性定语句it 连词逗号连接两句子起英语语法
行通
3）It rained hard yesterday ____ prevented me from going to the park 132
A that B which C as D it
答案 B as which 引导非限制性定语句时两关系代词指句表达
整意思定语句中作语宾语处两点：
（1）as 引导定语句置句首 which
（2） as 代表前面整句句中作语时句中谓语必须系动词
行动词句中关系代词 which题中prevent 行动词
正确选项应 B
as 法
例1 the same…assuch…as 中 as 种固定结构 ……样……例 ：
I have got into the same trouble as he （has） 碰样麻烦
例2 as 引导非限制性句常带＇正＇例：
As we know smoking is harmful to one＇s health 知吸烟害健
康
As is known smoking is harmful to one＇s health
As 关系代词例 1中 as 作know 宾语例 2中充句语谓语
动词 know 动式
187 先行词关系词二合
1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here （Whoever anyone
who 代）
2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical
school（what all that 代）
188 whatwhatever thatwhat whowhoever
1）what the thing whichwhatever anything例：
What you want has been sent here 动词送
Whatever you want makes no difference to me 什没什关
系
2） who the person that whoever anyone who例：
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear
（）Whoever breaks the law will be punished 王子犯法庶民罪
（）Who robbed the bank is not clear 谁抢银行清楚
3） that what
that 引导定语句时通常作关系代词引导名词性句时充
成分连接词宾语句表语句中 that 常省略What 引导名词性
句作连接代词作句具体成分省略例：
I think（that）you will like the stamps 想会喜欢邮票
What we need is more practice 需更实践
189 关系代词 that 法
1） that 情况
a） 引导非限定性定语句时例：
（错）The tree that is four hundred years old is very famous here
b） 介词例：
We depend on the land from which we get our food 赖土获食
物 133
We depend on the land thatwhich we get our food from
2） that 作定语句关系代词情况
a） there be 句型中 that which
b） 定代词 ： anything nothing the one all much few any
little 等作先行词时 that which
c） 先行词 the only the very 修饰时 that
d） 先行词序数词数词形容词高级时 that
e） 先行词物时例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil 需供油问题
Finally the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the
police 贼终偷全部东西交警察
第十九章 状语句
19 状语句
作状语句做状语句（adverbial clause）引导状语句关联词某
属连词状语句根途分时间状语句点状语句原状语句结果
状语句目状语句条件状语句步状语句方式状语句九种
191 时间状态句表时间关联词
asafterbeforeoncesincetilluntilwhenwheneverwhileas long as
as soon asnow(that)等例：
AS the twilight was beginning to fadewe heard the sound of a carriage
曙光开始消退时听架马车声响
Since I was a child I have lived in England
住英格兰
192 点状语句
点状语句通常 where wherever 引导例：
Where I live there are plenty of trees 住方树
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you 里会想
193 方式状语句
方式状语句通常 as （just） as…so… as if as though 引导
1）as （just） as…so…引导方式状语句通常位句（just） as…so…
结构中位句首时 as 句带喻含义意思 正…正
式文体例：
Always do to the others as you would be done by 希家样
样
As water is to fish so air is to man 离开空气犹鱼离开水
Just as we sweep our rooms so we should sweep backward ideas from our
minds
正扫房屋样扫头脑中落东西
2）as if as though
两者意义法相引出状语句谓语虚拟语气表示事实相反时
陈述语气表示说情况事实实现性较汉译常作仿佛……似
……似例： 134
They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed
完全忽略事实仿佛存似（事实相反谓语虚拟语气）
He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting 样子雷
击似（事实相反谓语虚拟语气）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon 天气快会起
（实现性较谓语陈述语气）
说明：as if as though 引导分词短语定式短语动词短语例
：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time 目转睛着第
次见似
He cleared his throat as if to say something 清清嗓子说什似

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger 波涛击着岩石愤怒
194 原状语句
较 because since as for：
1）because 语势强说明知原回答 why 提出问题原显易
见已知 as since例：
I didn＇t go because I was afraid 怕
Since As the weather is so bad we have to delay our journey 天气
糟旅行推迟
2） because 引导句果放句末前面逗号 for 代果
说明直接原种情况加推断 for例：
He is absent today because for he is ill 天缺席病
He must be ill for he is absent today 定病天缺席
195 目状语句
表示目状语句 that so that in order that lest for fear that
in case 等词引导例：
You must speak louder so that in order that you can be heard by all 必
须点声听见
He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it 写
名字免忘记
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold 穿点衣服防
天发冷
196 结果状语句
结果状语句常 so…that such…that 引 导 so…that such…that 间
转换例：
The boy is so young that he can＇t go to school 男孩年龄太
学
He is such a young boy that he can＇t go to school
197 条件状语句
连接词 if unless asso long as on condition that 等if 引导条
件句真实条件句非真实条件句两种非真实条件句已虚拟语气中阐述
unless if not 例： 135
Let＇s go out for a walk unless you are too tired 果太累散散
步
If you are not too tied let＇s go out for a walk
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately
A unless B until C if D or
答案 A句意：非立走否回迟转化 If you dong leave
immediately you will be lateBD句意or 表转折句子 You leave
immediately or you will be late
198 步状语句
1）though although 引导步状语句面句 but though
yet 连例：
Although it＇s raining they are still working in the field 然
雨里干活
He is very old but he still works very hard 然老然努力
工作
Though the sore be healed yet a scar may remain 伤口愈合伤疤留
（谚语）
2） as though 引导步句必须表语状语提前（形容词副词分词实义
动词提前）例：
Child as though he was he knew what was the right thing to do 然
孩该做什做什全知道
3） ever if even though 例：
We＇ll make a trip even though the weather is bad 天气
远足
4） whether…or… ……例：
Whether you believe it or not it is true 信信确实真
5）no matter +疑问词 疑问词+缀 ever 例：
No matter what happened he would not mind Whatever happened he
would not mind 发生什意
换：no matter what whatever
no matter who whoever
no matter when whenever
no matter where wherever
no matter which whichever
no matter how however
注意：no matter 引导语句宾语句
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now
（ ）Whatever you say is of no use now 现说什没（ Whatever you
say 语句）
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they＇re given
（）Prisoners have to eat whatever they＇re given囚犯什吃什
199 较while when as
1）as when 引导短暂性动作动词例：
Just as Just when When I stopped my car a man came up to me 136
刹车走
2）句动作发生句动作前 when 引导句 as while
例：
When you have finished your work you may have a rest 赶完活
休息
3）句表示时间推移连词 as when while例：
As the day went on the weather got worse 日子天天天气越变越
坏
1910 较until till
两连词意义相肯定形式表示意思做某事直某时动词必须延续性
否定形式表达意思直某时做某事动词延续性非延续性正确
两连词关键判断句中动词该肯定式否定式肯定句： I
slept until midnight 直睡半夜时醒
Wait till I call you 等着（肯定句中 before 代 例 Let＇s get
in the wheat before the sun sets）
否定句：She didn＇t arrive until 6 o＇clock 直 6点
Don＇t get off the bus until it has stopped 公汽车停稳车
I didn＇t manage to do it until you had explained how 直教会
做
区：1）until 句首 till 通常句首例：
Until you told me I had heard nothing of what happened 直告诉前
出什事点知道
2）until when 疑问句中until 放句首例：
Until when are you staying 呆什时候？
Until next Monday 呆周
注意：否定句外两种句式表示
1）Not until…句首句倒装例：
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat
is 直 19 世纪初类知道热物
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted
直工作认识已蹉跎岁月
2）It is not until… that…例：
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had
wasted
1911 表示……结构
hardlyscarcely…whenbefore no sooner…than as soon as 表示
……意思例：
I had hardly scarcely got home when it began to rain 刚回家起雨

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain
As soon as I got home it began to rain
注意：果 hardly scarcely no sooner 置句首句子必须倒装结构例：
Hardly Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain 137
第二十章 连词
20 连词
连词独立担句子成分起连接词词短语短语句句作连词
分两类：列连词属连词列连词连接行词词组分句：
and but or nor so therefore yet however for hence as well as
both…and not only…but also either…or neither…nor （and）then 等等
201 列连词列结构
列连词引导两列词词组句子
1） and or
判断改错：（错）They sat down and talk about something
（错）They started to dance and sang
（错）I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there
（）They sat down and talked about something
（）They started to dance and sing
（）I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there
解析：第句： and 连接两列谓语 talk 应改 talked
第二句：and 连接两列动词定式第二定式省略 to
sang 应改 sing
第三句：and 连接感观动词 saw 面作宾补两列分词结构
whisper 应改 whispering
注意：and 祈句名词词组连表示条件（or 法）例：
Make up your mind and you＇ll get the chance 定意次会
机会
If you make up your mind you＇ll get the chance
One more effort and you＇ll succeed 努力会成功
If you make one more effort you＇ll succeed
2） both…and 两者例：
She plays （both） the piano and the guitar 弹钢琴弹吉
3） not only…but （also） as well as …例：
She plays not only the piano but （also） the guitar 弹钢琴
弹吉
注意：not only… but also 关联两分句时分句否定词 not 必须倒
装例：
Not only does he like reading stories but also he can even write some
喜欢读说甚会写
4） neithe…nor 意思…………谓语动词采原 nor
词保持致例：
Neither you nor he is to blame 该受指责
202 较and or
1） 列结构中or 通常否定句and 肯定句
2） 时 and 否定句请注意特点：
There is no air or water in the moon
There is no air and no water on the moon 138
否定中列结构 or 连接含两否定词句子实际作肯定结构
and
典型例题
I don＇t like chicken ___ fish
I don＇t like chicken ___ I like fish very much
A and and B and but C or but D orand
答案 C否定句中表列 or but 表转折
判断改错：（错）We will die without air and water
（错）We can＇t live without air or water
（）We will die without air or water
（）We can＇t live without air and water
203 表示选择列结构
1） or 意思否例：
I must work hard or I＇ll fail in the exam 努力学否考试
格
2） either…or 意思者……者……注意谓语动词谓致采原
例：
Either you or I am right
204 表示转折
1） but 表示转折while 表示例：
Some people love cats while others hate them喜欢猫喜
欢
典型例题
Would you like to come to dinner tonight
I＇d like to ___ I＇m too busy
A and B so C as D but
答案 Dbut 前面形成转折符合语意表列 and 结果 so原 as
符合句意
2） not…but… 意思……面词遵循致原
They were not the bones of an animal but （the bones） of a human being
动物骨头
205 表原关系
1） for 列连词置含两列分句句子句首放两分句
中间
判断改错：（错） For he is ill he is absent today
（） He is absent today for he is ill
2） so 连词 therefore 般副词例：
He hurt his leg so he couldn＇t play in the game 腿受伤场
I think therefore I exist 思
206 较so such
such 形容词修饰名词名词词组so 副词修饰形容词副词so 表
示数量形容词 manyfewmuch little 连形成固定搭配
so + adj such + a（n） + n 139
so + adj + a（n） + n such + n （pl）
so + adj + n （pl） such +n （pl）
so + adj + n （数） such +n（数）
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many few flowers such nice flowers
so much little money such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配a lot of 相 many a lot of 名词性
such 搭配so…that such…that 间转换 so such 间转换
207 连词句练
11 I’d get it for you ______ I could remember who last borrowed the book
a on condition that b now that c except that d considering
that
22 The robber told him that he had better keep silent ______ he wanted to
get into trouble
a if b unless c otherwise d whether
33 Strange ______ his behavior may be there is a very good reason for it
a although b even if c that d as
44 We are worried about our son because no one is aware ______ he has gone
a the place b of where c about the place d where
55 The professor spoke in a loud voice ______ every one of us could hear
him
a such that b so c so that d such
66 When he just got off the plane he gave us a good description of ______
in Spain
a what he had seen b that he had seen c which he had seen d he
had seen what
77 It is fitted with a small transformer by means of ______ the voltage of
the currency can be adjusted
a whom b which c what d that
88 I don’t know why she’s looking at me ______ she knew me I’ve never seen
her before in my life
a as b although c even if d as if
99 No sooner had he finished his speech ______ stormy applause broke out
a when b then c than d as
10 10 It is hard to avoid mistakes ______ you correct them
conscientiously it will be all right
a In the case b As long as c Although d Despite
11 11 Geometry ______ I know nothing seems a very dull subject
a that b about that c which d about which
12 12 The highest temperature ______ in any furnace on earth is about
10000 centigrade
a we can get b that we can get it c which we can get it d what
we can get
13 13 We sent the horses to a considerable distance ______ they should
disturb the children 140
a less b lest c last d least
14 14 Sound is conducted through steel in the same manner ______
a as in air b as through air c as air does d like air
15 15 _____ he was putting on his uniform the officer found that one of
the sleeves was torn
a Since b Unless c As d Before
16 16 The police finally caught up with the man ______ was the escaped
prisoner
a who they thought b whom they thought
c they thought him d that they thought him
17 17 ______ knows the name of this song will receive a prize from the
radio station
a Whoever b Those c Whichever people d Any people
18 18 ______ do you believe is not about to support our plan
a Whom b Who c Whomever d Which
19 19 He didn’t know French ______ made it difficult for him to study at
a university in France
a that b as c this d which
20 20 She is a fine singer ______ her mother used to be
a like b that c as d which
21 21 ______ I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life
a Lover of towns I am b As lover of towns
c Lover of towns as am I d Though am I the lover of towns
22 22 The rise of Davy was all the more brilliant in ______ he had not
had much schooling
a which b that c what d the way
23 23 She always takes careful notes in class ______ she may review them
from time to time
a so that b in order to c because of d rather than
24 24 The reason he was late is ______ his clock didn’t give the alarm
a because b due to c since d that
25 25 ______ he was in error will scarcely be disputed by his warmest
friends
a What b That c Which d Though
26 26 I shall do the exercises ______ I have been taught
a such b as c what d for
27 27 ______ is worth doing at all is worth doing well
a That b Whatever c Whichever d However
28 28 She was so stubborn that she never listens to the advice ______
a that I give it to her b which I give to her
c what I give to her d I give it to her
29 29 I was supposed to be a mathematics major but I actually took
______ courses in physics if not more
a so many b as many c a good many d such many
30 30 Heat does not travel by convection in a solid because the solid
does not move ______
a so does a liquid b so a liquid does c so is a liquid d as 141
does a liquid
31 31 He explained everything over again ______ anyone should
misunderstand her
a since b when c lest d as if
32 32 ______ convincing an argument is it needs support of evidence
a Whatever b However c Although d Even if
33 33 Earthworms occur ______ adequate moisture and food and the
necessary soil conditions are found
a and b however c but d wherever
34 34 ______ we gave him anything to eat he would save it up for his
little brother
a When b That c Whenever d What
35 35 The reason I plan to go is ______ if I don’t
a because she will be disappointed b because she will have a
disappointment
c that she will be disappointed d for which she will be
disappointed
36 36 The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you
things ______ to teach you the art of learning
a than b rather than c nor d as
37 37 If the design was wrong the project is bound to fail ______ good
all the other ideas might be
a whatever b however c whatsoever d even
38 38 He gave ______ came to the store a pamphlet in which his products
were described
a who b those c whom d whoever
39 39 Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication
______ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered
a in that b in order that c in which d that
40 40 Fox was advised to give the assignment to _______ he believed had a
strong sense of responsibility
a whom b whomever c whoever d that
41 41 The chairman of the union made it clear at the meeting ______ he
would not step down form his position as chairman
a in which b where c because d that
42 42 ______ Ms Wang reached the postoffice she discovered she had
left the letter at home
a Just as b Because c As long as d When as
43 43 The first step in preparing such a program is to draw a flow chart
______ are shown opposite
a two examples of it b two examples of which
c whose two example d which two examples
44 44 ______ the world began nations have had difficulty in keeping
peace with their neighbors
a Although b When c Until d Ever since
45 45 ______ difficulties we may come across we will help one another to
get over them 142
a Whatever b Whichever c However d What
46 46 He went to work so late ______ the manager had to send for him
again before he arrived
a as b that c for d when
47 47 ______ you return those books to the library immediately you will
have to pay a fine
a Until b If c Unless d Provided
48 48 The rose may grow as a low bush or as a tree depending on ______
a what it is trimmed b how it trimmed c that is trimmed d how
it is trimmed
49 49 Group work is a method of teaching ______ tasks and activities are
carried out by small groups of pupils
a which b that c for which d in that
50 50 Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time
______
a when he first introduced b that he first introduced it
c he first introduced d which he first introduced it
51 51 Now we may be able to say ______ between music and noise or just
sound
a what is the difference b the difference is what
c what the difference is c that what the difference
52 52 Contrary to ______ I had expected he lost for a second time
a that b what c which d who
53 53 Professor Smith was so punctual ______ he always arrived to class
just as the bell rang
a that the day he died b until the day he died
c that until the day he died d until the day when he died
54 54 ______ he came to England to study he didn’t know how to cook
a When b since c Until d Unless
55 55 Although Mr smith is one of those teachers who appear to be
friendly ______ he is very hard to deal with
a but b so c so that d yet
56 56 ______ a baby kangaroo is four months old does it begin to live
outside its mother’s pouch
a Until b Not until c After d Only until
57 57 The earliest kind of desk was a box that had a sloping lid _______
there was storage space for writing materials
a under that b under which c which d that
58 58 I won’t lend any money to Joe because I am afraid ______ he will
forget to pay it back
a if b whether c that d of
59 59 ______ human beings depend to a great extent on forests every
effort must be made to preserve trees and wildlife
a If b Unless c Until d Since
60 60 ______ he was caught cheating on the exam Oliver had been
considered to be an honest boy
a When b After c Although d Before 143
61 61 Not long after Galileo ’s time Newton invented another kind of
telescope ______ mirrors instead of lenses
a which used b in which he used c that he used d in that he
used
62 62 ______ him as a writer I don’t like him as a man
a Much I admire b Much as I admire c As much I admire d As I
admire much
63 63 I punish the child ______ he should make the same mistake again
a as be because c lest d unless
64 64 Hardly had the speaker begun to talk ______ were laughs
a when there b than there c than d that
65 65 A joint is ______ permits the forward and backward movement of a
door
a that b whose c those d what
66 66 I am pleased with what you have told me and ______ you have given
me
a all what b all that c which d all whatever
67 67 ______ has recently been done to improve the conditions of
elementary schools a great number of children are unable to go to school
a That b What c In spite of what d Though what
68 68 Nuclear weapon is considered the most terrible weapon of war ______
man has invented
a which b that c as d since
69 69 ______ he performed the task with success
a It was expected b Which was expected
c As was expected d That was expected
70 70 The size of the audience ______ I had expected was well over ten
thousand
a which b that c as d whom
71 71 Not everybody could be expected to know all the answers ______
some questions called for educated guesses rather than general knowledge
a as b so c such d once
72 72 ______ you try you’ll never lose your English accent
a No matter what b How hard c No matter how hard d Whatever
hard
73 73 ______ the bridge were packed with cars and buses it could still
carry twice the load
a Despite b Provided c Unless d Even if
74 74 The airplane crashed and over a hundred passengers were killed
______
a and that shocked the world b and which shocked the world
c this fact shocked the world d which shocked the world
75 75 The time will surely come ______ ordinary people could operate
computers as well
a while b when c as d on which
76 76 This machine is new ______ it is in excellent condition
a Furthermore b However c Otherwise d but 144
77 77 This room had but a single window ______ were kept closed when it
was not in use
a which its shutters b its shutters of which
c the shutters of which d which shutters
78 78 The old man is no coward ______ he is a man of high spirits
a rather than b on the contrary c on the other hand d at the
same time
79 79 Satellite photographs can provide information on ______ rain are
falling
a which where and how much b where and how
c where and how d where and how much
80 80 Skiing is a sport ______ goes back 4000 years
a and its b whose history c its history d and which
81 81 They will be praised or blamed ______ their work is good or bad
a according as b as for c in as much as d as regards
82 82 The story of his upbringing is shocking ______
a to all that read it b to all who reads it c to all which read it
d to all who read it
83 83 You should get the license in two weeks ______ you’ll have to pay
a fine
a yet b still c or d consequently
84 84 I had hardly reached the airport ______ he started for his
destination
a then b when c the moment d than
85 85 He had a large collection of books ______ are written in foreign
languages
a many b many ones of which c many of which d many in which
86 86 The book is for the students ______ native language is not Chinese
to study in a Chinese college or university
a their b that c whose d of whom
87 87 Geologists cannot accurately predict ______ the live volcano will
erupt again
a when b which c is that d and when
88 88 ______ said under oath was disputed by several other witness
a It is the man b What the man c That the man d The man has
89 89 ______ I was going to college I was also working as a waitress on
weekends
a During the time that b At the moment that
c In spite of the fact that d On the ground that
90 90 it is a good idea to take a firstaid kit ______ there is an
accident
a in case b in the event of c in condition d but that
91 91 The strength of the new material is ______ it can stand heavy loads
at high temperature
a that b such that c what d so that
92 92 That’s the doctor ______ on the seriously wounded man
a who he operated b that he operated 145
c who operated d that operated him
93 93 ______ the problem can be solved in only 2 hours with an
electronic computer
a Complicated though it is b Though is it complicated
c As it is complicated d Complicated as it is
94 94 He burned all the important documents ______ that they should fall
into the enemy’s hands
a unless b so b lest d for fear
95 95 His office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of
New York City is the world ______
a that he works b which he works c he works in c he works
96 96 With the introduction of the electronic computer there are no
complicated problem ______ can be solved
a that b as c but d which
97 97 ______ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of
social scientists
a Nearly b That nearly c It is nearly d When nearly
98 98 In the testing period the students spent ______ much time in the
classroom on mathematics ______ they spent on any other subject
a as as b as that c so that d such that
99 99 Our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine
remains the same ______
a like theirs b as they c as theirs d as them
100 100 The audience ______ enjoyed the performance
a most of them were students b most of whom were students
c whom they were students d they were mostly students
101 101 ______ steel is stronger than iron men are able to make steel
pipes with larger diameters
a While b If c Unless d As
102 102 Mr Chen said that he would be punctual for the appointment
______ he were late
a but what if b how about c so what d and what about
103 103 Mrs Lee will move into her new house next Monday ______ it
will be completely furnished
a by which time b by the time c by that time d by some time
104 104 I have little doubt about his competence ______ he is well
qualified for the job
a although b because c moreover d yet
105 105 The quantum theory states ______ such as light is given off
and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or protons
a energy that b that it is energy c it is energy d that energy
106 106 ______ to space travelers is high acceleration or deceleration
forces
a Danger can be b They can be dangerous
c What can be dangerous d While danger
107 107 ______ these questions may sound academic answers to them could
have profound economic and political significance 146
a Since b If c While d Lest
108 108 A body weighs ______ from the surface of the Earth
a less the farther it gets b the farther it gets
c less than it gets farther d less than it the farther it gets
109 109 ______ it is you’ve found you must give it back to the person
it belongs to
a That b Because c Whatever d However
110 110 ______ is often the case with a new idea much preliminary
activity and optimistic discussion produce no concrete proposals
a That b It c Which d As
111 111 Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be
found ______ higher plants can survive
a there b wherever c somewhere d anywhere
112 112 Without facts we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need
to have factual knowledge ______ our thinking
a upon which to base b which to base upon
c which to be based on d to which to be based
113 113 Twelve is to six ______ two is to one
a what b which c that d when
114 114 ______ she knows French well
a A child as she is b Child as she is c As she is a child d
The child as she is
115 115 ______ they could find nobody in the house
a As they would search b Would as they search
c Search as they would d They would search as
章练答案
221 名词练答案
222 介词练答案
1 D 15 B 29 D 43 D 57 A
2 D 16 B 30 B 44 B 58 C
3 C 17 B 31 C 45 A 59 D
4 C 18 C 32 C 46 B 60 B
5 A 19 C 33 B 47 D 61 C
6 C 20 B 34 C 48 B 62 B
7 A 21 C 35 A 49 C 63 B
8 D 22 A 36 C 50 B 64 D
9 C 23 D 37 C 51 C 65 B
10 D 24 C 38 B 52 A 66 C
11 C 25 A 39 B 53 D 67 C
12 A 26 A 40 C 54 C 68 D
13 D 27 C 41 D 55 A 69 D
14 B 28 C 42 A 56 D 70 A 147
223 冠词练答案
224 数词练答案
1 D 19 B 37 C 55 B 73 C 91 B 109 A
2 B 20 D 38 D 56 B 74 D 92 C 110 C
3 A 21 B 39 A 57 C 75 A 93 A 111 C
4 B 22 B 40 A 58 C 76 D 94 B 112 D
5 C 23 D 41 A 59 D 77 B 95 C 113 A
6 D 24 C 42 C 60 B 78 B 96 C 114 C
7 A 25 A 43 A 61 A 79 D 97 D 115 A
8 C 26 C 44 C 62 A 80 C 98 D 116 B
9 C 27 D 45 D 63 D 81 A 99 A 117 A
10 B 28 A 46 C 64 D 82 C 100 C 118 A
11 D 29 C 47 D 65 D 83 D 101 C 119 B
12 C 30 B 48 B 66 C 84 A 102 D 120 B
13 C 31 B 49 C 67 A 85 D 103 B 121 A
14 C 32 C 50 B 68 A 86 D 104 C 122 B
15 D 33 B 51 D 69 D 87 C 105 D 123 C
16 A 34 C 52 B 70 A 88 B 106 C 124 D
17 B 35 D 53 C 71 C 89 A 107 C 125 D
18 C 36 B 54 D 72 B 90 C 108 D 126
1 C 19 C 37 B 55 C
2 B 20 A 38 B 56 A
3 D 21 A 39 C 57 D
4 A 22 B 40 C 58 D
5 A 23 C 41 B 59 B
6 D 24 B 42 A 60 A
7 B 25 D 43 C 61
8 C 26 B 44 B 62
9 B 27 D 45 A 63
10 C 28 D 46 C 64
11 C 29 B 47 B 65
12 A 30 A 48 C 66
13 C 31 B 49 A 67
14 D 32 B 50 D 68
15 C 33 C 51 A 69
16 D 34 C 52 C 70
17 C 35 A 53 A 71
18 A 36 A 54 B 72 148
225 限定词练答案
226 代词练答案
1 C 6 A 11 C 16 A
2 D 7 C 12 B 17 C
3 D 8 A 13 D 18 A
4 D 9 C 14 D 19 A
5 B 10 B 15 A 20 B
1 A 19 D 37 A
2 C 20 B 38 B
3 D 21 C 39 C
4 D 22 B 40 D
5 D 23 C 41
6 C 24 B 42
7 B 25 D 43
8 A 26 C 44
9 B 27 B 45
10 B 28 C 46
11 C 29 B 47
12 D 30 D 48
13 C 31 B 49
14 A 32 C 50
15 B 33 A 51
16 A 34 D 52
17 A 35 C 53
18 C 36 C 54
1 B 19 A 37 C 55 A 73 C
2 C 20 A 38 D 56 C 74 C
3 B 21 D 39 D 57 B 75 D
4 D 22 C 40 D 58 C 76 A
5 C 23 B 41 A 59 D 77 C
6 A 24 D 42 C 60 D 78 B
7 B 25 C 43 C 61 B 79 C
8 C 26 C 44 D 62 C 80 D
9 A 27 B 45 B 63 A 81
10 B 28 D 46 A 64 B 82
11 C 29 A 47 C 65 B 83
12 A 30 B 48 C 66 B 84
13 A 31 B 49 B 67 D 85
14 C 32 B 50 D 68 A 86
15 A 33 A 51 B 69 B 87 149
227 形容词副词练答案
228 助动词练答案
16 A 34 B 52 B 70 D 88
17 A 35 B 53 C 71 A 89
18 C 36 C 54 C 72 B 90
1 B 19 C 37 D 55 A 73 D
2 C 20 B 38 C 56 C 74 D
3 A 21 C 39 C 57 B 75 B
4 A 22 C 40 C 58 C 76 B
5 C 23 D 41 A 59 B 77 D
6 D 24 C 42 D 60 D 78 C
7 B 25 D 43 C 61 A 79 C
8 D 26 B 44 A 62 A 80 A
9 C 27 A 45 B 63 C 81
10 D 28 D 46 C 64 C 82
11 B 29 B 47 B 65 A 83
12 D 30 B 48 B 66 B 84
13 B 31 A 49 C 67 D 85
14 A 32 B 50 D 68 D 86
15 C 33 B 51 C 69 C 87
16 A 34 D 52 A 70 A 88
17 A 35 A 53 D 71 B 89
18 C 36 B 54 D 72 C 90
1 B 19 C 37 C 55 C 73 C
2 D 20 B 38 A 56 B 74 B
3 A 21 D 39 D 57 D 75 B
4 C 22 D 40 A 58 A 76 C
5 D 23 C 41 D 59 B 77 A
6 B 24 A 42 B 60 B 78 B
7 D 25 B 43 B 61 C 79 C
8 B 26 D 44 D 62 B 80 A
9 C 27 A 45 B 63 A 81
10 B 28 B 46 B 64 B 82
11 C 29 C 47 A 65 A 83
12 D 30 A 48 B 66 C 84
13 C 31 D 49 D 67 B 85
14 B 32 B 50 B 68 D 86
15 D 33 B 51 C 69 D 87
16 B 34 B 52 A 70 B 88
17 B 35 B 53 D 71 A 89 150
229 动名词定式分词练答案
2210时态语态练答案
18 C 36 A 54 A 72 B 90
1 B 19 B 37 D 55 A 73 C 91 B 109 B 127 C
2 D 20 B 38 D 56 B 74 A 92 D 110 B 128 A
3 C 21 C 39 C 57 D 75 B 93 B 111 D 129 B
4 C 22 B 40 C 58 A 76 B 94 B 112 D 130 B
5 B 23 C 41 C 59 B 77 B 95 B 113 C
6 C 24 A 42 C 60 D 78 A 96 C 114 D
7 B 25 B 43 A 61 A 79 B 97 D 115 C
8 C 26 D 44 D 62 B 80 B 98 B 116 C
9 A 27 B 45 C 63 A 81 A 99 A 117 B
10 C 28 A 46 A 64 B 82 B 100 D 118 A
11 B 29 C 47 B 65 A 83 C 101 A 119 B
12 C 30 D 48 C 66 C 84 A 102 C 120 B
13 D 31 A 49 C 67 A 85 C 103 B 121 C
14 B 32 B 50 A 68 C 86 B 104 B 122 D
15 D 33 C 51 D 69 D 87 B 105 C 123 B
16 B 34 B 52 C 70 D 88 A 106 B 124 C
17 D 35 D 53 C 71 B 89 C 107 B 125 B
18 D 36 A 54 B 72 D 90 D 108 A 126 D
1 D 19 A 37 D 55 C 73 D 91 A
2 D 20 B 38 C 56 D 74 B 92 D
3 C 21 D 39 C 57 D 75 A 93 C
4 D 22 C 40 A 58 D 76 C 94 D
5 A 23 B 41 C 59 B 77 B 95 D
6 B 24 A 42 C 60 B 78 C 96 D
7 C 25 D 43 B 61 A 79 D 97 C
8 D 26 D 44 A 62 B 80 C 98 B
9 A 27 C 45 C 63 D 81 A 99 B
10 C 28 A 46 A 64 C 82 A 100 A
11 D 29 C 47 C 65 A 83 D 101
12 A 30 A 48 D 66 C 84 A 102
13 C 31 D 49 B 67 B 85 A 103
14 B 32 B 50 A 68 A 86 A 104
15 C 33 C 51 D 69 C 87 D 105
16 B 34 D 52 B 70 C 88 D 106
17 A 35 D 53 D 71 A 89 D 107
18 C 36 A 54 D 72 C 90 B 108 151
2211反意疑问句练答案
2212倒装练答案
1 C 19 D 37 A
2 A 20 D 38 C
3 B 21 C 39 D
4 C 22 A 40 A
5 A 23 B 41
6 A 24 C 42
7 C 25 D 43
8 B 26 C 44
9 D 27 B 45
10 B 28 B 46
11 A 29 A 47
12 C 30 C 48
13 B 31 B 49
14 D 32 C 50
15 A 33 D 51
16 D 34 C 52
17 B 35 A 53
18 A 36 D 54
1 A 19 D 37 A
2 B 20 D 38 C
3 D 21 A 39 B
4 C 22 B 40 A
5 B 23 A 41 A
6 B 24 C 42 B
7 D 25 A 43 D
8 C 26 B 44 A
9 C 27 C 45 C
10 C 28 B 46 B
11 C 29 A 47 C
12 C 30 B 48 D
13 C 31 A 49 C
14 A 32 D 50 B
15 D 33 C 51
16 B 34 A 52
17 B 35 A 53
18 C 36 B 54
2213谓致练答案
2214虚拟语气练答案
1 C 19 D 37 D
2 A 20 C 38 A
3 A 21 D 39 B
4 D 22 B 40 C
5 C 23 A 41 D
6 C 24 A 42 D
7 B 25 C 43 C
8 A 26 A 44 A
9 D 27 D 45 B
10 B 28 A 46 B
11 C 29 D 47 B
12 D 30 D 48 A
13 B 31 C 49 A
14 C 32 C 50 C
15 C 33 C 51
16 B 34 D 52
17 A 35 C 53
18 B 36 A 54
1 D 19 A 37 B 55 B
2 D 20 A 38 C 56 D
3 C 21 B 39 C 57 C
4 B 22 C 40 B 58 B
5 B 23 B 41 B 59 C
6 C 24 A 42 D 60 A
7 D 25 D 43 C 61 C
8 C 26 C 44 C 62 B
9 C 27 A 45 D 63 C
10 A 28 B 46 C 64 C
11 C 29 D 47 A 65 D
12 C 30 C 48 C 66 C
13 C 31 B 49 B 67 B
14 C 32 C 50 C 68 C
15 A 33 A 51 D 69 B
16 B 34 D 52 B 70 B
17 D 35 D 53 C 71
18 D 36 A 54 B 72 152
2215连词句练答案
1 A 19 D 37 B 55 D 73 D 91 B 109 C
2 B 20 C 38 D 56 B 74 D 92 C 110 D
3 D 21 A 39 A 57 B 75 B 93 D 111 B
4 B 22 B 40 C 58 C 76 A 94 D 112 A
5 C 23 A 41 D 59 D 77 C 95 C 113 A
6 A 24 D 42 A 60 D 78 B 96 C 114 B
7 B 25 B 43 B 61 B 79 D 97 B 115 C
8 D 26 B 44 D 62 B 80 B 98 A 116
9 C 27 B 45 A 63 C 81 A 99 C 117
10 B 28 B 46 B 64 A 82 A 100 B 118
11 D 29 B 47 C 65 D 83 C 101 D 119
12 A 30 D 48 D 66 B 84 B 102 A 120
13 B 31 C 49 D 67 C 85 C 103 A 121
14 B 32 B 50 B 68 B 86 C 104 C 122
15 C 33 D 51 C 69 C 87 A 105 D 123
16 A 34 C 52 B 70 C 88 B 106 C 124
17 A 35 C 53 C 71 A 89 A 107 C 125
18 B 36 D 54 C 72 C 90 A 108 A 126

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