Dimensions of Culture - Theories - Schawrtz and Hofstede - ppt资料

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1. Dimensions of Culture: Theoretical ApproachHofstede Schwartz
2. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
3. Hofstede’s Cultural DimensionsHofstede’s research on culture provides a useful means by which to understand and compare cultures Hofstede came up with 6 cultural dimensions: Power Distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty Avoidance Long-Term Orientation Indulgence vs Restraint
4. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
5. Hofstede’s Cultural DimensionsPower Distance Degree to which power in a group is shared and is the relative distance between the “most” and “least” powerful person Impacts decision making and views towards authority Individualism Degree of emphasis placed on the individual versus group Praise and blame placed on the individual; weak ties Masculinity Degree of distribution of roles between genders Reflects values on achievement and success
6. Hofstede’s Cultural DimensionsUncertainty Avoidance Degree to which a society tolerates risk and ambiguity Impacts entrepreneurship, risk taking, and willingness to change Long-Term Orientation Added later after studying Chinese managers Long-term values include “thrift and perseverance” Short-term values include “respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations” and saving face
7. Indulgence versus Restraint (IND) Indulgence stands for a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun. Restraint stands for a society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms. (Hofstede, 2009: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/)Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
8. Schwartz Theory
9. Cultural Dimensions Schwartz Theory Harmony Embeddedness Hierarchy Mastery Affective Autonomy Intellectual Autonomy Egalitarianism
10. Embeddedness Individuals in a collectivity find meaning through social relationships, through identifying with the group, participating in its shared way of life, and striving toward its shared goals. Personal interests are not seen as different from those of the group and high value is placed on preserving the status quo and avoiding individual actions or attitudes that might undermine the traditional order of things. Values associated: social order, respect for tradition, security, obedience and wisdom. Autonomy Individuals are expected to cultivate and express their own preferences, feelings, ideas, and abilities and find meaning in their own uniqueness. Intellectual Autonomy  the independent pursuit of ideas, intellectual directions and rights; Affective Autonomy  the independent pursuit of affectively positive experiences such as varied life, pleasure and enjoyment of life.
11. Hierarchical Societies Individuals and the resources associated with society are organized hierarchically and individuals within those societies are socialized to comply with the roles assigned to them in the hierarchy and subjected to sanctions if they fail to comply. Values associated: Modesty and self-control. Egalitarian Societies Individuals are seen as moral equals and everyone shares the same basic interests as human beings. In egalitarian societies people are socialized to internalize a commitment to cooperate and to feel concern for everyone's welfare. Values associated: social justice and caring for the weaker members of the society, honesty, equality, sympathy and working for the good of others, social responsibility and voluntary cooperation in the pursuit of well-being or prosperity for others within the society.
12. Mastery Individuals value succeeding and getting ahead through self-assertion and proactively seek to master, direct and change the natural and social world to advance their personal interests and the interests of the groups to which they belong. Values associated: independence, fearlessness and daring, ambition and hard work, drive for success and competence. Harmony Individuals are content to accept and fit into the natural and social world as they find it and seek to understand, preserve and protect it rather than change, direct or exploit it. Values associated: world at peace, unity with nature, and protecting the environment.
13. Conclusions: cultural value orientations can be inferred form mean values of individuals in societies; world  of cultural regions, linked by history, geography, economics, religion; knowing how cultures differ gives tools for specific analysis of issues in any type of international activity; cultural value orientations relate in reciprocal causality with key social structural, political, demographic features of society.
14. Schwartz Value Inventory (SVI) with a wide survey of over 60,000 people to identify common values that acted as 'guiding principles for one's life'. Ten VALUE TYPES are identified that gather multiple values into a single category.
15. Power This takes value from social status and prestige. The ability to control others is important and power will be actively sought through dominance of others and control over resources. Achievement Value here comes from setting goals and then achieving them. The more challenge, the greater the sense of achievement. When others have achieved the same thing, status is reduced and greater goals are sought. Hedonism Hedonists simply enjoy themselves. They seek pleasure above all things and may, according to the view of others, sink into debauchery. Stimulation The need for stimulation is close to hedonism, though the goal is slightly different. Pleasure here comes more specifically from excitement and thrills and a person with this driver is more likely to be found doing extreme sports than propping up a bar.
16. Self-direction Those who seek self-direction enjoy being independent and outside the control of others. The prefer freedom and may have a particular creative or artistic bent, which they seek to indulge whenever possible. Universalism The universalist seeks social justice and tolerance for all. They promote peace and equality and find war anathema except perhaps in pursuit of lasting peace. Benevolence Those who tend towards benevolence are very giving, seeking to help others and provide general welfare. They are the 'earth mothers' who nurture all.
17. Tradition The traditionalist respects that which has gone before, doing things simply because they are customary. They are conservatives in the original sense, seeking to preserve the world order as is. Any change makes them uncomfortable. Conformity The person who values conformity seeks obedience to clear rules and structures. They gain a sense of control through doing what they are told and conforming to agreed laws and statutes. Security Those who seek security seek health and safety to a greater degree than other people (perhaps because of childhood woes). Though they may worry about the potential of military force, they welcome the comfort that their existence brings.
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19. Grouping Variables These values form something of a spectrum, with successive values often having a close relationship. This is perhaps unsurprising as they are groupings of a larger number of values. They can also be collated into larger super-groups: Openness to change: Stimulation, self-direction and some hedonism. Self-enhancement: Achievement, power and some hedonism. Conservation: Security, tradition and conformity. Self-transcendence: Universalism and benevolence.  can be arranged in a circle or square with these four variables forming two dimensions of focus on the self or not, and seeking stability or change.
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