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International Women's Day (8 March) is an occasion marked by women's groups around the world This date is also commemorated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday When women on all continents often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic linguistic cultural economic and political differences come together to celebrate their Day they can look back to a tradition that represents at least nine decades of struggle for equality justice peace and development
International Women's Day is the story of ordinary women as makers of history it is rooted in the centuriesold struggle of women to participate in society on an equal footing with men In ancient Greece Lysistrata initiated a sexual strike against men in order to end war during the French Revolution Parisian women calling for liberty equality fraternity marched on Versailles to demand women's suffrage
The idea of an International Women's Day first arose at the turn of the century which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion and turbulence booming population growth and radical ideologies Following is a brief chronology of the most important events
1909
In accordance with a declaration by the Socialist Party of America the first National Woman's Day was observed across the United States on 28 February Women continued to celebrate it on the last Sunday of that month through 1913
1910
The Socialist International meeting in Copenhagen established a Women's Day international in character to honour the movement for women's rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries which included the first three women elected to the Finnish parliament No fixed date was selected for the observance
1911
As a result of the decision taken at Copenhagen the previous year International Women's Day was marked for the first time (19 March) in Austria Denmark Germany and Switzerland where more than one million women and men attended rallies In addition to the right to vote and to hold public office they demanded the right to work to vocational training and to an end to discrimination on the job
Less than a week later on 25 March the tragic Triangle Fire in New York City took the lives of more than 140 working girls most of them Italian and Jewish immigrants This event had a significant impact on labour legislation in the United States and the working conditions leading up to the disaster were invoked during subsequent observances of International Women's Day
19131914
As part of the peace movement brewing on the eve of World War I Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February 1913 Elsewhere in Europe on or around 8 March of the following year women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity with their sisters
1917
With 2 million Russian soldiers dead in the war Russian women again chose the last Sunday in February to strike for bread and peace Political leaders opposed the timing of the strike but the women went on anyway The rest is history Four days later the Czar was forced to abdicate and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote That historic Sunday fell on 23 February on the Julian calendar then in use in Russia but on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar in use elsewhere
Since those early years International Women's Day has assumed a new global dimension for women in developed and developing countries alike The growing international women's movement which has been strengthened by four global United Nations women's conferences has helped make the commemoration a rallying point for coordinated efforts to demand women's rights and participation in the political and economic process Increasingly International Women's Day is a time to reflect on progress made to call for change and to celebrate acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history of women's rights
The Role of the United Nations
Few causes promoted by the United Nations have generated more intense and widespread support than the campaign to promote and protect the equal rights of women The Charter of the United Nations signed in San Francisco in 1945 was the first international agreement to proclaim gender equality as a fundamental human right Since then the Organization has helped create a historic legacy of internationally agreed strategies standards programmes and goals to advance the status of women worldwide
Over the years United Nations action for the advancement of women has taken four clear directions promotion of legal measures mobilization of public opinion and international action training and research including the compilation of gender desegregated statistics and direct assistance to disadvantaged groups Today a central organizing principle of the work of the United Nations is that no enduring solution to society's most threatening social economic and political problems can be found without the full participation and the full empowerment of the world's women
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