题语境(四) 法律常识法律意识等
阅读理解
A (2018·北京卷·D)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of selfdriving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist＇s dream years away from materializing in the real world Well the future is apparently now The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly selfdriving cars on public roads The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out selfdriving cars and for companies to operate driverless taxi services California it should be noted isn＇t leading the way here Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country It＇s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads But however long it takes the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities for better or for worse depending on how the transformation is regulated
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so) policymakers also should be talking about how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient affordable mobility options The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared
Do we want to copy － or even worsen － the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual selfdriving vehicles They tolerate long slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can workentertain themselves or sleep on the ride which encourages urban spread They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning they send the selfdriving minibus The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport － an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ridehailing (车) services
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrolpowered private cars worldwide with electric selfdriving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80 and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40 by 2050Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ridehailing services considering the cost of selfdriving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责维护问题) But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn＇t extend the worst aspects of the carcontrolled transportation system we have today The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people and more affordably The car of the future is coming We just have to plan for it
语篇解读 文篇议文文章讨关驾驶汽车发展前景面问题
1．According to the author attention should be paid to how driverless cars can ________．
A．help deal with transportationrelated problems
B．provide better services to customers
C．cause damage to our environment
D．make some people lose jobs
A [细节理解题根第二段第句While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safetyoffer more convenient affordable mobility options知驾驶汽车关注点安全性助减少交通拥堵等方面选A]
2．As for driverless cars what is the author＇s major concern
A．Safety B．Side effects
C．Affordability D．Management
D [推理判断题根段第句Policymakers should start thinking now about the carcontrolled transportation system we have today结合文容知作者希政策制定者考虑驾驶车辆理扩现汽车理运输系统中糟糕方面选D]
3．What does the underlined word fielded in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Employed B．Replaced
C．Shared D．Reduced
A [词义猜测题根第四段中画线词句前半部分容The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly结合句中as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology知着价格降低项技术开始应第批市驾驶车辆会应车服务中选A ]
4．What is the author＇s attitude to the future of selfdriving cars
A．Doubtful B．Positive
C．Disapproving D．Sympathetic
B [观点态度题根段两句The car of the future is coming We just have to plan for it知驾驶车辆时代马准备迎接吧推断作者种新科技持积极乐观态度]
B (2018·江苏卷·C)
If you want to disturb the car industry you＇d better have a few billion dollars Momandpop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies But in agriculture small farmers can get the best of the major players By connecting directly with customers and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems (生态系统) small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys As the cofounder of the National Young Farmers Coalition(NYFC美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself I have a frontrow seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry
For example take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer Jonathan Dysinger in Tennessee with a small loan from a local Slow Money group It enables smallscale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour－a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand － suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California Before the tool came outsmall farmers couldn＇t touch the price per pound offered by California farms But now with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product they can stay in business
The sustainable success of small farmers though won＇t happen without fundamental changes to the industryOne crucial factor is secure access to land Competition from investors developers and established large farmers makes owning one＇s own land unattainable for many new farmers From 2004 to 2013agricultural land values doubled and they continue to rise in many regions
Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a nonexistent path to citizenship － the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering() farmers younger than 35 by six to one and with twothirds of the nation＇s farmland in need of a new farmer we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation＇s food
There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy but farmers can＇t clumsily put them together before us We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation as we push for immigration reform and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farmers from all backgrounds With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress consumers must take a stand with young farmers
语篇解读 文篇议文文章分析美国农场具优势时分析目前美国农业发展面问题督促国会某领域进行改革支持美国国农场发展
5．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce ________．
A．the progress made in car industry
B．a special feature of agriculture
C．a trend of development in agriculture
D．the importance of investing in car industry
B [推理判断题文章开头首先提汽车行业特点果想进军汽车行业十亿美元：家庭营汽车制造厂击败汽车公司接着指出农业方面农场胜农场知作者开头提汽车行业通介绍农业工业方]
6．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in Paragraph 2
A．Loans to small local farmers are necessary
B．Technology is vital for agricultural development
C．Competition between small and big farms is fierce
D．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones
D [细节理解题根第二段中suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of Californiathey can stay in business知Quick Cut Greens Harvester 发明农场加利福尼亚农场竞争继续营说农场农场获优势]
7．What is the difficulty for those new farmers
A．To gain more financial aid
B．To hire good farm managers
C．To have farms of their own
D．To win old farmers＇ support
C [细节理解题根第四段第句Another challenge the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own知新农民面挑战法获公民身份建设农场选C]
8．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy
A．Seek support beyond NYFC
B．Expand farmland conservation
C．Become members of NYFC
D．Invest more to improve technology
A [推理判断题段提NYFC敦促国会增加耕保护等方面需支持关国会讨新农业法案消费者必须年轻农民站起知农场济持续公发展农场需寻求NYFC外支持]
C (2017·天津卷·C)
This month Germany＇s transport minister Alexander Dobrindt proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(驾驶车辆) They would define the driver＇s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the death valley of autonomous vehicles the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future
Dobrindt wants three things that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel － to check email say － the car＇s maker is responsible if there is a crash
The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving says Dobrindt It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers he says
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers consumers and lawyers The liability(法律责) issue is the biggest one of them all says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds UK
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars introduced earlier this year insists that a human be watchful and monitoring the road at every moment
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars When you say ＇driverless cars＇ people expect driverless cars Merat says You know － no driver
Because of the confusion Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you ownsays Ryan Calo at Stanford University California That is happening in the UK and Singapore where governmentprovided driverless vehicles are being launched
That would go down poorly in the US however The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here says Calo
语篇解读 文篇议文着驾驶车辆逐步推广驾驶车辆出现事时责认定成难题德国交通部长提出第套驾驶车辆交通法规提出张
9．What does the phrase death valley in Paragraph 2 refer to
A．A place where cars often break down
B．A case where passing a law is impossible
C．An area where no driving is permitted
D．A situation where drivers＇ role is not clear
D [词义猜测题根文the grey area between the driverless future死亡谷解释知里死亡谷指：半动驾驶完全驾驶汽车间灰色带(界限明难界定领域)应指驾驶员角色明朗情景D项描述吻合]
10．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to ________．
A．stop people from breaking traffic rules
B．help promote fully automatic driving
C．protect drivers of all ages and races
D．prevent serious property damage
B [推理判断题根第三段提德国交通部长希三件事第四段说交通道路法规中关驾驶车辆种变化会允许完全驾驶车辆投入(permit fully automatic driving)知选B]
11．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars
A．It should get the attention of insurance companies
B．It should be the main concern of law makers
C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents
D．It should involve no human responsibility
D [推理判断题题干询问消费者(客)驾驶汽车法谈谁应承担驾驶车辆责时第七段说说驾驶车辆时候没司机信息推断出消费者种情况会觉没驾驶车辆安全问题负责选D]
12．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in ________．
A．Singapore B．the UK
C．the US D．Germany
C [细节理解题谈驾驶车辆国前景时两段谈英国新加坡政府提供驾驶车辆正投入美国种情况会糟糕(go down poorly in the US)里认政府会接驾驶车辆作公众益事物完全行通(would get absolutely nowhere)推断作者觉种驾驶车辆美国光明发展前景]
13．What could be the best title for the passage
A．Autonomous Driving Whose Liability
B．Fully Automatic Cars A New Breakthrough
C．Autonomous Vehicles Driver Removed
D．Driverless Cars Root of Road Accidents
A [标题纳题全文德国交通部长提议引入讲述驾驶车辆法律责认定驾驶车辆遇车祸时首先应该保障车辆客安全等问题选A]
D (2017·江苏卷·C)
A new commodity brings about a highly profitable fastgrowing industry urging antitrust (反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow A century ago the resource in question was oil Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data the oil of the digital age The most valuable firms are Google Amazon Facebook and Microsoft All look unstoppable
Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up But size alone is not a crime The giants＇ success has benefited consumers Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery Far from charging consumers high prices many of these services are free(users pay in effect by handing over yet more data) And the appearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can make waves too
But there is cause for concern The internet has made data abundant allpresent and far more valuable changing the nature of data and competition Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services translation and visual recognition to be sold to other companies Internet companies＇ control of data gives them enormous power So they have a God＇s eye view of activities in their own markets and beyond
This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves in time one of them would become great again A rethink is required － and as a new approach starts to become apparent two ideas stand out
The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century When considering a merger(兼) for example they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in They now need to take into account the extent of firms＇ data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a newborn threat When this takes place especially when a newborn company has no revenue to speak of the regulators should raise red flags
The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data and give more to those who supply them Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data with users＇ consent
Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy But if governments don＇t want a data economy controlled by a few giants they must act soon
语篇解读 文篇议文着网络发展型数公司控制着量数呼吁巨头拆分问题根源里反垄断部门应该出面破公司数垄断局面公司更生存机会
14．Why is there a call to break up giants
A．They have controlled the data market
B．They collect enormous private data
C．They no longer provide free services
D．They dismissed some newborn giants
A [细节理解题根第二段首句Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up知种形势求科技巨头拆分种形势指文提家公司垄断数市场题答案A]
15．What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate
A．Data giants＇ technology is very expensive
B．Google＇s idea is popular among data firms
C．Data can strengthen giants＇ controlling position
D．Data can be turned into new services or products
C [细节理解题第三段知谷歌公司例科技巨头发现数转变新服务例翻译视觉识卖公司网络公司数控制赋予巨权力增强控制位]
16．By paying attention to firms＇ data assets antitrust regulators could ________．
A．kill a new threat
B．avoid the size trap
C．favour bigger firms
D．charge higher prices
B [推理判断题根第五段知反垄断部门考虑兼时通常根规模决定时进行干预现评估交易影响时需考虑公司数资产范围根The purchase price could a newborn threat知通重新考虑兼公司数资产反垄断部门避免落入规模陷阱]
17．What is the purpose of loosening the giants＇ control of data
A．Big companies could relieve data security pressure
B．Governments could relieve their financial pressure
C．Consumers could better protect their privacy
D．Small companies could get more opportunities
D [推理判断题根倒数第二段知放松网络服务供应商网络数控制更份额数提供者公司机会发展]
1．materialize v 发生成真
2．potential n 潜力潜
3．worsen v 变糟
4．ownership n 权
5．aspect n 方面
6．loan n 贷
7．clumsily adv 笨拙
8．define v 认定定义
9．delay v 推迟延期
10．issue n 问题争点
11．deadly adj 致命
12．profitable adj 利润丰厚
13．digital adj 数字
14．initially adv 初
15．assess v 评估
16．security n 安全
1．debate n & v 争辩
2．harvest v 收获收割
3．compete v 赛竞争
4．reform n 改革
5．crash n & v 撞坏坠毁
6．check v 检查核
7．legal adj 合法
8．control n & v 控制
9．threat n 威胁
1．apparent adj 明显→apparently adv 显易见
2．safe adj 安全→safety n 安全
3．arrive v 达→arrival n 达
4．appoint v 约会约定→appointment n 约会约定
5．insure v 保险担保→insurance n 保险
6．confuse v 困惑→confusion n 困惑混乱混淆
7．deliver v 运送输送→delivery n 运送输送
8．translate v 翻译→translation n 翻译
1．lead the way 领先带路
2．respond to ……作出反应
3．bring about 带(变化)
4．far from 远非
5．stand out 突出
[时演练]单句语法填空
1．The late arrival(arrive) of the train had messed up all our plans
2．Our daughter is a great dancer she stands out above the rest
3．Of the six people in the plane that crashed(crash) only one survived
4．She was very angry with her husband because he made their rooms in confusion(confuse)．
5．With the boy leading the way we had no difficulty finding the village
6．The boy managed to climb out of the car apparently(apparent) unhurt
7．He set about helping homeless women and children to place of safety(safe)．
8．He gave me his assurance that the goods should be delivered(deliver) tomorrow morning
9．The great damage which the earthquake brought about made many people homeless or lose their lives
Ⅰ熟词生义(写出句中黑体词汉语意思)
1．There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy but farmers can＇t clumsily put them together before us 引路
2．that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race 种族
3．Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers consumers and lawyers 操作
Ⅱ似易实难(句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．But in agriculture small farmers can get the best of the major players
[译文] 农业方面农场够战胜竞争手
2．And the appearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can make waves too
[译文] 新生巨头出现表明新掀起风波
Ⅲ复杂晦涩(分析句子结构译成汉语)
1．But however long it takes the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities for better or for worse depending on how the transformation is regulated
[分析] 句复合句句中however引导步状语句句中depending on how the transformation is regulated现分词短语作状语中how the transformation is regulated宾语句作介词on宾语
[译文] 需长时间项技术潜力改变交通系统城市坏方发展取决转换监
2．While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so) policymakers also should be talking about how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams cut emissions and offer more convenient affordable mobility options
[分析] 句复合句While引导步状语句句中how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams cut emissions and offer more convenient affordable mobility options宾语句作talking about宾语
[译文] 然目前止争集中驾驶汽车安全问题(应)决策者应该讨动驾驶汽车助缓解交通堵塞减少排放提供更方便更实惠出行选择
3．The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the death valley of autonomous vehicles the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future
[分析] 句复合句what some call the death valley of autonomous vehicles宾语句that could delay the driverless future定语句修饰先行词the grey area
[译文] 该提案试图解决说驾驶汽车死亡谷问题：半动驾驶汽车真正意义驾驶汽车间灰色带会推迟驾驶汽车
4．The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data and give more to those who supply them
[分析] 句复合句句语The second principle系动词is两列定式短语to loosen the control(to) give more that providers of online services have over data定语句修饰先行词the controlwho supply them定语句修饰先行词those
[译文] 第二原放松线服务提供商数控制更数提供户
1．permit n 执许证通行证v 许允许准许
(1)permit doing sth 允许做某事
permit sbto do sth 允许某做某事
天气时间允许话
(3)permission n 允许许
ask for permission 请求许
without permission 未许
need to obtain a work permit 需获工作执
be permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane 允许携带手提行李包登机
ask the government for permission to move the books to a safe place 请求政府书籍转移安全方
[名师点津] permitpermit doing sthpermit sb to do sth相法动词：advise allow forbid等
AAAA[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①The security system will not permit you to enter(enter) without the correct password
②The visitors are reminded that the museum doesn＇t permit smoking(smoke)．
③I will come after the meeting if time permitsbut I should ask for my headmaster＇s permission(permit) first
[力提升]－－句式升级
普通表达：If time permits I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship
高级表达：Time permitting I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship(独立格结构)
2．convenient adj 方便便利
(1)It is convenient for sbto do sth 某说做某事方便
be convenient for sb 某说方便
be convenient forto sth 离……
(2)convenience n 方便便利
at one＇s convenience 某方便时候
for convenience 方便起见
(3)inconvenient adj 方便麻烦
enjoy the pleasures and convenience of living in a city center 享受住市中心乐趣便利
arrange a convenient time and space for the applicants to have an interview 参加面试求职者安排合适时间点
make it more convenient for us to choose what books we like 选择喜欢书籍更加方便
[名师点津] 方便时候应译成when it is convenient for youwhen you are convenient
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①Would it be convenient for you to pick(pick) me up at four o＇clock and take me to the airport
②Most of us choose to use credit cards to buy things because of their convenience(convenient)
③We bought the house for convenience It＇s very near to the shop where I work
[力提升]－－句译
方便时候帮？
① Can you come and give me a hand at your convenience (convenience)
② Can you come and give me a hand when it is convenient for you (convenient)
3．tolerate v 容忍忍受……耐性
(1)tolerate sb doing sth 容忍某做某事
(2)tolerant adj 容忍宽容
be tolerant of ……宽容……耐受性
(3)tolerance n 容忍忍耐力
tolerate the extremes of heat in the desert 忍受沙漠酷热
not tolerate any cheating on exams 容考试作弊行
create a tolerant and cosmopolitan culture 促成宽容包罗万象文化
[名师点津] tolerate外表示容忍忍受动词短语：stand bear put up with 等
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①He won＇t tolerate anyone questioning(question) his decisions
②Luckily my parents are tolerant of my choice of music
③What I want to stress is that such behaviour can not be tolerated(tolerate)．
[力提升]－－完成句子
应该缺点更宽容
We should be more tolerant of others＇ shortcomings
4．cause vt 引起导致 n 原事业目标
(1)cause sbsth 某带某事
cause sbto do sth 导致某做某事
cause damageloss to ……造成损害损失
(2)the cause of ……原
cause and effect 果
won＇t cause you too much trouble 会造成太麻烦
cause global concern about flight safety 引起全球飞行安全关注
find the cause of the mine accident 找出起矿难起
fight for the cause of peace all her life 毕生事业抗争
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①He argues that one of the root causes(cause) of crime is poverty
②I still don＇t know what caused the computer to crash(crash)．
③Drinking and driving is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents
[力提升]－－句式升级
普通表达：That summer a terrible flood broke out in the south of China and it caused great loss to the people there
高级表达：That summer a terrible flood broke out in the south of China causing great loss to the people there．(现分词短语作状语)
5．replace vt 代取代……放回原处
(1)replace withby ……换…………接……
(2)take the place of ＝ take one＇s place 接代
in place of ＝ in one＇s place 代
(3)replacement n 代代(物)
go to the conference in place of her 代出席次会议
largely replace the traditional letter 极代传统书信
replace all the furniture damaged in the flood 更换洪水中损坏家具
replace the china plate on the shelf 磁盘放回架子
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①Teachers will never be replaced(replace) with computers in the classroom
②It＇s not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks
③Joe resigned as chairperson in 2019 and I took the place of him
[力提升]－－句译
班长代班参加次会议
①Our monitor will replacetake the place of our head teacher to attend the meeting
②Our monitor will attend the meeting in place of our head teacher
6．urge v 催促极力张 n 动强烈愿迫切求
(1)urge sb to do sthinto doing sth 力劝敦促某做某事
urge that 强烈求极力张[句谓语动词(should＋)动词原形]
urge (sb) on 力劝强调强烈求
(2)urgent adj 紧急迫切
in urgent need of 急需
(3)urgency n 紧急紧急情况
in urgent need of food medicine and shelter 急需食品药品住
urge you to do more reading 督促阅读
a matter of great urgency 件非常紧急事
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①They know that our country is in urgent(urge) need of those who have much knowledge
②It＇s of great urgency(urge) that we need to make the relative laws with the rapid growth of online shopping
③The teacher urged his students on the importance of studying abroad
[力提升]－－句译
着高考老师督促更加努力学
①Our teacher urges us to study harder with the College Entrance Examination drawing near(urge sb to do)
②Our teacher urges that we (should) study harder with the College Entrance Examination drawing near(urge that)
7．hold v 保持着控制容纳举行 n 握住控制握保持
hold back阻止隐瞒抑制控制扣留
hold up 举起支撑停顿耽误
hold on (电话时)等挂断坚持
hold on to 抓住坚持放弃
hold out 伸出继续坚持忍耐
[词义]－－写出列句中hold含义
①She is holding a notebook and a pen 着
②He holds the world record for the 100metre dash 保持
③They will hold a meeting to discuss this problem tomorrow 举行
④The stadium in our school can hold 5000 people in all 容纳
bite her lip to hold back the tears 咬着嘴唇强忍住眼泪
be held up in the traffic jam 受困交通拥堵
be ready to hold out a friendly hand 乐伸出友谊手
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①Women are playing a more and more important role in society in modern China － they hold up half the sky
②When he left the telephone to find a pencil he asked me to hold on．
③Do you think that mixed ability classes hold back the better students
[力提升]－－完成句子
困难绝会阻止
We will never be held back by difficulties no matter how great they are
1．With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress consumers must take a stand with young farmers
国会讨新农业法案消费者必须年轻农民站起
[句型公式] With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress属with＋宾语＋宾语补足语复合结构该结构常作原条件时间方式伴状语作置定语
常见with复合结构：
(1)with＋宾语＋形容词副词介词短语
(2)with＋宾语＋doing(表动进行)
(3)with＋宾语＋done(表动完成)
(4)with＋宾语＋to do(表未做)
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①With the exam approaching(approach) it is a good idea to review your class notes
②With so many essays to write(write) he won＇t have time to go shopping this morning
③The living room is clean and tidy with a dining table laid(lay) for a meal to be cooked
[力提升]－－句译
着时间推移逐渐意识健康重性
①As time goes by I gradually realize the importance of health(状语句)
②With time going by I gradually realize the importance of health(with复合结构)
2．The internet has made data abundant allpresent and far more valuable changing the nature of data and competition
特网数丰富齐全更价值改变数竞争性质
[句型公式] changing the nature of data and competition现分词短语作伴状语
(1)现分词分词作状语表示伴时间条件原结果步等
(2)现分词短语作状语时句中语逻辑动关系句中谓语动词动作时发生没定时间性分词作状语时句中语逻辑动宾关系
(3)现分词作状语时表示强调when while once if unless等连词连构成状语句省略
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①They sat in the classroom reading(read) the books borrowed from the library
②The teacher came into the lab followed(follow) by some students
③Anyone once tested(test) positive for H7N9 flu virus will receive free medical treatment from our government
④Finding(find) the course very difficult she decided to move to a lower level
[力提升]－－完成句子
时候妈妈常常坐床边讲事直讲睡着
When I was little my mother used to sit by my bed telling me stories till I fell asleep
夯基固·知识落实
Ⅰ词正确形式填空
1．With a guide to show(show) us around the scenic spots we＇re sure to have a good time
2．That unusual experience has turned Bob into a patient and tolerant(tolerate) person
3．I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film(film) a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild
4．There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland staring(stare) at the night sky
5．The public urged the government to take(take) measures to prevent such cases from happening again
Ⅱ空白处填入适词
1．If it is convenient for you let＇s meet at 8：30 outside the school gate
2．Now most Chinese families have replaced coal fires withby gas
3．Up till now opinions are divided as to the cause of the fire
4．The best way to respond to a flame is to ignore it
5．People have planted a great many trees in order to hold back wind and sand in the desert
强技提·知识应
Ⅰ完形填空
Living one＇s life is really like driving on a highwayFirstto make a good drivingthe driver must carefully examine the 1 of his carjust as he cares for his health for a good lifeOnce he enters into the highwayhe must 2 certain rules for his own safetyIt also can be said that he must obey certain rules of 3 when living as a decent(体面)adultFor exampleon the highwayhe is 4 to keep a constant speed which can be compared with his 5 activities through his lifeNeither driving nor living must be taken at too 6 a speed nor at too slow a speedIf he drives too 7 the police will give him a ticketjust as he will be arrested when he breaks the law 8 too conservatively(保守)he will be called an outofdate person 9 the others driving at the proper speedWhen he wants to change his laneshe must give careful 10 to every direction of his carIt is sometimes 11 to change the way of life 12 he can be sure of completion by doing soHe 13 not make any unnecessary changing of lanes which gives him only dangerFinallyhe must 14 where he is now by recognizing some 15 appearing now and thenIf he takes the wrong wayhe must return to the right as 16 as he canBut he may thus lose 17 and energy both on the road and in life 18 the wholedriving on a highway and living one＇s life are both hard work 19 if he is careful and serious enough 20 will provide him much pleasure
语篇解读 文篇议文文章应握生公路开车做巧妙生动形象浅显易懂
1．Aseat B．condition
C．petrol D．passenger
B [开车前首先检查车状况正关心健康样选项表示意义太片面]
2．Alisten to B．find
C．follow D．insist on
C [followrules遵守……规]
3．Asociety B．school
C．group D．highway
A [常识知生活必须遵守社会准]
4．Aglad B．required
C．made D．anxious
B [require sbto do sth求某做某事动语态be required to do sth]
5．Abroken B．outdoor
C．good D．continuous
D [前文constant形成生连续断活动正高速路连续断开车]
6．Alarge B．high
C．limited D．expected
B [面too slow知开车生活应保持适速度太快太慢]
7．Aspeedily B．slowly
C．orderly D．willingly
A [面遭罚款知处车速太快(speedily)]
8．ADoing B．Acting
C．Going D．Working
B [处指果行太保守会影响]
9．Apersuading B．getting
C．interrupting D．refusing
C [生活中行(act)保守会落伍开车太慢会阻止中断(interrupt)行程样]
10．Anotice B．attention
C．signs D．regards
B [开车时必须集中注意力方give careful attention to＝pay careful attention to选项合题意]
11．Adangerous B．worthy
C．unfit D．troublesome
A [生活中时便改变方危险]
12．Aif B．when
C．unless D．because
C [开车换车道时须心注意(give careful attention to)车方正生改变目标时样危险非握]
13．Adare B．need
C．may D．should
D [风险时应该改变车道]
14．Athink B．discover
C．prove D．look
B [开车时必须发现位置]
15．Asigns B．roads
C．posters D．people
A [应时辨认标志发现处位置]
16．Apossible B．soon
C．much D．hard
B [果走错路应快回正确路线]
17．Amoney B．luck
C．time D．trust
C [走错方时应快改变消耗时间精力难免]
18．AIn B．With
C．About D．On
D [on the whole总说]
19．ATherefore B．But
C．And D．Then
B [前文形成转折关系正反两方面说明样生活处转折连词but]
20．Ait B．he
C．they D．you
C [they指driving on a highway and living one＇s life两件事情]
Ⅱ语法填空
(2020·郑州市质量预测)Zhou Shihao17from Shanghai Yichuan High School was shocked by the statistics he had found 1________ he was looking into the use of cell phones by drivers he found that more than 30 of them reached for their cell phones on the road
Any use of handheld devices (设备) should be 2________ (firm) forbidden while driving said Zhou It＇s not a daily chore but a serious social issue
The teenager＇s concerns led to his drafting a proposal on this issue － something 3________ he did together with five other schoolmates in the Mock Chinese People＇s Political Consultative Conference competition in the Putuo District of Shanghai
Zhou and his schoolmates were not alone In January many Shanghai youngsters even elementary school students took part in Mock CPPCC competitions 4________ (hold) in their local districts and handed in proposals on issues ranging from network security and the future city to the protection of 5________ (tradition) culture
The competition really encourages us students to focus on social issues and play an active role 6________ taking responsibility for our country said Zhang Simin 17 from Shanghai Nanyang High School
The senior student used to think that the handling of state affairs was just for politicians But thinking on the 3：30 problemchanged her mind
Kids usually finish school at 3：30 However most parents work until 6：007________ (make) it hard for them to pick kids up This is a problem we＇ve all been through said Zhang
To help students Zhang＇s school 8________ (invite) deputies to the National People＇s Congress to give students instruction
Thanks to the deputies we finally understand it＇s not who is to blame that 9________ (matter) but finding the best solution said Zhang
The competition aims to encourage a sense of citizenship among China＇s Post00s generation said Xia Jing a teacher from Shanghai Jinyuan Senior High School Through this channelstudents can let their 10________ (voice) be heard
语篇解读 海市宜川中学学生周世豪学起参加海普陀区模拟政协会议赛提交份关开车时手持设备问题提案种赛促学生更加关注社会问题
1．WhenWhileAs [考查状语句该句意：调查司机手机情况时发现30司机路会伸手手机根句意结合空he was looking into知空处表示……时知答案]
2．firmly [考查副词空处修饰动词forbidden作状语表示坚决禁止副词firmly]
3．that [考查定语句分析该句结构知空处引导定语句句中作物动词did宾语修饰先行词somethingsomething定代词that引导该定语句]
4．held [考查非谓语动词分析句子结构知动词hold逻辑语Mock CPPCC competitions间动宾关系分词形式作置定语]
5．traditional [考查形容词根空前the protection of空名词culture知应tradition形容词形式]
6．in [考查固定搭配play an active role in 固定搭配意……中发挥积极作]
7．making [考查非谓语动词分析该句结构知空处作状语表示结果现分词形式]
8．invited [考查动词时态根语境知该句陈述发生事情般时]
9．matters [考查谓致分析该句结构知处强调句型that指代who is to blame句中作语第三称单数形式填matters]
10．voices [考查名词单复数该句意：通渠道学生听呼声voice表示意见呼声时数名词根该句中studentstheir结合句意知该处应名词voice复数形式voices]
话题写作
Step 1写作点(根汉语提示补全英文句子)
①吸毒已成严重问题影响家危整社会
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem and it affects the family and also endangers the whole society．
②众周知毒品健康危害会造成吸毒者死亡
As is known to all drugs do very great harm to health and they are likely to cause drug addicts to die．
③旦吸毒瘾难戒掉
Once a person is addicted to drugs it will be hard to give up．
④许违法行吸毒直接相关
Many crimes are directly related to taking drugs．
⑤远离毒品应该教育年轻意识毒品太害
In order to keep away from drugs young people should be educated to realize that drugs are too harmful
Step 2表达升级(改变句子结构表达升级)
①非限制性定语句改写句①
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem which affects the family and also endangers the whole society
②否定词＋较级改写句⑤
In order to keep away from drugs young people should be educated to realize that drugs can＇t be more harmful
Step 3衔接成文(利恰渡衔接词语连句成篇)
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem which affects the family and also endangers the whole society As is known to all drugs do very great harm to health and they are likely to cause drug addicts to die Once a person is addicted to drugs it will be hard to give up Meanwhilemany crimes are directly related to taking drugs Thereforein order to keep away from drugs young people should be educated to realize that drugs can＇t be more harmful
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阅读理解
A (2018·北京卷·D)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of selfdriving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist＇s dream years away from materializing in the real world Well the future is apparently now The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly selfdriving cars on public roads The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out selfdriving cars and for companies to operate driverless taxi services California it should be noted isn＇t leading the way here Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country It＇s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads But however long it takes the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities for better or for worse depending on how the transformation is regulated
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so) policymakers also should be talking about how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient affordable mobility options The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared
Do we want to copy － or even worsen － the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual selfdriving vehicles They tolerate long slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can workentertain themselves or sleep on the ride which encourages urban spread They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning they send the selfdriving minibus The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport － an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ridehailing (车) services
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrolpowered private cars worldwide with electric selfdriving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80 and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40 by 2050Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ridehailing services considering the cost of selfdriving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责维护问题) But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn＇t extend the worst aspects of the carcontrolled transportation system we have today The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people and more affordably The car of the future is coming We just have to plan for it
语篇解读 文篇议文文章讨关驾驶汽车发展前景面问题
1．According to the author attention should be paid to how driverless cars can ________．
A．help deal with transportationrelated problems
B．provide better services to customers
C．cause damage to our environment
D．make some people lose jobs
A [细节理解题根第二段第句While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safetyoffer more convenient affordable mobility options知驾驶汽车关注点安全性助减少交通拥堵等方面选A]
2．As for driverless cars what is the author＇s major concern
A．Safety B．Side effects
C．Affordability D．Management
D [推理判断题根段第句Policymakers should start thinking now about the carcontrolled transportation system we have today结合文容知作者希政策制定者考虑驾驶车辆理扩现汽车理运输系统中糟糕方面选D]
3．What does the underlined word fielded in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Employed B．Replaced
C．Shared D．Reduced
A [词义猜测题根第四段中画线词句前半部分容The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly结合句中as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology知着价格降低项技术开始应第批市驾驶车辆会应车服务中选A ]
4．What is the author＇s attitude to the future of selfdriving cars
A．Doubtful B．Positive
C．Disapproving D．Sympathetic
B [观点态度题根段两句The car of the future is coming We just have to plan for it知驾驶车辆时代马准备迎接吧推断作者种新科技持积极乐观态度]
B (2018·江苏卷·C)
If you want to disturb the car industry you＇d better have a few billion dollars Momandpop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies But in agriculture small farmers can get the best of the major players By connecting directly with customers and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems (生态系统) small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys As the cofounder of the National Young Farmers Coalition(NYFC美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself I have a frontrow seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry
For example take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer Jonathan Dysinger in Tennessee with a small loan from a local Slow Money group It enables smallscale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour－a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand － suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California Before the tool came outsmall farmers couldn＇t touch the price per pound offered by California farms But now with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product they can stay in business
The sustainable success of small farmers though won＇t happen without fundamental changes to the industryOne crucial factor is secure access to land Competition from investors developers and established large farmers makes owning one＇s own land unattainable for many new farmers From 2004 to 2013agricultural land values doubled and they continue to rise in many regions
Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a nonexistent path to citizenship － the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering() farmers younger than 35 by six to one and with twothirds of the nation＇s farmland in need of a new farmer we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation＇s food
There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy but farmers can＇t clumsily put them together before us We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation as we push for immigration reform and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farmers from all backgrounds With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress consumers must take a stand with young farmers
语篇解读 文篇议文文章分析美国农场具优势时分析目前美国农业发展面问题督促国会某领域进行改革支持美国国农场发展
5．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce ________．
A．the progress made in car industry
B．a special feature of agriculture
C．a trend of development in agriculture
D．the importance of investing in car industry
B [推理判断题文章开头首先提汽车行业特点果想进军汽车行业十亿美元：家庭营汽车制造厂击败汽车公司接着指出农业方面农场胜农场知作者开头提汽车行业通介绍农业工业方]
6．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in Paragraph 2
A．Loans to small local farmers are necessary
B．Technology is vital for agricultural development
C．Competition between small and big farms is fierce
D．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones
D [细节理解题根第二段中suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of Californiathey can stay in business知Quick Cut Greens Harvester 发明农场加利福尼亚农场竞争继续营说农场农场获优势]
7．What is the difficulty for those new farmers
A．To gain more financial aid
B．To hire good farm managers
C．To have farms of their own
D．To win old farmers＇ support
C [细节理解题根第四段第句Another challenge the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own知新农民面挑战法获公民身份建设农场选C]
8．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy
A．Seek support beyond NYFC
B．Expand farmland conservation
C．Become members of NYFC
D．Invest more to improve technology
A [推理判断题段提NYFC敦促国会增加耕保护等方面需支持关国会讨新农业法案消费者必须年轻农民站起知农场济持续公发展农场需寻求NYFC外支持]
C (2017·天津卷·C)
This month Germany＇s transport minister Alexander Dobrindt proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(驾驶车辆) They would define the driver＇s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the death valley of autonomous vehicles the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future
Dobrindt wants three things that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel － to check email say － the car＇s maker is responsible if there is a crash
The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving says Dobrindt It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers he says
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers consumers and lawyers The liability(法律责) issue is the biggest one of them all says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds UK
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars introduced earlier this year insists that a human be watchful and monitoring the road at every moment
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars When you say ＇driverless cars＇ people expect driverless cars Merat says You know － no driver
Because of the confusion Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you ownsays Ryan Calo at Stanford University California That is happening in the UK and Singapore where governmentprovided driverless vehicles are being launched
That would go down poorly in the US however The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here says Calo
语篇解读 文篇议文着驾驶车辆逐步推广驾驶车辆出现事时责认定成难题德国交通部长提出第套驾驶车辆交通法规提出张
9．What does the phrase death valley in Paragraph 2 refer to
A．A place where cars often break down
B．A case where passing a law is impossible
C．An area where no driving is permitted
D．A situation where drivers＇ role is not clear
D [词义猜测题根文the grey area between the driverless future死亡谷解释知里死亡谷指：半动驾驶完全驾驶汽车间灰色带(界限明难界定领域)应指驾驶员角色明朗情景D项描述吻合]
10．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to ________．
A．stop people from breaking traffic rules
B．help promote fully automatic driving
C．protect drivers of all ages and races
D．prevent serious property damage
B [推理判断题根第三段提德国交通部长希三件事第四段说交通道路法规中关驾驶车辆种变化会允许完全驾驶车辆投入(permit fully automatic driving)知选B]
11．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars
A．It should get the attention of insurance companies
B．It should be the main concern of law makers
C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents
D．It should involve no human responsibility
D [推理判断题题干询问消费者(客)驾驶汽车法谈谁应承担驾驶车辆责时第七段说说驾驶车辆时候没司机信息推断出消费者种情况会觉没驾驶车辆安全问题负责选D]
12．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in ________．
A．Singapore B．the UK
C．the US D．Germany
C [细节理解题谈驾驶车辆国前景时两段谈英国新加坡政府提供驾驶车辆正投入美国种情况会糟糕(go down poorly in the US)里认政府会接驾驶车辆作公众益事物完全行通(would get absolutely nowhere)推断作者觉种驾驶车辆美国光明发展前景]
13．What could be the best title for the passage
A．Autonomous Driving Whose Liability
B．Fully Automatic Cars A New Breakthrough
C．Autonomous Vehicles Driver Removed
D．Driverless Cars Root of Road Accidents
A [标题纳题全文德国交通部长提议引入讲述驾驶车辆法律责认定驾驶车辆遇车祸时首先应该保障车辆客安全等问题选A]
D (2017·江苏卷·C)
A new commodity brings about a highly profitable fastgrowing industry urging antitrust (反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow A century ago the resource in question was oil Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data the oil of the digital age The most valuable firms are Google Amazon Facebook and Microsoft All look unstoppable
Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up But size alone is not a crime The giants＇ success has benefited consumers Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery Far from charging consumers high prices many of these services are free(users pay in effect by handing over yet more data) And the appearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can make waves too
But there is cause for concern The internet has made data abundant allpresent and far more valuable changing the nature of data and competition Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services translation and visual recognition to be sold to other companies Internet companies＇ control of data gives them enormous power So they have a God＇s eye view of activities in their own markets and beyond
This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves in time one of them would become great again A rethink is required － and as a new approach starts to become apparent two ideas stand out
The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century When considering a merger(兼) for example they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in They now need to take into account the extent of firms＇ data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a newborn threat When this takes place especially when a newborn company has no revenue to speak of the regulators should raise red flags
The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data and give more to those who supply them Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data with users＇ consent
Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy But if governments don＇t want a data economy controlled by a few giants they must act soon
语篇解读 文篇议文着网络发展型数公司控制着量数呼吁巨头拆分问题根源里反垄断部门应该出面破公司数垄断局面公司更生存机会
14．Why is there a call to break up giants
A．They have controlled the data market
B．They collect enormous private data
C．They no longer provide free services
D．They dismissed some newborn giants
A [细节理解题根第二段首句Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up知种形势求科技巨头拆分种形势指文提家公司垄断数市场题答案A]
15．What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate
A．Data giants＇ technology is very expensive
B．Google＇s idea is popular among data firms
C．Data can strengthen giants＇ controlling position
D．Data can be turned into new services or products
C [细节理解题第三段知谷歌公司例科技巨头发现数转变新服务例翻译视觉识卖公司网络公司数控制赋予巨权力增强控制位]
16．By paying attention to firms＇ data assets antitrust regulators could ________．
A．kill a new threat
B．avoid the size trap
C．favour bigger firms
D．charge higher prices
B [推理判断题根第五段知反垄断部门考虑兼时通常根规模决定时进行干预现评估交易影响时需考虑公司数资产范围根The purchase price could a newborn threat知通重新考虑兼公司数资产反垄断部门避免落入规模陷阱]
17．What is the purpose of loosening the giants＇ control of data
A．Big companies could relieve data security pressure
B．Governments could relieve their financial pressure
C．Consumers could better protect their privacy
D．Small companies could get more opportunities
D [推理判断题根倒数第二段知放松网络服务供应商网络数控制更份额数提供者公司机会发展]
1．materialize v 发生成真
2．potential n 潜力潜
3．worsen v 变糟
4．ownership n 权
5．aspect n 方面
6．loan n 贷
7．clumsily adv 笨拙
8．define v 认定定义
9．delay v 推迟延期
10．issue n 问题争点
11．deadly adj 致命
12．profitable adj 利润丰厚
13．digital adj 数字
14．initially adv 初
15．assess v 评估
16．security n 安全
1．debate n & v 争辩
2．harvest v 收获收割
3．compete v 赛竞争
4．reform n 改革
5．crash n & v 撞坏坠毁
6．check v 检查核
7．legal adj 合法
8．control n & v 控制
9．threat n 威胁
1．apparent adj 明显→apparently adv 显易见
2．safe adj 安全→safety n 安全
3．arrive v 达→arrival n 达
4．appoint v 约会约定→appointment n 约会约定
5．insure v 保险担保→insurance n 保险
6．confuse v 困惑→confusion n 困惑混乱混淆
7．deliver v 运送输送→delivery n 运送输送
8．translate v 翻译→translation n 翻译
1．lead the way 领先带路
2．respond to ……作出反应
3．bring about 带(变化)
4．far from 远非
5．stand out 突出
[时演练]单句语法填空
1．The late arrival(arrive) of the train had messed up all our plans
2．Our daughter is a great dancer she stands out above the rest
3．Of the six people in the plane that crashed(crash) only one survived
4．She was very angry with her husband because he made their rooms in confusion(confuse)．
5．With the boy leading the way we had no difficulty finding the village
6．The boy managed to climb out of the car apparently(apparent) unhurt
7．He set about helping homeless women and children to place of safety(safe)．
8．He gave me his assurance that the goods should be delivered(deliver) tomorrow morning
9．The great damage which the earthquake brought about made many people homeless or lose their lives
Ⅰ熟词生义(写出句中黑体词汉语意思)
1．There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy but farmers can＇t clumsily put them together before us 引路
2．that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race 种族
3．Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers consumers and lawyers 操作
Ⅱ似易实难(句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．But in agriculture small farmers can get the best of the major players
[译文] 农业方面农场够战胜竞争手
2．And the appearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can make waves too
[译文] 新生巨头出现表明新掀起风波
Ⅲ复杂晦涩(分析句子结构译成汉语)
1．But however long it takes the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities for better or for worse depending on how the transformation is regulated
[分析] 句复合句句中however引导步状语句句中depending on how the transformation is regulated现分词短语作状语中how the transformation is regulated宾语句作介词on宾语
[译文] 需长时间项技术潜力改变交通系统城市坏方发展取决转换监
2．While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so) policymakers also should be talking about how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams cut emissions and offer more convenient affordable mobility options
[分析] 句复合句While引导步状语句句中how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams cut emissions and offer more convenient affordable mobility options宾语句作talking about宾语
[译文] 然目前止争集中驾驶汽车安全问题(应)决策者应该讨动驾驶汽车助缓解交通堵塞减少排放提供更方便更实惠出行选择
3．The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the death valley of autonomous vehicles the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future
[分析] 句复合句what some call the death valley of autonomous vehicles宾语句that could delay the driverless future定语句修饰先行词the grey area
[译文] 该提案试图解决说驾驶汽车死亡谷问题：半动驾驶汽车真正意义驾驶汽车间灰色带会推迟驾驶汽车
4．The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data and give more to those who supply them
[分析] 句复合句句语The second principle系动词is两列定式短语to loosen the control(to) give more that providers of online services have over data定语句修饰先行词the controlwho supply them定语句修饰先行词those
[译文] 第二原放松线服务提供商数控制更数提供户
1．permit n 执许证通行证v 许允许准许
(1)permit doing sth 允许做某事
permit sbto do sth 允许某做某事
天气时间允许话
(3)permission n 允许许
ask for permission 请求许
without permission 未许
need to obtain a work permit 需获工作执
be permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane 允许携带手提行李包登机
ask the government for permission to move the books to a safe place 请求政府书籍转移安全方
[名师点津] permitpermit doing sthpermit sb to do sth相法动词：advise allow forbid等
AAAA[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①The security system will not permit you to enter(enter) without the correct password
②The visitors are reminded that the museum doesn＇t permit smoking(smoke)．
③I will come after the meeting if time permitsbut I should ask for my headmaster＇s permission(permit) first
[力提升]－－句式升级
普通表达：If time permits I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship
高级表达：Time permitting I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship(独立格结构)
2．convenient adj 方便便利
(1)It is convenient for sbto do sth 某说做某事方便
be convenient for sb 某说方便
be convenient forto sth 离……
(2)convenience n 方便便利
at one＇s convenience 某方便时候
for convenience 方便起见
(3)inconvenient adj 方便麻烦
enjoy the pleasures and convenience of living in a city center 享受住市中心乐趣便利
arrange a convenient time and space for the applicants to have an interview 参加面试求职者安排合适时间点
make it more convenient for us to choose what books we like 选择喜欢书籍更加方便
[名师点津] 方便时候应译成when it is convenient for youwhen you are convenient
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①Would it be convenient for you to pick(pick) me up at four o＇clock and take me to the airport
②Most of us choose to use credit cards to buy things because of their convenience(convenient)
③We bought the house for convenience It＇s very near to the shop where I work
[力提升]－－句译
方便时候帮？
① Can you come and give me a hand at your convenience (convenience)
② Can you come and give me a hand when it is convenient for you (convenient)
3．tolerate v 容忍忍受……耐性
(1)tolerate sb doing sth 容忍某做某事
(2)tolerant adj 容忍宽容
be tolerant of ……宽容……耐受性
(3)tolerance n 容忍忍耐力
tolerate the extremes of heat in the desert 忍受沙漠酷热
not tolerate any cheating on exams 容考试作弊行
create a tolerant and cosmopolitan culture 促成宽容包罗万象文化
[名师点津] tolerate外表示容忍忍受动词短语：stand bear put up with 等
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①He won＇t tolerate anyone questioning(question) his decisions
②Luckily my parents are tolerant of my choice of music
③What I want to stress is that such behaviour can not be tolerated(tolerate)．
[力提升]－－完成句子
应该缺点更宽容
We should be more tolerant of others＇ shortcomings
4．cause vt 引起导致 n 原事业目标
(1)cause sbsth 某带某事
cause sbto do sth 导致某做某事
cause damageloss to ……造成损害损失
(2)the cause of ……原
cause and effect 果
won＇t cause you too much trouble 会造成太麻烦
cause global concern about flight safety 引起全球飞行安全关注
find the cause of the mine accident 找出起矿难起
fight for the cause of peace all her life 毕生事业抗争
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①He argues that one of the root causes(cause) of crime is poverty
②I still don＇t know what caused the computer to crash(crash)．
③Drinking and driving is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents
[力提升]－－句式升级
普通表达：That summer a terrible flood broke out in the south of China and it caused great loss to the people there
高级表达：That summer a terrible flood broke out in the south of China causing great loss to the people there．(现分词短语作状语)
5．replace vt 代取代……放回原处
(1)replace withby ……换…………接……
(2)take the place of ＝ take one＇s place 接代
in place of ＝ in one＇s place 代
(3)replacement n 代代(物)
go to the conference in place of her 代出席次会议
largely replace the traditional letter 极代传统书信
replace all the furniture damaged in the flood 更换洪水中损坏家具
replace the china plate on the shelf 磁盘放回架子
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①Teachers will never be replaced(replace) with computers in the classroom
②It＇s not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks
③Joe resigned as chairperson in 2019 and I took the place of him
[力提升]－－句译
班长代班参加次会议
①Our monitor will replacetake the place of our head teacher to attend the meeting
②Our monitor will attend the meeting in place of our head teacher
6．urge v 催促极力张 n 动强烈愿迫切求
(1)urge sb to do sthinto doing sth 力劝敦促某做某事
urge that 强烈求极力张[句谓语动词(should＋)动词原形]
urge (sb) on 力劝强调强烈求
(2)urgent adj 紧急迫切
in urgent need of 急需
(3)urgency n 紧急紧急情况
in urgent need of food medicine and shelter 急需食品药品住
urge you to do more reading 督促阅读
a matter of great urgency 件非常紧急事
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①They know that our country is in urgent(urge) need of those who have much knowledge
②It＇s of great urgency(urge) that we need to make the relative laws with the rapid growth of online shopping
③The teacher urged his students on the importance of studying abroad
[力提升]－－句译
着高考老师督促更加努力学
①Our teacher urges us to study harder with the College Entrance Examination drawing near(urge sb to do)
②Our teacher urges that we (should) study harder with the College Entrance Examination drawing near(urge that)
7．hold v 保持着控制容纳举行 n 握住控制握保持
hold back阻止隐瞒抑制控制扣留
hold up 举起支撑停顿耽误
hold on (电话时)等挂断坚持
hold on to 抓住坚持放弃
hold out 伸出继续坚持忍耐
[词义]－－写出列句中hold含义
①She is holding a notebook and a pen 着
②He holds the world record for the 100metre dash 保持
③They will hold a meeting to discuss this problem tomorrow 举行
④The stadium in our school can hold 5000 people in all 容纳
bite her lip to hold back the tears 咬着嘴唇强忍住眼泪
be held up in the traffic jam 受困交通拥堵
be ready to hold out a friendly hand 乐伸出友谊手
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①Women are playing a more and more important role in society in modern China － they hold up half the sky
②When he left the telephone to find a pencil he asked me to hold on．
③Do you think that mixed ability classes hold back the better students
[力提升]－－完成句子
困难绝会阻止
We will never be held back by difficulties no matter how great they are
1．With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress consumers must take a stand with young farmers
国会讨新农业法案消费者必须年轻农民站起
[句型公式] With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress属with＋宾语＋宾语补足语复合结构该结构常作原条件时间方式伴状语作置定语
常见with复合结构：
(1)with＋宾语＋形容词副词介词短语
(2)with＋宾语＋doing(表动进行)
(3)with＋宾语＋done(表动完成)
(4)with＋宾语＋to do(表未做)
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①With the exam approaching(approach) it is a good idea to review your class notes
②With so many essays to write(write) he won＇t have time to go shopping this morning
③The living room is clean and tidy with a dining table laid(lay) for a meal to be cooked
[力提升]－－句译
着时间推移逐渐意识健康重性
①As time goes by I gradually realize the importance of health(状语句)
②With time going by I gradually realize the importance of health(with复合结构)
2．The internet has made data abundant allpresent and far more valuable changing the nature of data and competition
特网数丰富齐全更价值改变数竞争性质
[句型公式] changing the nature of data and competition现分词短语作伴状语
(1)现分词分词作状语表示伴时间条件原结果步等
(2)现分词短语作状语时句中语逻辑动关系句中谓语动词动作时发生没定时间性分词作状语时句中语逻辑动宾关系
(3)现分词作状语时表示强调when while once if unless等连词连构成状语句省略
[基础练]－－单句语法填空
①They sat in the classroom reading(read) the books borrowed from the library
②The teacher came into the lab followed(follow) by some students
③Anyone once tested(test) positive for H7N9 flu virus will receive free medical treatment from our government
④Finding(find) the course very difficult she decided to move to a lower level
[力提升]－－完成句子
时候妈妈常常坐床边讲事直讲睡着
When I was little my mother used to sit by my bed telling me stories till I fell asleep
夯基固·知识落实
Ⅰ词正确形式填空
1．With a guide to show(show) us around the scenic spots we＇re sure to have a good time
2．That unusual experience has turned Bob into a patient and tolerant(tolerate) person
3．I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film(film) a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild
4．There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland staring(stare) at the night sky
5．The public urged the government to take(take) measures to prevent such cases from happening again
Ⅱ空白处填入适词
1．If it is convenient for you let＇s meet at 8：30 outside the school gate
2．Now most Chinese families have replaced coal fires withby gas
3．Up till now opinions are divided as to the cause of the fire
4．The best way to respond to a flame is to ignore it
5．People have planted a great many trees in order to hold back wind and sand in the desert
强技提·知识应
Ⅰ完形填空
Living one＇s life is really like driving on a highwayFirstto make a good drivingthe driver must carefully examine the 1 of his carjust as he cares for his health for a good lifeOnce he enters into the highwayhe must 2 certain rules for his own safetyIt also can be said that he must obey certain rules of 3 when living as a decent(体面)adultFor exampleon the highwayhe is 4 to keep a constant speed which can be compared with his 5 activities through his lifeNeither driving nor living must be taken at too 6 a speed nor at too slow a speedIf he drives too 7 the police will give him a ticketjust as he will be arrested when he breaks the law 8 too conservatively(保守)he will be called an outofdate person 9 the others driving at the proper speedWhen he wants to change his laneshe must give careful 10 to every direction of his carIt is sometimes 11 to change the way of life 12 he can be sure of completion by doing soHe 13 not make any unnecessary changing of lanes which gives him only dangerFinallyhe must 14 where he is now by recognizing some 15 appearing now and thenIf he takes the wrong wayhe must return to the right as 16 as he canBut he may thus lose 17 and energy both on the road and in life 18 the wholedriving on a highway and living one＇s life are both hard work 19 if he is careful and serious enough 20 will provide him much pleasure
语篇解读 文篇议文文章应握生公路开车做巧妙生动形象浅显易懂
1．Aseat B．condition
C．petrol D．passenger
B [开车前首先检查车状况正关心健康样选项表示意义太片面]
2．Alisten to B．find
C．follow D．insist on
C [followrules遵守……规]
3．Asociety B．school
C．group D．highway
A [常识知生活必须遵守社会准]
4．Aglad B．required
C．made D．anxious
B [require sbto do sth求某做某事动语态be required to do sth]
5．Abroken B．outdoor
C．good D．continuous
D [前文constant形成生连续断活动正高速路连续断开车]
6．Alarge B．high
C．limited D．expected
B [面too slow知开车生活应保持适速度太快太慢]
7．Aspeedily B．slowly
C．orderly D．willingly
A [面遭罚款知处车速太快(speedily)]
8．ADoing B．Acting
C．Going D．Working
B [处指果行太保守会影响]
9．Apersuading B．getting
C．interrupting D．refusing
C [生活中行(act)保守会落伍开车太慢会阻止中断(interrupt)行程样]
10．Anotice B．attention
C．signs D．regards
B [开车时必须集中注意力方give careful attention to＝pay careful attention to选项合题意]
11．Adangerous B．worthy
C．unfit D．troublesome
A [生活中时便改变方危险]
12．Aif B．when
C．unless D．because
C [开车换车道时须心注意(give careful attention to)车方正生改变目标时样危险非握]
13．Adare B．need
C．may D．should
D [风险时应该改变车道]
14．Athink B．discover
C．prove D．look
B [开车时必须发现位置]
15．Asigns B．roads
C．posters D．people
A [应时辨认标志发现处位置]
16．Apossible B．soon
C．much D．hard
B [果走错路应快回正确路线]
17．Amoney B．luck
C．time D．trust
C [走错方时应快改变消耗时间精力难免]
18．AIn B．With
C．About D．On
D [on the whole总说]
19．ATherefore B．But
C．And D．Then
B [前文形成转折关系正反两方面说明样生活处转折连词but]
20．Ait B．he
C．they D．you
C [they指driving on a highway and living one＇s life两件事情]
Ⅱ语法填空
(2020·郑州市质量预测)Zhou Shihao17from Shanghai Yichuan High School was shocked by the statistics he had found 1________ he was looking into the use of cell phones by drivers he found that more than 30 of them reached for their cell phones on the road
Any use of handheld devices (设备) should be 2________ (firm) forbidden while driving said Zhou It＇s not a daily chore but a serious social issue
The teenager＇s concerns led to his drafting a proposal on this issue － something 3________ he did together with five other schoolmates in the Mock Chinese People＇s Political Consultative Conference competition in the Putuo District of Shanghai
Zhou and his schoolmates were not alone In January many Shanghai youngsters even elementary school students took part in Mock CPPCC competitions 4________ (hold) in their local districts and handed in proposals on issues ranging from network security and the future city to the protection of 5________ (tradition) culture
The competition really encourages us students to focus on social issues and play an active role 6________ taking responsibility for our country said Zhang Simin 17 from Shanghai Nanyang High School
The senior student used to think that the handling of state affairs was just for politicians But thinking on the 3：30 problemchanged her mind
Kids usually finish school at 3：30 However most parents work until 6：007________ (make) it hard for them to pick kids up This is a problem we＇ve all been through said Zhang
To help students Zhang＇s school 8________ (invite) deputies to the National People＇s Congress to give students instruction
Thanks to the deputies we finally understand it＇s not who is to blame that 9________ (matter) but finding the best solution said Zhang
The competition aims to encourage a sense of citizenship among China＇s Post00s generation said Xia Jing a teacher from Shanghai Jinyuan Senior High School Through this channelstudents can let their 10________ (voice) be heard
语篇解读 海市宜川中学学生周世豪学起参加海普陀区模拟政协会议赛提交份关开车时手持设备问题提案种赛促学生更加关注社会问题
1．WhenWhileAs [考查状语句该句意：调查司机手机情况时发现30司机路会伸手手机根句意结合空he was looking into知空处表示……时知答案]
2．firmly [考查副词空处修饰动词forbidden作状语表示坚决禁止副词firmly]
3．that [考查定语句分析该句结构知空处引导定语句句中作物动词did宾语修饰先行词somethingsomething定代词that引导该定语句]
4．held [考查非谓语动词分析句子结构知动词hold逻辑语Mock CPPCC competitions间动宾关系分词形式作置定语]
5．traditional [考查形容词根空前the protection of空名词culture知应tradition形容词形式]
6．in [考查固定搭配play an active role in 固定搭配意……中发挥积极作]
7．making [考查非谓语动词分析该句结构知空处作状语表示结果现分词形式]
8．invited [考查动词时态根语境知该句陈述发生事情般时]
9．matters [考查谓致分析该句结构知处强调句型that指代who is to blame句中作语第三称单数形式填matters]
10．voices [考查名词单复数该句意：通渠道学生听呼声voice表示意见呼声时数名词根该句中studentstheir结合句意知该处应名词voice复数形式voices]
话题写作
Step 1写作点(根汉语提示补全英文句子)
①吸毒已成严重问题影响家危整社会
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem and it affects the family and also endangers the whole society．
②众周知毒品健康危害会造成吸毒者死亡
As is known to all drugs do very great harm to health and they are likely to cause drug addicts to die．
③旦吸毒瘾难戒掉
Once a person is addicted to drugs it will be hard to give up．
④许违法行吸毒直接相关
Many crimes are directly related to taking drugs．
⑤远离毒品应该教育年轻意识毒品太害
In order to keep away from drugs young people should be educated to realize that drugs are too harmful
Step 2表达升级(改变句子结构表达升级)
①非限制性定语句改写句①
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem which affects the family and also endangers the whole society
②否定词＋较级改写句⑤
In order to keep away from drugs young people should be educated to realize that drugs can＇t be more harmful
Step 3衔接成文(利恰渡衔接词语连句成篇)
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem which affects the family and also endangers the whole society As is known to all drugs do very great harm to health and they are likely to cause drug addicts to die Once a person is addicted to drugs it will be hard to give up Meanwhilemany crimes are directly related to taking drugs Thereforein order to keep away from drugs young people should be educated to realize that drugs can＇t be more harmful
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