2012年等学力英语辅导写作指南
根职员研究生毕业等学力申请硕士学位外国语课程水统考试纲规定求考生具备定写作力30分钟求写出篇100～120词短文形式提纲写短文描述图表写容提概述等题15分
评分标准
写作评分标准围绕四方面评判：1容切题2正确表达思想3意义连贯4重语法错误批改作文时容语言两方面进行综合评判容语言统体作文应表达题目规定容容通语言表达作文否切题否充分表达思想语言错误否造成理解障碍密切关系面评分标准四方面分加说明
()容切题
目前常见作文题目中容切题般包括两方面写作容围绕题目规定话题展开A Fiveday Week(五天工作制)文章容应围绕五天工作制进行述关容跑题处种现象见二作文题中包括提纲：
Fire Accidents in Big Cities
Outline：
1Present Situation
2Causes
3Measures
种带提纲作文题目仅求考生根标题写作根提纲规定容范围展开段落思路发挥考生方面出问题较1994年考研作文题：On Making Friends(交友)三段提纲分：1The need for friends 2True Friendship 3My principle in making friends第三段提纲求考生围绕交友原进行议然考生段中样写道：
The former paragraph has shown my principle in making friends in some wayFurthermorewhat I want to say is that one good friend is enough该考生应放第三段中述容写第二段中第三段没容写类命题作文求考生规定求写作想法意更改写段作文考生
仅第三段没扣题第二段没做容切题篇容切题作文应围绕题目段扣准提纲真正符合容切题求面段学生作文第三段容切题恰扣住交友原写作求：
When I choose friendsI do not care what work they do or what social background they are frombut I do notice those little things which reveal one＇s charactersI would make sure that we really care for each otherso that no matter how much time goes by without seeing each otherI know my friends will always be thereready to help if I need themAnd I know we are true friends indeed
(二)正确表达思想
篇短文读者目然文章思路应清楚逻辑性强准确表达作者思想请面两段：
Have you a bikeTaking a bike is a good waymost people thinkBut in university it seems not as good as other placesBikes are possible to be stolen now and thenHaving a bike isn＇t always good enough for us to buy
one
段作者思路紊乱清字里行间仅许语病没思想表达清楚读知作者表达什思想观点样段落0分请段：
It is very convenient to use bikes in ChinaBikes don＇need fuelnor a garage or a large parking lotBikes can go through narrow streets and their prices are lowSo bikes are the most popular vehicles in China today
段作者简单词汇简洁语言清楚思路正确表达思想读者观刻领会作者思想
正确表达思想考生应掌握写作技巧写段落题句展开段落方法写段尾句等外应掌握定词汇量惯表达法
(三)意义连贯
文章层次分明条理清楚文间词词句句间连贯前呼应文章结构严谨思路清晰条理
面段落篇文章第三段文章标题：Good Health提纲1Importance of good health2Ways to keep fit3My own practice根第三段提纲做法考生样写：
I don＇t eat meat muchEvery morning I take the long run and in my spare time I like playing tennis and volleyballIn this way I keep good health and lead a happy life
段基切题包括提纲点表达基清楚表达够连贯第句话读起感觉突然分析第句作者没意思表达清楚作者吃肉定含样意思：饮食素淡吃蔬菜水果吃肉少果层意思写出文章连贯性体现出作者第二句体育锻炼方面表明保持健康应段中层意思里加渡词会文章渡然流畅请面修改段落：
As for me(1)I enjoy a good health as I keep a simple diet with more vegetablesfruit and less meatMoreoverI do some exercises whenever I have time such as long distance runningplaying tennis or volleyballAs a result(2)I have been a top student all through the four years in the universitySo good health is important to everyone(3)
(1)发挥承启作没样介词短语第二段渡第三段会显生硬(2)起连贯作述两方面保持健康方法介绍完应该进步写出产生结果结果全段总结概括(3)文章标题开头起首尾呼应作
(四)重语法错误
重语法错误般指时态致语谓语单复数形式致词等问题存说明考生时英语学中少练写作甚没写作文出现种样语法错误理解考生应考前进行方面训练语法错误实践中纠正面举例常见错误
病句分析：
1So colleg e provid e the best condition for students
句谓语致句子意思泛指学学生提供学环境里语college应变复数类错误极常见
2Going to college does not followed that We＇ll have a splendid future句语现分词短语全句意思：学表示未定会光辉灿烂
does not应动词原型follow
3Secondhave a part time job for poor student is a good way to help reduce his family burden
句中两处错误have a part time job直接作语改定式作语to have a part time job者动名词作语having a part time job第二处错误poor student普通名词前应冠词athe前面没冠词名词应复数形式里选定冠词a poor student者poor students句中半句中his呼应改a poor student
4In recent yearsfake goods have been discovered more and more in the market
第四句中文式英文考生作文中常见错误英语惯改More and more fake goods have been discovered in the market in recent years
5The first hand I think is that law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced
第五句中The first hand错应改On the one handI think插入成分写作中应量样插入成分law前应冠词句修改：On the one handa law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced
二写作技巧
篇短文应该观点明确思路清晰述力准确语言正确文字简洁流畅连贯结构严谨短文段落组成写段落写短文关键
段落组成分三部分题句(Topic Sentence)推展句(Development Sentences)结句(Concluding Sentence)面分三方面进行详解
()题句
1题句作
题句全段核心句读者通题句解段落中心思想题句限制话题谈范围表明段落展开方方法英语文章中围绕题句展开段落面两段摘1995年阅读试题
A job applicant has the responsibility for ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview Firstthe applicant should know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objectiveIt is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular companySecondthe applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the companyRelevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of the home and regional officesthe financial status of the companyplans for expansionand company philosophyInformation about most major corporations is available in reference books and periodicals
段第句段落题句句子意：申请工作接受面试前责解某方面信息题句中关键词ascertaining certain types of information紧接着文章围绕题句两方面展开述申请应解两类信息
If Europeans thought a drought was something that happened only in Africathey know better now After four years of belownormal rainfall (in some cases only 10 percent of the annual average) vast areas of
FranceSpainPortugalBelgiumBritain and Ireland are dry and barren Water is so low in the canals of northern France that waterway traffic is forbidden except on weekendsOyster growers in Britain report a 30 percent drop in production because of the loss of fresh water in local rivers necessary for oyster breedingIn southeastern Englandthe rolling green hills of Kent have turned so brown that officials have been weighing plans to pipe in water from walesIn Portugalfarmers in the southern Alentejo region have held prayer meetings for rainso farin vain
段中第二句题句点明全段中心思想：四年法国西班牙葡萄牙利时英国爱尔兰降雨量低常年国家广区严重缺水面句围绕题展开
面两段中英语段落中心思想述该段中心思想关容应起段
2题句位置
题句位置段首：
London＇s weather is very strange It can rain several times a dayeach time the rain may come suddenly after the sun is shining brightlyThe air is damp(潮湿)and chill(冷)right through JulyOn one March afternoon on Hampton Heath last year it rained three timesthere was one hail(冰雹)stormand the sun shone brilliantlyall this within two hours＇s timeIt is not unusual to see men and women rushing down the street on a sunny morning with umbrellas on their armsNo one knows what the next few moments will bring
题句位置段落中间：
Just as I settle down to read or watch televisionhe demands that I play with himIf I get a telephone callhe screams in the background or knocks something overI always have to hang up to find out what＇s wrong with him Babysitting with my little brother is no fun He refuses to let me eat a snack(快餐)in peaceUsually he wants half of whatever I have to eatThenwhen he finally grows tiredit takes about an hour for him to fall asleep
题句位置段尾：
Doctors are of the opinion that most people cannot live beyond 100 yearsbut a growing number of scientists believe that the aging process can be controlledThere are more than 12 000 Americans over 100 years oldand their numbers are increasing each yearDrJames Langley of Chicago claims thattheoretically and under ideal(
理想)conditionsanimalsincluding mancan live six times longer than their normal period of growthA person＇s period of growth lasts about 25 yearsIf DrLangley＇s theory is accurate(准确) future generations can expect a life span(寿命)of 150 years
题句位置段首段尾时出现：
Good manners are important in all countriesbut ways of expressing good
manners are different from country to country Americans eat with knives and forks(叉)Japanese eat with chopsticks(筷子)Americans sayHiwhen they meetJapanese bowMany American men open doors for womenJapanese men do notOn the surfaceit appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japanand in a way this is trueBut in any countrythe only manners that are important are those involving one person＇s behavior toward another personIn all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country
(4段摘学英语精读课)
题句出现段落首尾完全写作需定般说写样100词短文题句放段首更利考生扣准中心思想展开述
3样写题句
题句段落中着举足轻重作写题句写段落关键构思题句时注意三方面：
(1)题句首先应完整句子词组修饰成分作题句：More burdens完整句子Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text较题句
(2)题句应太笼统概括：William Shakespeare is great句话笼统段落展开没指导限定作作题句改：William Shakespeare wrote several historic plays文围绕莎氏历史剧展开述
(3)题句太具体：The dictionary is small句子果太琐碎具体失进步展开意义
(4)段题句应相互应No Smoking题作文中段题句分：Smoking is harmful
Smoking does not only harm the smokers but also people around themThereforesmoking is a bad habit
第二段题句not onlybut also连接词语沟通两段容第三段Therefore起承启作全篇融体
(二)段落展开
展开段落方法种里仅介绍种常方法
1纳法演绎法进行述
纳法展开段落指段落中先引具体事实进行阐述说进出结演绎法般推出特殊情况结
面段落纳法展开段落句结题句
And that is exactly what reading a book should be：a conversation between you and the autherPresumablyhe knows more about the subject than you donaturallyyou will have the proper humility as you approach himBut don＇t let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving endUnderstanding is a twoway operationlearning doesn＇t consist in being an empty receptacleThe learner has to question himself and the teacherHe even has to argue with the teacheronce he understands what the teacher is sayingAnd marking a book is literally an expression of your
differencesor agreements of opinionwith the author
2重性展开段落
思想事实理重性先次序进行述次重重次重面段落次重重方法进行述作者首先指出(医生)病撒谎仅医生会伤害事进会损整医疗事业
Lies also do harm to those who tell themharm to their integrity andin the long runto their credibilityLies hurt their colleagues as wellThe suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patiensit contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of defen sive medicineand thus it injuresin turnthe entire medical profession
3较法进行述
般说较指事物相方面进行较指事物差异方面面两段采方法两段口头英语书面英语方面作较两段观点应：Oral English is imformal while written English is comparatively formal观点外两段间unlike oral Englsh承接段落渡然强烈
First of alloral English is usually considered informalSo no matter how poor one＇s language is and how strange and foreign one＇s pronunciation isit seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understoodSecondlyas to the audiencethey are only interested in grasping the meaningnot actually mindor even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makesFurthermoreoral English is also regarded adaptableWhen we cannot express something preciselywe may give the explanation of it insteador correct the mistakes on the spotSo oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding
Unlike oral Englishwritten English is comparatively formalIt requires good spelling and perfect grammarPoor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficultyThey would be confused about what writers are getting atIn additiononce the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concernedwriters can no longer make any changesTo avoid thisone has to pay much attention to spellingpractise grammer and write clearlyconstructed paragraphsAs a result it will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English
4时间先进行述
时间先次序展开段落完全事物实际发展时间先进行述：面两段时间序介绍鹿生长程着夏季天天着秋冬鹿新陈代谢着季节推移变化
As the summer progresses and the fawns growthey become less dependent on their mother＇s milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sourcesThe adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fatBoth males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall insgroupsto deposit body fat for the winterIn the case of does and fawnsa great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growingand fat is
not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown malesFat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow As fall turnssintoswinterother changes take placeFawns lose their spotted coatHair on all the deer becomes darker and thickerThe change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when winter becomes cold
5空间序展开段落
空间次序进行述应序远远事物进行描写面例子描写幅美丽宁静夜景作者先描写空中月亮洒月光写湖四周风摇曳树枝青蛙声读者引湖中央结尾讲：迷夜晚段落文字简洁流畅序空间序写外写里读者时练中注意模仿
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根职员研究生毕业等学力申请硕士学位外国语课程水统考试纲规定求考生具备定写作力30分钟求写出篇100～120词短文形式提纲写短文描述图表写容提概述等题15分
评分标准
写作评分标准围绕四方面评判：1容切题2正确表达思想3意义连贯4重语法错误批改作文时容语言两方面进行综合评判容语言统体作文应表达题目规定容容通语言表达作文否切题否充分表达思想语言错误否造成理解障碍密切关系面评分标准四方面分加说明
()容切题
目前常见作文题目中容切题般包括两方面写作容围绕题目规定话题展开A Fiveday Week(五天工作制)文章容应围绕五天工作制进行述关容跑题处种现象见二作文题中包括提纲：
Fire Accidents in Big Cities
Outline：
1Present Situation
2Causes
3Measures
种带提纲作文题目仅求考生根标题写作根提纲规定容范围展开段落思路发挥考生方面出问题较1994年考研作文题：On Making Friends(交友)三段提纲分：1The need for friends 2True Friendship 3My principle in making friends第三段提纲求考生围绕交友原进行议然考生段中样写道：
The former paragraph has shown my principle in making friends in some wayFurthermorewhat I want to say is that one good friend is enough该考生应放第三段中述容写第二段中第三段没容写类命题作文求考生规定求写作想法意更改写段作文考生
仅第三段没扣题第二段没做容切题篇容切题作文应围绕题目段扣准提纲真正符合容切题求面段学生作文第三段容切题恰扣住交友原写作求：
When I choose friendsI do not care what work they do or what social background they are frombut I do notice those little things which reveal one＇s charactersI would make sure that we really care for each otherso that no matter how much time goes by without seeing each otherI know my friends will always be thereready to help if I need themAnd I know we are true friends indeed
(二)正确表达思想
篇短文读者目然文章思路应清楚逻辑性强准确表达作者思想请面两段：
Have you a bikeTaking a bike is a good waymost people thinkBut in university it seems not as good as other placesBikes are possible to be stolen now and thenHaving a bike isn＇t always good enough for us to buy
one
段作者思路紊乱清字里行间仅许语病没思想表达清楚读知作者表达什思想观点样段落0分请段：
It is very convenient to use bikes in ChinaBikes don＇need fuelnor a garage or a large parking lotBikes can go through narrow streets and their prices are lowSo bikes are the most popular vehicles in China today
段作者简单词汇简洁语言清楚思路正确表达思想读者观刻领会作者思想
正确表达思想考生应掌握写作技巧写段落题句展开段落方法写段尾句等外应掌握定词汇量惯表达法
(三)意义连贯
文章层次分明条理清楚文间词词句句间连贯前呼应文章结构严谨思路清晰条理
面段落篇文章第三段文章标题：Good Health提纲1Importance of good health2Ways to keep fit3My own practice根第三段提纲做法考生样写：
I don＇t eat meat muchEvery morning I take the long run and in my spare time I like playing tennis and volleyballIn this way I keep good health and lead a happy life
段基切题包括提纲点表达基清楚表达够连贯第句话读起感觉突然分析第句作者没意思表达清楚作者吃肉定含样意思：饮食素淡吃蔬菜水果吃肉少果层意思写出文章连贯性体现出作者第二句体育锻炼方面表明保持健康应段中层意思里加渡词会文章渡然流畅请面修改段落：
As for me(1)I enjoy a good health as I keep a simple diet with more vegetablesfruit and less meatMoreoverI do some exercises whenever I have time such as long distance runningplaying tennis or volleyballAs a result(2)I have been a top student all through the four years in the universitySo good health is important to everyone(3)
(1)发挥承启作没样介词短语第二段渡第三段会显生硬(2)起连贯作述两方面保持健康方法介绍完应该进步写出产生结果结果全段总结概括(3)文章标题开头起首尾呼应作
(四)重语法错误
重语法错误般指时态致语谓语单复数形式致词等问题存说明考生时英语学中少练写作甚没写作文出现种样语法错误理解考生应考前进行方面训练语法错误实践中纠正面举例常见错误
病句分析：
1So colleg e provid e the best condition for students
句谓语致句子意思泛指学学生提供学环境里语college应变复数类错误极常见
2Going to college does not followed that We＇ll have a splendid future句语现分词短语全句意思：学表示未定会光辉灿烂
does not应动词原型follow
3Secondhave a part time job for poor student is a good way to help reduce his family burden
句中两处错误have a part time job直接作语改定式作语to have a part time job者动名词作语having a part time job第二处错误poor student普通名词前应冠词athe前面没冠词名词应复数形式里选定冠词a poor student者poor students句中半句中his呼应改a poor student
4In recent yearsfake goods have been discovered more and more in the market
第四句中文式英文考生作文中常见错误英语惯改More and more fake goods have been discovered in the market in recent years
5The first hand I think is that law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced
第五句中The first hand错应改On the one handI think插入成分写作中应量样插入成分law前应冠词句修改：On the one handa law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced
二写作技巧
篇短文应该观点明确思路清晰述力准确语言正确文字简洁流畅连贯结构严谨短文段落组成写段落写短文关键
段落组成分三部分题句(Topic Sentence)推展句(Development Sentences)结句(Concluding Sentence)面分三方面进行详解
()题句
1题句作
题句全段核心句读者通题句解段落中心思想题句限制话题谈范围表明段落展开方方法英语文章中围绕题句展开段落面两段摘1995年阅读试题
A job applicant has the responsibility for ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview Firstthe applicant should know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objectiveIt is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular companySecondthe applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the companyRelevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of the home and regional officesthe financial status of the companyplans for expansionand company philosophyInformation about most major corporations is available in reference books and periodicals
段第句段落题句句子意：申请工作接受面试前责解某方面信息题句中关键词ascertaining certain types of information紧接着文章围绕题句两方面展开述申请应解两类信息
If Europeans thought a drought was something that happened only in Africathey know better now After four years of belownormal rainfall (in some cases only 10 percent of the annual average) vast areas of
FranceSpainPortugalBelgiumBritain and Ireland are dry and barren Water is so low in the canals of northern France that waterway traffic is forbidden except on weekendsOyster growers in Britain report a 30 percent drop in production because of the loss of fresh water in local rivers necessary for oyster breedingIn southeastern Englandthe rolling green hills of Kent have turned so brown that officials have been weighing plans to pipe in water from walesIn Portugalfarmers in the southern Alentejo region have held prayer meetings for rainso farin vain
段中第二句题句点明全段中心思想：四年法国西班牙葡萄牙利时英国爱尔兰降雨量低常年国家广区严重缺水面句围绕题展开
面两段中英语段落中心思想述该段中心思想关容应起段
2题句位置
题句位置段首：
London＇s weather is very strange It can rain several times a dayeach time the rain may come suddenly after the sun is shining brightlyThe air is damp(潮湿)and chill(冷)right through JulyOn one March afternoon on Hampton Heath last year it rained three timesthere was one hail(冰雹)stormand the sun shone brilliantlyall this within two hours＇s timeIt is not unusual to see men and women rushing down the street on a sunny morning with umbrellas on their armsNo one knows what the next few moments will bring
题句位置段落中间：
Just as I settle down to read or watch televisionhe demands that I play with himIf I get a telephone callhe screams in the background or knocks something overI always have to hang up to find out what＇s wrong with him Babysitting with my little brother is no fun He refuses to let me eat a snack(快餐)in peaceUsually he wants half of whatever I have to eatThenwhen he finally grows tiredit takes about an hour for him to fall asleep
题句位置段尾：
Doctors are of the opinion that most people cannot live beyond 100 yearsbut a growing number of scientists believe that the aging process can be controlledThere are more than 12 000 Americans over 100 years oldand their numbers are increasing each yearDrJames Langley of Chicago claims thattheoretically and under ideal(
理想)conditionsanimalsincluding mancan live six times longer than their normal period of growthA person＇s period of growth lasts about 25 yearsIf DrLangley＇s theory is accurate(准确) future generations can expect a life span(寿命)of 150 years
题句位置段首段尾时出现：
Good manners are important in all countriesbut ways of expressing good
manners are different from country to country Americans eat with knives and forks(叉)Japanese eat with chopsticks(筷子)Americans sayHiwhen they meetJapanese bowMany American men open doors for womenJapanese men do notOn the surfaceit appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japanand in a way this is trueBut in any countrythe only manners that are important are those involving one person＇s behavior toward another personIn all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country
(4段摘学英语精读课)
题句出现段落首尾完全写作需定般说写样100词短文题句放段首更利考生扣准中心思想展开述
3样写题句
题句段落中着举足轻重作写题句写段落关键构思题句时注意三方面：
(1)题句首先应完整句子词组修饰成分作题句：More burdens完整句子Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text较题句
(2)题句应太笼统概括：William Shakespeare is great句话笼统段落展开没指导限定作作题句改：William Shakespeare wrote several historic plays文围绕莎氏历史剧展开述
(3)题句太具体：The dictionary is small句子果太琐碎具体失进步展开意义
(4)段题句应相互应No Smoking题作文中段题句分：Smoking is harmful
Smoking does not only harm the smokers but also people around themThereforesmoking is a bad habit
第二段题句not onlybut also连接词语沟通两段容第三段Therefore起承启作全篇融体
(二)段落展开
展开段落方法种里仅介绍种常方法
1纳法演绎法进行述
纳法展开段落指段落中先引具体事实进行阐述说进出结演绎法般推出特殊情况结
面段落纳法展开段落句结题句
And that is exactly what reading a book should be：a conversation between you and the autherPresumablyhe knows more about the subject than you donaturallyyou will have the proper humility as you approach himBut don＇t let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving endUnderstanding is a twoway operationlearning doesn＇t consist in being an empty receptacleThe learner has to question himself and the teacherHe even has to argue with the teacheronce he understands what the teacher is sayingAnd marking a book is literally an expression of your
differencesor agreements of opinionwith the author
2重性展开段落
思想事实理重性先次序进行述次重重次重面段落次重重方法进行述作者首先指出(医生)病撒谎仅医生会伤害事进会损整医疗事业
Lies also do harm to those who tell themharm to their integrity andin the long runto their credibilityLies hurt their colleagues as wellThe suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patiensit contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of defen sive medicineand thus it injuresin turnthe entire medical profession
3较法进行述
般说较指事物相方面进行较指事物差异方面面两段采方法两段口头英语书面英语方面作较两段观点应：Oral English is imformal while written English is comparatively formal观点外两段间unlike oral Englsh承接段落渡然强烈
First of alloral English is usually considered informalSo no matter how poor one＇s language is and how strange and foreign one＇s pronunciation isit seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understoodSecondlyas to the audiencethey are only interested in grasping the meaningnot actually mindor even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makesFurthermoreoral English is also regarded adaptableWhen we cannot express something preciselywe may give the explanation of it insteador correct the mistakes on the spotSo oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding
Unlike oral Englishwritten English is comparatively formalIt requires good spelling and perfect grammarPoor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficultyThey would be confused about what writers are getting atIn additiononce the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concernedwriters can no longer make any changesTo avoid thisone has to pay much attention to spellingpractise grammer and write clearlyconstructed paragraphsAs a result it will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English
4时间先进行述
时间先次序展开段落完全事物实际发展时间先进行述：面两段时间序介绍鹿生长程着夏季天天着秋冬鹿新陈代谢着季节推移变化
As the summer progresses and the fawns growthey become less dependent on their mother＇s milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sourcesThe adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fatBoth males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall insgroupsto deposit body fat for the winterIn the case of does and fawnsa great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growingand fat is
not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown malesFat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow As fall turnssintoswinterother changes take placeFawns lose their spotted coatHair on all the deer becomes darker and thickerThe change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when winter becomes cold
5空间序展开段落
空间次序进行述应序远远事物进行描写面例子描写幅美丽宁静夜景作者先描写空中月亮洒月光写湖四周风摇曳树枝青蛙声读者引湖中央结尾讲：迷夜晚段落文字简洁流畅序空间序写外写里读者时练中注意模仿
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