阅读汇编
(C)
To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf’s declaration that social change exists everywhere Technology the application of knowledge for practical ends is a major source of social change
Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation it does not exist naturally A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts neither is much more than a solid mass of matter For a bird looking for an object on which to rest a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology they provide cases in which wellplanned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right Since technology is a human creation we are responsible for what is done with it Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces But they have been saying this for decades and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain Clearly the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination
Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do There are those who assert that the switch to an informationbased economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones particularly the Industrial Revolution Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution we find that it was not file machines The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change It gave rise to mass production and through mass production to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few
In somewhat similar fashion computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods it is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society
63 Why does the author give the examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl
A To show that technology could be used to destroy our world
B To stress the author’s concern about the safety of complex technology
C To prove that technology usually goes wrong if not controlled by man
D To demonstrate that being a human creation technology is likely to make an error
64 What does the phrase went haywire in paragraph 2 most probably mean
A went out of range
B went out of date
C fell out of use
D got out of control
65 According to the author the introduction of the computer is revolution mainly because ________
A the computer has revolutionized the workings of the human mind
B the computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people before
C it has helped to switch to an information technology
D it has a great potential impact on society
66 In the passage the author clearly shows his ________
A Keen insight into the nature of technology
B Sharp criticism of the role of the Industrial Revolution
C Thorough analysis of the replacement of the human mind by computers
D Comprehensive description of the negative consequences of technology
DDDA
(C)
One often hears that children should arrive at school ready to learn For most children the acquisition of reading and math skills starts in the first grade In states where kindergarten is compulsoryit begins even earlier
Many parents teachers and politicians maintain that preschool is the best way to prepare children to learn There is no real consensus(致)however about how this preparation should be achieved
For some early childhood education relates to the development of the whole child They think that preschool should encourage exploration and discovery Group activities teach positive social behaviors such as sharing kindness and patience Time spent alone encourages independence Learning letters and counting is important only for children who show an interest in them Advocates of this approach stress that each child is unique and should learn at his or her own pace
Other people refer to research showing that children are ready to absorb basic academic concepts by age 3 or 4They claim that early introduction to letters and numbers lays the foundation for later academic excellence Since the 1980smany people have stressed the value of preschool and point to the success of programssuch as Head Startthat target lowincome children
Is there proof that an academic curriculum in preschool will lead to academic success Studies have not been conclusive In the shot term evidence suggests that middleclass children who attend preschool are ahead of their peers in maths and language skills as well as in social skills when they enter school However the same studies show that the gap narrows considerably by the time children reach age 8
Children living in poverty are a different matter Those enrolled in programs such as Head Start seem to do better than povertystricken children who do not attend a preschool For instance youngsters in one group enrolled in the progarm tracked until the age of 21earned higher scores on intelligence tests were most likely to graduate from high school and demonstrated more interest in higher education
The idea of public preschool raises many issues Providing Head Start for all children would be a financial burden on communities that already struggle to fund current school programs Also where would a sufficient number of teachers trained in early childhood development be found
68 Advocates of the development of the whole child believe that school readiness is________
A showing strong eagerness in exploration and discovery
B Learning basic skillssuch a knowing letters and counting
C Showing great interest in basic academic concepts
D Demonstration of intellectualsocial and emotional skills
69 According to the passageHead Start is most probably_______
A a preschool program that supports disabled children to learn
B A program that helps poor children receive better education
C an organization that aims to improve current school programs
D a program that helps remove the academic burden in preschool
70Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A preschool benefits middleclass children more than poor children
B Most children start school with similar language and social skills
C Providing Head Start for all children has encountered great difficulties
D All children are ready to absorb basic academic concepts by age 3 or 4
71Which of the following may best summarize the main idea of the passage
A An academic curriculum in preschool will lead to academic success
B Preschool is helpfuldespite the disagreement about what it should offer
C Children enrolled in preschool demonstrate more interest in learning
D Preschool education shouldn’t be a financial burden on communities
68 D 69B 70C 71B
(C)
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by untaught minds to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents Sir Alexander Fleming did not as legend would have it look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error Innovation is like soccer even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach Everybody gets ideas but innovators work consciously on theirs and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions professional innovators see as solid possibilities
Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there＇ s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done wrote Rudolph Flexh a language authority this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient How come nobody thought of that before
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything Faced with getting from A to B the average person will automatically set out on the bestknown and apparently simplest route The innovator will search for alternate courses which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer
63What does the author probably mean by untaught mind in the first paragraph
A An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident
B A person who has had no education
CA citizen of a society that retires personal creativity
DA person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation
64According to the author what distinguishes innovators from noninnovators
A The way they present their findings
B The way they deal with problems
C The intelligence they process
D The variety of ideas they have
65 The phrase march to a different drummer (the last line of the passage) suggests that
highly creative individuals are__
Aunwilling to follow common ways of doing things
Bdiligent in pursuing their goals
Cconcerned about the advance of society
Ddevoted to the progress of science
66 The most suitable title for this passage might be______
AThe Relation Between Creation and Diligence
B To be a Creative Expert in the Study of Human Creativity
CWhat Are So Special about Creative Individuals
DDiscoveries and Innovation
DBAC
( C)
I＇ll admit I＇ve never quite understood the obsession（难破成见）surrounding genetically modified (GM) crops To environmentalist opponents GM foods are simply evil an understudied possibly harmful tool used by big agricultural businesses to control global seed markets and crush local farmers They argue that GM foods have never delivered on their supposed promise that money spent on GM crops would be better channeled to organic farming and that consumers should be protected with warning labels on any products that contain genetically modified ingredients To supporters GM crops are a key part of the effort to sustainably provide food to meet a growing global population But more than that supporters see the GM opposition of many environmentalists as fundamentally antiscience no different than those who question the basics of manmade climate change
For both sides GM foods seem to act as a symbol you＇re proagricultural business or antiscience But science is exactly what we need more of when it comes to GM foods which is why I was happy to see Nature devote a special series of articles to the GM food controversy The conclusion while GM crops haven＇t yet realized their initial promise and have been dominated by agricultural businesses there is reason to continue to use and develop them to help meet the enormous challenge of sustainably feeding a growing planet
That doesn＇t mean GM crops are perfect or a onesizefitsall solution to global agriculture problems But anything that can increase farming efficiencythe amount of crops we can produce per acre of landwill be extremely useful GM crops can and almost certainly will be part of that suite of tools＇ but so will traditional plant breeding improved soil and crop managementand perhaps most important of all better storage and transport infrastructure（基础设施） especially in the developing world (It doesn＇t do much good for farmers in places like subSaharan Africa to produce more food if they can＇t get it to hungry consumers) I＇d like to see more nonindustry research done on GM crops—not just because we＇d worry less about bias but also because seed companies like Monsanto and Pioneer shouldn＇t be the only entities working to harness genetic modification I＇d like to see GM research on less commercial crops like com I don＇t think it＇s vital to label GM ingredients in food but I also wouldn＇t be against itand industry would be smart to go along with labeling just as a way of removing fears about the technology
Most of all though I wish a tenth of the energy that＇s spent endlessly debating GM crops was focused on those more pressing challenges for global agriculture There are much bigger battles to fight
73 How do environmentalist opponents view GM foods according to the passage
A) They will eventually ruin agriculture and the environment
B) They are used by big businesses to monopolize agriculture
C) They have proved potentially harmful to consumers＇ health
D) They pose a tremendous threat to current farming practice
74 What does the author say is vital to solving the controversy between the two sides of the debate
A) Breaking the GM food monopoly B) More friendly exchange of ideas
C) Regulating GM food production D) More scientific research on GM crops
75 What is the author＇s view on the solution to agricultural problems
A) It has to depend more and more on GM technology
B) It is vital to the sustainable development of human society
C) GM crops should be allowed until better alternatives are found
D) Whatever is useful to boost farming efficiency should be encouraged
76 What does the author think of the ongoing debate around GM crops
A) It arises out of ignorance of and prejudice against new science
B) It distracts the public attention from other key issues of the world
C) Efforts spent on it should be turned to more urgent issues of agriculture
D) Neither side is likely to give in until more convincing evidence is found
73 B 74D 75D 76C
(C)
Yang Yuanqing Lenovo’s boss hardly spoke a word of English until he was about 40 But when Lenovo bought IBM’s personalcomputer division in 2005 he decided to immerse himself in English he moved his family to North Carolina hired a language tutor and spent hours watching cableTV news He conducted all his business in English except for briefing for the Chinese press
Lenovo is one of a growing number of multinationals from the nonAnglophone world that have made English their official language The fashion began in places with small populations but global ambitions such as Singapore which kept English as its lingua franca (通语) when it left the British empire n 1963 and Switzerland Goran Lindahl a former boss of ABB a SwissSwedish engineering giant once described its official language as poor English d its official language as poor English The practice spread to the big European countries numerous German and French multinationals now use English in board meetings and official documents Audi may use a German phrase—Vorsprung durch Technik or progress through engineering—in its advertisements but it is impossible to progress through its management ranks without good English When Christoph Franz became boss of Lufthansa in 2011 he made English its official language even though all but a handful of the airline’s 50 most senior managers were German
There are some obvious reasons why multinational companies want a lingua franca Adopting English makes it easier to recruit global stars (including board members) reach global markets assemble global production teams and integrate foreign acquisitions Such steps are especially important to companies in Japan where the population is shrinking
There are less obvious reasons too Rakuten’s boss Hiroshi Mikitani argues that English promotes free thinking because it is free from the status distinctions which characterise Japanese and other Asian languages Antonella MeiPochtler of the Boston Consulting Group notes that German firms get through their business much faster in English than in laborious German English can provide a neutral language in a merger(合成公司) when Germany’s Hoechst and France’s RhnePoulenc combined in 1999 to create Aventis they decided it would be run in English in part to avoid choosing between their respective languages
Tsedal Neeley of Harvard Business School says that Englishnisation a word she borrows from Mr Mikitani can stir up a hornet’s nest (马蜂窝)of emotions Slow learners lose their selfconfidence worry about their job security Cliques(团体) of the fluent and the nonfluent can develop So can lawsuits in 2004 workers at a French subsidiary of GE took it to court for requiring them to read internal documents in English the firm received a hefty fine In all a policy designed to bring employees together can all too easily have the opposite effect
63 Why does the author mention Yang Yuanqing in the first para
A To argue against a viewpoint B To introduce the topic
C To illustrate a received opinion D To raise a question
64 Which of the following is TRUE about Audi according to the passage？
A German is seldom used in its advertisements
B Most of its senior managers are based on Germany
C Employees who can’t speak English are less likely to be promoted
D It is an auto maker most famous for the technology that it has developed
65 Why do multinational companies adopt English
A English makes it easier for them to go global
B English is most widely used in advanced countries
C English bridges the gap between managers from different countries
D English helps them to distinguish between junior and senior employees
66 Tsedal Neeley is most likely to argue that ___
A using English as a company’s official language may not achieve its intended purpose
B emotional anxiety is very common in a company before English is officially used
C slow learners shouldn’t be punished in an Englishspeaking company
D it is better for internal documents to be written in English
6366 BCAA
(C)
A recent case in Australia shows how easily fear can frustrate an informant’s good intentions In December a woman wrote anonymously to the country’s antitrust watchdog the ACCC alleging that her employer was colluding with others in breach of the Trade Practices Act Her evidence was sufficient to suggest to the ACCC that fines of A＄10m could be imposed on a large company But the agency needed more details So just before Christmas it advertised extensively to try and persuade the woman to come forward again Some days later her husband rang the ACCC but he hung up before disclosing vital information Now the agency is trying to contact the couple again
In America there is some evidence that the events of September 11th have made people more publicspirited and more inclined to blow the whistle The Government Accountability Project a Washingtonbased group received 27 reproaches from potential informants in the three months before September 11th and 66 in the three months after Many of these complaints were about security issues They included a Federal Aviation Administration employee who claimed that the agency had repeatedly failed to respond to known cases of security violations at airports
Legislation to give greater protection to people who expose corporate or government misbehavior externally (after having received no satisfaction internally) is being introduced in a number of countries In America it focuses on informants among federal employees According to Billy Garde a lawyer who was a member of BP’s Alaska inquiry team they have less rights than prisoners A bill introduced last year by Senator Daniel Akaka to improve protection for them is currently stuck in congressional committees
In Britain the came fully into force last year Described by one American as the most farreaching informant protection in the world it treats informants as witnesses acting in the public interest This separates them from people who are merely pursuing a personal grievance But even in Britain the protection is limited Rupert Walker a fund manager was fired by Govett Investments in September 2001 for expressing concerns in the Financial Times about a group of people of investment trusts that invest in each other
63 What does the author most probably think about what the ACCC did to the woman
A Inconsistent B Disheartening C Unreasonable D Bureaucratic
64 It can be inferred that the Federal Aviation Administration employee________
A had repeatedly complained to his employer B did not get any response from his employer
C was concerned about public security D because brave after the 911 disaster
65 According to the third paragraph informants among the American federal employees___________
A disclose misbehavior externally when they are disappointed internally
B get more protection than people who disclose the misbehavior externally
C have less rights than prisoners
D get as much protection as before
66 Britain’s protection to informants is not perfect in that ___________
A the Public Interest Disclosure Act came fully into force only last year
B it treats informants as witnesses acting in the public interest
C informants are threatened with the possibility of losing their jobs
D informants are considered as merely pursuing a personal complaint
63 B 64 C 65 D 66 C
C
The study of psychology is facing a crisis The Research Excellence Framework (the Ref) has led to a research culture which is holding back attempts to stabilize psychology in particular and science in general The Ref encourages universities to push for groundbreaking innovative and exciting research in the form of 4* papers but it does not reward the efforts of those who replicate studies
The point of replicating a study is to test whether a statistically significant result will appear again if the experiments is repeated Of course a similar result may not appear – casting into questions the validity of the results from the first experiment
Last year the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from highly ranked psychological journalists While 97 of the original studies had a statistically significant result just 36 of the replications had the same outcome Equally worrying when an effect did appear it was often much smaller than previously thought
Recent data calls into question some widely influential findings in psychological science These problems are not confined to psychology however – many findings published in scientific literature may actually be false
Science is supposed to be selfcorrecting and reproducibility is a cornerstone of the scientific method Yet we simply aren’t invested in replicating findings We all want to be good researchers and understand more about how the world works So why are we so reluctant to check our conclusions are valid
Because no incentive is provided by the system we carry out our research in In the UK the Ref ranks the published works of researchers according to their originality (how innovative is the research) significance (does it have practical or commercial importance) and rigour (is the research technically right) Outputs are then awarded one to four stars 4* papers are considered worldleading The cumulative total of 3* and 4* papers determines research funding allocation and has a knockon effect on institutional position in league tables (排名表) and therefore attractiveness to students Obviously the more publications the better
Worrying many academics admit to engaging in at least one questionable research practice in order to achieve publication Examples of this include coming up with a theory after data is collected stopping collecting data when an effect appears in case it disappears later or only reporting the significant effects from collected data Others simply fabricate data – Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel shockingly falsified data from more than 50 studies
The Ref completely harms our efforts to produce a reliable body of knowledge Why The focus on originality – publications exploring new areas of research using new paradigms and avoiding testing wellestablished theories – is the exact opposite of what science needs to be doing to solve the troubling replication crisis According to Ref standards replicating an already published piece of work is simply uninteresting
With the next Ref submission just four years away many researchers are effectively faced with a choice be a good scientist or be a successful academic who gets funding and a promotion
63 What crisis the study of psychology facing
A The Ref has led to a revolution in not only psychology but also science
B The universities are encouraged to generate more groundbreaking research
C The Ref tends to set up a different standard for replications of studies
D The Ref’s indifference to replications of studies has led to worrying effects
64 The Ref’s focus on originality has brought about
A a reliable body of knowledge
B publications exploring new areas
C tests of wellestablished theories
D uninteresting replications of studies
65 We can infer from the passage that the Ref
A is a system for assessing the quality of research in UK universities
B provides UK researchers with funding and job opportunities
C recognizes researchers’ work and adds to their attractiveness to students
D is planning to change its standard before the next Ref submission
66 What does the writer mean by saying be a good scientist
A Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis
B Reform the standards that have been set up by the Ref
C Give up possible funding and promotion given by universities
D Avoid using false research practices to test old theories
（C）DBAA
(C)
The definition of the standard kilogram is fundamentally imperfect Getting the definition right is a challenge that has tried the patience and intelligence of scientists for decades
Scientists use just seven basic units to define all the other quantities we use quantities such as speed density or electric power All of those basic units except the kilogram are themselves defined in terms of natural properties that are beyond human control
For example the standard second (time) is defined as a specific number of vibration(震动) of a type of radiation released by atoms of a special metal The standard meter (length) in turn is defined as the length of the path light travels in a vacuum(真空) during a specific fraction of a second(瞬间)
Not so the kilogram This orphan of the basic unit family is simply the mass of a small platinumiridium alloy cylinder (铂铱合金筒) locked away by the international Bureau of Weighs & Measures in France
Embarrassingly the last time the copies were brought for a checkup in the 1980s officials found that some copies had gained about 20 parts per billion in weight compared to the master cylinder since the previous checkup in the 1940s This implies that the master cylinder itself may be an inconstant standard
No one knows what causes the weight changes But the uncertainty can’t be tolerated when precision(精密度) in research and some manufacturing now demands accuracy to a few parts per billion
Several efforts in several different countries are under way to redefine the kilogram in terms of basic physical quantities such as counting the actual number of atoms of a specific substance in a kilogram or the electromagnetic force that balances a kilogram mass against gravity
A project of the latter type at the NIST laboratories in Gaithersburg hopes eventually to define mass in terms of electrical units So far none of these redefinition projects has borne fruit They require precision of measurement and control of experimental conditions The slightest pollution tiny vibrations or other influences even changes in weather can ruin results You’ve got to hand it to scientists who are willing to devote many years to such painstaking but fundamentally important research
56 Which of the following best paraphrases the sentence Not so the kilogram In paragraph 4
A The kilogram is not as accurate as the standard second
B The kilogram is not universally accepted in the world
C The kilogram is not defined in terms of natural properties
D The kilogram is not well defined as time and length
57 Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the passage
A Experiments are being carried out to redefine the kilogram
B The uncertainty in the standard kilogram can seriously affect some research
C The redefinition of the standard kilogram is quite complicated
D Scientists will achieve success in redefining the kilogram in the near future
58 According to the passage to define the weight of mass in terms of electrical units _______
A is one of the best methods to redefine the kilogram
B has been accepted as the only possible redefinition project
C is not as simple as what people can understand
D has been considered by some scientists as a better approach
59 We can know from the passage that the redefinition of the kilogram is _________
A more important in keeping market honesty
B worth years of scientists’ painstaking research
C the urgent requirement of business and manufacturing
D bring about important and fruitful results
6366 CDDB
Most people don’t leave their front door unlocked and the same is true of their home WiFi networks But some believe that preventing access to your wireless Internet actually does more harm than good Peter Eckersley of the Electronic Frontier Foundation an organization devoted to defending digital rights is calling for an Open Wireless Movement and encouraging people to be socially responsible by sharing their connection Eckersley compares the current situation of lockeddown networks to finding yourself parched(干透)and thirsty while everyone around you is sipping from nice tall glasses of iced water and offers a technological solution We restrict access to our networks for two reasons to prevent other people from using up our bandwidth and to ensure our security and privacy He suggests we can still protect ourselves from both problems by using routers(路器)that share a certain amount of bandwidth in the open while also providing an encrypted(加密)connection for personal use but such technology already exists and people arent choosing to use it Perhaps the problem is not technological but legal as home users dont want to be responsible for the activities of others on their network Quite understandable really But Eckersley says that individuals can enjoy the same legal protections against liability as any other Internet access provider but the law is far from clear in this area and differs from country to country In a footnote on his article Eckersley says US law may offer protection but that didnt prevent a man who left his network open from being called a pedophile(恋童癖者)by armed police in his living room this past weekend Courts in Germany have previously ruled that people can be fined if they allow unauthorised users to access illegal materials through their connection while in the UK disputes over recent changes to the law leave the matter uncertain Perhaps these legal concerns can be overcome by turning to an unlikely rolemodel — Estonia where access to the Internet is a legal human right The country is blanketed in a network of free WiFi access points in cafes bars and other public locations allowing people to easily get online almost anywhere So who wants to open up their network first
63 What does the author say about the Electronic Frontier Foundation
A．It encourages people to share their networks
B．Its work is about protecting digital rights
C．It is advocating an Open Wireless Movement
D．Its main business is trading electronics
64 One reason leading most people to lock their network is________
A Laws protect home users of internet from responsibilities
B Internet access provides take no responsibility for their users’ illegal activities
C Home users enjoy the same right as internet access providers
D It is internet access providers who should be responsible for their user’s activities
65 What can be inferred from Eckersley’s words individualinternet access provider in para4_________ A Laws protects home users of internet from responsibilities
B Internet access providers take no responsibility for their for their user’s illegal activities
C Home users enjoy the same rights as internet access providers
D it is internet access providers who should be responsible for their user’s activities
66 What information can be got about Estonia from the passage
AIt restricts free access to internet
B Free WiFi is set up all over the country
C It is impossible for other countries to follow its suit
D its people can get free WiFi access almost everywhere
BCBD
（C）
Let’s UberFew companies offer something so popular that their name becomes a verb But that is one of the many achievements of Uber a company founded in 2009 which is now the world’s most valuable startup worth around 70 billion Its app can summon（吁求）a car in moments in more than 425 cities around the world to the fury of taxi drivers everywhere But Uber’s ambitions and the expectations extend much further using selfdriving vehicles it wants to make ridehailing so cheap and convenient that people abandon car ownership altogether Not satisfied with shaking up the present taxi business it has its eyes on the far bigger market for personal transport
Uber is not alone in this ambition Companies big and small have recognized the miraculously potential of electric selfdriving cars summoned on demand Technology firms including Apple Google and Tesla are investing heavily in autonomous vehicles from Ford to Volvo big carmakers are racing to catch up It will transform daily life as profoundly as cars did in the 20th century reinventing transport and reshaping cities while also dramatically reducing road deaths and pollution
In the short term Uber is in pole position to lead the revolution because of its dominance of chauffeured ridehailing a part of the transport market that will see some of the fastest growth The ability to summon a car using a smartphone does not just make it easy for individuals to book a cheaper taxi Ridesharing services like UberPool which put travelers heading in the same direction into one vehicle make it difficult to tell private and public transport apart This may enable customers to plan and book journeys combing trains and buses with walking and private ridesharing services Get it right and publictransport networks will be extended to cover thelast milethat takes people right to their doorsteps But in the longer term autonomous vehicles will drive the reinvention of transport
Selfdriving cars will reinforce trends unleashed by ridehailing making it cheaper and more accessible The disabled the old and the young will find it easier to go where they want As car ownership declines the enormous amount of space devoted to parking will be available for parks and housing instead
However it is still not clear which companies will ultimately dominate this world since the combination of vague rules and imperfect technology can bring about unexpected consequences as in the case of Nokia Blackberry and Kodak Even for the winners it is not clear how great the rewards will be As more firms pile into ridesharing and autonomous vehicles become part of the mix the business may prove to be less profitable than expected Once the service Uber offers becomes an essential part of urban transport infrastructure（基础建设）as it hopes it could end up being regulated more highly taxed broken up or all of the above
For now Uber is the firm to beat in the race to transform the future of personal transport Its recently restored relationship with Didi its main rival in China has removed a major distraction allowing it to devote a large sum to developing new technology Its vision is promising Yet it could prove a Moses company or might end up like Hoover lending its name to a new product category without actually dominating it But whether Uber itself wins or loses we are all on the road to Uberworld
63 According to the article which of the following is NOT the reason why many people give up the ownership of a car
A The consumers will have to buy cars at much higher prices
B They young people will easily go to any place where they’d like to
C Selfdriving cars will make ridehailing cheaper and more accessible
D The disabled and the old will find it easier to go where they want
64 The underlined wordheading（in para3）means _____
A becoming headlines B standing at the front C taking charge of D travelling towards
65 What can be inferred from the article
A Autonomous vehicles introduced by Uber have impacted the world of transportation profoundly
B Nokia was successful in dominating the market by revolutionizing rules and technology
C It may be hard for Uber to thrive if its service becomes mainstream in urban transport
D Uber is sure to reach itspromised landwith its distinct dominance the near future
66 What is the best title for the article
A Go Uber or Didi B Uberworld future personal transportation
C A new model of business D The terminator of taxi business
6366 ADCB
（C）
Symmetry in Art
Symmetry meansbalance of formsSomething that is symmetrical has equal proportions You can see examples of symmetry all around you in nature art and architecture It is med in floor placed of buildings and in designing doors windows floors and more
A picture of sense other form this is not balance is asymmetrical Artists use both symmetry and asymmetry in their work Some use symmetry to create order and harmony Others use asymmetry because they feel that life is out of balance or unfair They use their art to reflect this feeling Both symmetry and asymmetry play important roles in shaping the beauty of an object
MC Escher was an artist who enjoyed using symmetry in his prints and drawings He liked to show the order that weaves through our rich and complicated world
There are many variations of symmetry but the three most common are reflectional thranslational and rotational The most familiar type of symmetry is reflectional or mirror symmetry A butterfly and the letter T are examples of reflectional symmetry If you imagine a line going down the center of an object one side is a mirror image of the other side The letters db are an example of mirror symmetry
The second type translational symmetry represents movement of a design in a linear(直线) direction If you copy a design and put that copy right next to the original you are moving the design in a linear direction As example of translation symmetry is HelloHello
The third common type of symmetry is rotational symmetry An image has rotational symmetry if it looks the same when rotated or turn a certain number of times around a center point For example a triangle if turned three times will look like the same all three times A fourleaf clover will match itself four times as it is turned around a center point
Cubism was an art movement that broke up the geometry of space and form The Cubists create asymmetrical art to express the imperfection of human life They created their own reality by showing Cubists broke the images up so that different angles of the subject could be seen at the same time Cubism had a major impact on artists during the first decade of the 20th century and it remains one of the most famous art forms today
62 According to the article an example of reflectional symmetry would be ________
A a fourleaf clover B a banana C the letter P D a butterfly
63 The artist MC Escher used symmetry in his work to show _________
A pieces of objects and subjects B the order in the world
C many sides at the same time D the dream of human beings
64 We can infer from the information in this passage that the human body has _________
A rotational symmetry B translational symmetry
C reflectional symmetry D geometry of space and form
65 We may infer form the last paragraph that a Cubist painting________
A would be symmetrical
B would look realistic
C would show the subject from different angles
D would finally replace the art form of symmetry
66 What can we conclude from this article
A There are only three variations of symmetry
B Art that is asymmetrical does not reflect real life
C Human life is imperfection so we need artists to create beauty
D Symmetry and asymmetry are important in shaping the beauty of an object
62 D 63 B 64 C 65 C 66 D
(C)
I＇ve been writing for most of my life．The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes greatly．The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind．While you need to employ both to get to a finished result they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so．
Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us meet with．If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to seize a fleeting(稍逝)thought the thought will die．If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form no one is likely to understand．You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is．
The practice that can help you pass your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls free writing．In free writing the objective is to get words down on paper nonstop usually for 15－20 minutes．No stopping no going back no criticizing．The goal is to get the words flowing．As the words begin to flow the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen．
Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you＇ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly．Most likely you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near．
Instead of staring at a blank screen start filling it with words no matter how bad．Halfway through your available time stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product．Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices．
74 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind cannot work in parallel(Line 4 Para．1)in the writing process he means ________．
A．no one can be both creative and critical
B．they cannot be regarded as equally important
C．they are in constant conflict with each other
D．one cannot use them at the same time
75 What prevents people from writing on is ________．
A．putting their ideas in raw form
B．attempting to edit as they write
C．ignoring grammatical soundness
D．trying to capture fleeting thoughts
76One common concern of writers about free writing is that ________．
A．it overstresses the role of the creative mind
B．it takes too much time to edit afterwards
C．it may bring about too much criticism
D．it does not help them to think clearly
77 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process
A It defines his writing into better shapes
B It helps him to come up with new ideas
C It saves the writing time available to him
D It allows him to sit on the side and observe
74 D 75 B 76 B 77 A
(C)
Last summer two nineteenthcentury cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco The houses were made of wood These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil now they hold Twitter engineers
The cottages could be an example of the industry’ s odd love affair with low technology a concept associated with the natural world and with oldschool craftsmanship (手艺) that exists long before the Internet era Low technology is not virtual (虚拟) —so to take advantage of it Internet companies have had to get creative The rescued wood cottages fitted by hand in the late eighteenhundreds are an obvious example but Twitter’s designs lie on the extreme end Other companies are using a broader interpretation of low technology that focuses on nature
Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees so that employees can work and socialize in a more natural parklike setting At Google’s office an entire floor is carpeted in glass Facebook’s second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking trail
Olle Lundberg the founder of Lundberg Design has worked with many tech companies over the years We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives and our tech engineers are the ones who feel impoverished (贫乏) because they’re surrounded by the digital world he says They’re looking for a way to regain their individual identity and we’ve found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that
This craft based theory is rooted in history William Morris the English artist and writer turned back to preindustrial arts in the 1860s just after the Industrial Revolution The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines Without creative human occupation people became disconnected from life Morris said
Research has shown that natural environments can restore our mental capacities In Japan patients are encouraged to forestbathe taking walks through woods to lower their blood pressure
These health benefits apply to the workplace as well Rachel Kaplvin a professor of environmental psychology has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environment Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office—even simple views of trees and flowers—felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying If lowtech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then fine bring on the cottages
63 The writer mentions the two nineteenthcentury cottages to show that ______
A Twitter is having a hard time
B old cottages are in need of protection
C early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana
D Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology
64 Low technology is regarded as something that ______
A is related to nature B is out of date today
C consumes too much energy D exists in the virtual world
65 We can conclude from Paragraph 5 that human beings ______
A have destroyed many preindustrial arts
B have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts
C can become intelligent by learning history
D can regain their individual identity by using machines
66 The writer’s attitude to low technology can best be described as ______
A positive B defensive C cautious D doubtful
63 D 64 A 65 B 66 A
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(C)
To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf’s declaration that social change exists everywhere Technology the application of knowledge for practical ends is a major source of social change
Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation it does not exist naturally A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts neither is much more than a solid mass of matter For a bird looking for an object on which to rest a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology they provide cases in which wellplanned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right Since technology is a human creation we are responsible for what is done with it Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces But they have been saying this for decades and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain Clearly the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination
Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do There are those who assert that the switch to an informationbased economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones particularly the Industrial Revolution Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution we find that it was not file machines The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change It gave rise to mass production and through mass production to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few
In somewhat similar fashion computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods it is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society
63 Why does the author give the examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl
A To show that technology could be used to destroy our world
B To stress the author’s concern about the safety of complex technology
C To prove that technology usually goes wrong if not controlled by man
D To demonstrate that being a human creation technology is likely to make an error
64 What does the phrase went haywire in paragraph 2 most probably mean
A went out of range
B went out of date
C fell out of use
D got out of control
65 According to the author the introduction of the computer is revolution mainly because ________
A the computer has revolutionized the workings of the human mind
B the computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people before
C it has helped to switch to an information technology
D it has a great potential impact on society
66 In the passage the author clearly shows his ________
A Keen insight into the nature of technology
B Sharp criticism of the role of the Industrial Revolution
C Thorough analysis of the replacement of the human mind by computers
D Comprehensive description of the negative consequences of technology
DDDA
(C)
One often hears that children should arrive at school ready to learn For most children the acquisition of reading and math skills starts in the first grade In states where kindergarten is compulsoryit begins even earlier
Many parents teachers and politicians maintain that preschool is the best way to prepare children to learn There is no real consensus(致)however about how this preparation should be achieved
For some early childhood education relates to the development of the whole child They think that preschool should encourage exploration and discovery Group activities teach positive social behaviors such as sharing kindness and patience Time spent alone encourages independence Learning letters and counting is important only for children who show an interest in them Advocates of this approach stress that each child is unique and should learn at his or her own pace
Other people refer to research showing that children are ready to absorb basic academic concepts by age 3 or 4They claim that early introduction to letters and numbers lays the foundation for later academic excellence Since the 1980smany people have stressed the value of preschool and point to the success of programssuch as Head Startthat target lowincome children
Is there proof that an academic curriculum in preschool will lead to academic success Studies have not been conclusive In the shot term evidence suggests that middleclass children who attend preschool are ahead of their peers in maths and language skills as well as in social skills when they enter school However the same studies show that the gap narrows considerably by the time children reach age 8
Children living in poverty are a different matter Those enrolled in programs such as Head Start seem to do better than povertystricken children who do not attend a preschool For instance youngsters in one group enrolled in the progarm tracked until the age of 21earned higher scores on intelligence tests were most likely to graduate from high school and demonstrated more interest in higher education
The idea of public preschool raises many issues Providing Head Start for all children would be a financial burden on communities that already struggle to fund current school programs Also where would a sufficient number of teachers trained in early childhood development be found
68 Advocates of the development of the whole child believe that school readiness is________
A showing strong eagerness in exploration and discovery
B Learning basic skillssuch a knowing letters and counting
C Showing great interest in basic academic concepts
D Demonstration of intellectualsocial and emotional skills
69 According to the passageHead Start is most probably_______
A a preschool program that supports disabled children to learn
B A program that helps poor children receive better education
C an organization that aims to improve current school programs
D a program that helps remove the academic burden in preschool
70Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A preschool benefits middleclass children more than poor children
B Most children start school with similar language and social skills
C Providing Head Start for all children has encountered great difficulties
D All children are ready to absorb basic academic concepts by age 3 or 4
71Which of the following may best summarize the main idea of the passage
A An academic curriculum in preschool will lead to academic success
B Preschool is helpfuldespite the disagreement about what it should offer
C Children enrolled in preschool demonstrate more interest in learning
D Preschool education shouldn’t be a financial burden on communities
68 D 69B 70C 71B
(C)
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by untaught minds to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents Sir Alexander Fleming did not as legend would have it look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error Innovation is like soccer even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach Everybody gets ideas but innovators work consciously on theirs and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions professional innovators see as solid possibilities
Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there＇ s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done wrote Rudolph Flexh a language authority this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient How come nobody thought of that before
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything Faced with getting from A to B the average person will automatically set out on the bestknown and apparently simplest route The innovator will search for alternate courses which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer
63What does the author probably mean by untaught mind in the first paragraph
A An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident
B A person who has had no education
CA citizen of a society that retires personal creativity
DA person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation
64According to the author what distinguishes innovators from noninnovators
A The way they present their findings
B The way they deal with problems
C The intelligence they process
D The variety of ideas they have
65 The phrase march to a different drummer (the last line of the passage) suggests that
highly creative individuals are__
Aunwilling to follow common ways of doing things
Bdiligent in pursuing their goals
Cconcerned about the advance of society
Ddevoted to the progress of science
66 The most suitable title for this passage might be______
AThe Relation Between Creation and Diligence
B To be a Creative Expert in the Study of Human Creativity
CWhat Are So Special about Creative Individuals
DDiscoveries and Innovation
DBAC
( C)
I＇ll admit I＇ve never quite understood the obsession（难破成见）surrounding genetically modified (GM) crops To environmentalist opponents GM foods are simply evil an understudied possibly harmful tool used by big agricultural businesses to control global seed markets and crush local farmers They argue that GM foods have never delivered on their supposed promise that money spent on GM crops would be better channeled to organic farming and that consumers should be protected with warning labels on any products that contain genetically modified ingredients To supporters GM crops are a key part of the effort to sustainably provide food to meet a growing global population But more than that supporters see the GM opposition of many environmentalists as fundamentally antiscience no different than those who question the basics of manmade climate change
For both sides GM foods seem to act as a symbol you＇re proagricultural business or antiscience But science is exactly what we need more of when it comes to GM foods which is why I was happy to see Nature devote a special series of articles to the GM food controversy The conclusion while GM crops haven＇t yet realized their initial promise and have been dominated by agricultural businesses there is reason to continue to use and develop them to help meet the enormous challenge of sustainably feeding a growing planet
That doesn＇t mean GM crops are perfect or a onesizefitsall solution to global agriculture problems But anything that can increase farming efficiencythe amount of crops we can produce per acre of landwill be extremely useful GM crops can and almost certainly will be part of that suite of tools＇ but so will traditional plant breeding improved soil and crop managementand perhaps most important of all better storage and transport infrastructure（基础设施） especially in the developing world (It doesn＇t do much good for farmers in places like subSaharan Africa to produce more food if they can＇t get it to hungry consumers) I＇d like to see more nonindustry research done on GM crops—not just because we＇d worry less about bias but also because seed companies like Monsanto and Pioneer shouldn＇t be the only entities working to harness genetic modification I＇d like to see GM research on less commercial crops like com I don＇t think it＇s vital to label GM ingredients in food but I also wouldn＇t be against itand industry would be smart to go along with labeling just as a way of removing fears about the technology
Most of all though I wish a tenth of the energy that＇s spent endlessly debating GM crops was focused on those more pressing challenges for global agriculture There are much bigger battles to fight
73 How do environmentalist opponents view GM foods according to the passage
A) They will eventually ruin agriculture and the environment
B) They are used by big businesses to monopolize agriculture
C) They have proved potentially harmful to consumers＇ health
D) They pose a tremendous threat to current farming practice
74 What does the author say is vital to solving the controversy between the two sides of the debate
A) Breaking the GM food monopoly B) More friendly exchange of ideas
C) Regulating GM food production D) More scientific research on GM crops
75 What is the author＇s view on the solution to agricultural problems
A) It has to depend more and more on GM technology
B) It is vital to the sustainable development of human society
C) GM crops should be allowed until better alternatives are found
D) Whatever is useful to boost farming efficiency should be encouraged
76 What does the author think of the ongoing debate around GM crops
A) It arises out of ignorance of and prejudice against new science
B) It distracts the public attention from other key issues of the world
C) Efforts spent on it should be turned to more urgent issues of agriculture
D) Neither side is likely to give in until more convincing evidence is found
73 B 74D 75D 76C
(C)
Yang Yuanqing Lenovo’s boss hardly spoke a word of English until he was about 40 But when Lenovo bought IBM’s personalcomputer division in 2005 he decided to immerse himself in English he moved his family to North Carolina hired a language tutor and spent hours watching cableTV news He conducted all his business in English except for briefing for the Chinese press
Lenovo is one of a growing number of multinationals from the nonAnglophone world that have made English their official language The fashion began in places with small populations but global ambitions such as Singapore which kept English as its lingua franca (通语) when it left the British empire n 1963 and Switzerland Goran Lindahl a former boss of ABB a SwissSwedish engineering giant once described its official language as poor English d its official language as poor English The practice spread to the big European countries numerous German and French multinationals now use English in board meetings and official documents Audi may use a German phrase—Vorsprung durch Technik or progress through engineering—in its advertisements but it is impossible to progress through its management ranks without good English When Christoph Franz became boss of Lufthansa in 2011 he made English its official language even though all but a handful of the airline’s 50 most senior managers were German
There are some obvious reasons why multinational companies want a lingua franca Adopting English makes it easier to recruit global stars (including board members) reach global markets assemble global production teams and integrate foreign acquisitions Such steps are especially important to companies in Japan where the population is shrinking
There are less obvious reasons too Rakuten’s boss Hiroshi Mikitani argues that English promotes free thinking because it is free from the status distinctions which characterise Japanese and other Asian languages Antonella MeiPochtler of the Boston Consulting Group notes that German firms get through their business much faster in English than in laborious German English can provide a neutral language in a merger(合成公司) when Germany’s Hoechst and France’s RhnePoulenc combined in 1999 to create Aventis they decided it would be run in English in part to avoid choosing between their respective languages
Tsedal Neeley of Harvard Business School says that Englishnisation a word she borrows from Mr Mikitani can stir up a hornet’s nest (马蜂窝)of emotions Slow learners lose their selfconfidence worry about their job security Cliques(团体) of the fluent and the nonfluent can develop So can lawsuits in 2004 workers at a French subsidiary of GE took it to court for requiring them to read internal documents in English the firm received a hefty fine In all a policy designed to bring employees together can all too easily have the opposite effect
63 Why does the author mention Yang Yuanqing in the first para
A To argue against a viewpoint B To introduce the topic
C To illustrate a received opinion D To raise a question
64 Which of the following is TRUE about Audi according to the passage？
A German is seldom used in its advertisements
B Most of its senior managers are based on Germany
C Employees who can’t speak English are less likely to be promoted
D It is an auto maker most famous for the technology that it has developed
65 Why do multinational companies adopt English
A English makes it easier for them to go global
B English is most widely used in advanced countries
C English bridges the gap between managers from different countries
D English helps them to distinguish between junior and senior employees
66 Tsedal Neeley is most likely to argue that ___
A using English as a company’s official language may not achieve its intended purpose
B emotional anxiety is very common in a company before English is officially used
C slow learners shouldn’t be punished in an Englishspeaking company
D it is better for internal documents to be written in English
6366 BCAA
(C)
A recent case in Australia shows how easily fear can frustrate an informant’s good intentions In December a woman wrote anonymously to the country’s antitrust watchdog the ACCC alleging that her employer was colluding with others in breach of the Trade Practices Act Her evidence was sufficient to suggest to the ACCC that fines of A＄10m could be imposed on a large company But the agency needed more details So just before Christmas it advertised extensively to try and persuade the woman to come forward again Some days later her husband rang the ACCC but he hung up before disclosing vital information Now the agency is trying to contact the couple again
In America there is some evidence that the events of September 11th have made people more publicspirited and more inclined to blow the whistle The Government Accountability Project a Washingtonbased group received 27 reproaches from potential informants in the three months before September 11th and 66 in the three months after Many of these complaints were about security issues They included a Federal Aviation Administration employee who claimed that the agency had repeatedly failed to respond to known cases of security violations at airports
Legislation to give greater protection to people who expose corporate or government misbehavior externally (after having received no satisfaction internally) is being introduced in a number of countries In America it focuses on informants among federal employees According to Billy Garde a lawyer who was a member of BP’s Alaska inquiry team they have less rights than prisoners A bill introduced last year by Senator Daniel Akaka to improve protection for them is currently stuck in congressional committees
In Britain the came fully into force last year Described by one American as the most farreaching informant protection in the world it treats informants as witnesses acting in the public interest This separates them from people who are merely pursuing a personal grievance But even in Britain the protection is limited Rupert Walker a fund manager was fired by Govett Investments in September 2001 for expressing concerns in the Financial Times about a group of people of investment trusts that invest in each other
63 What does the author most probably think about what the ACCC did to the woman
A Inconsistent B Disheartening C Unreasonable D Bureaucratic
64 It can be inferred that the Federal Aviation Administration employee________
A had repeatedly complained to his employer B did not get any response from his employer
C was concerned about public security D because brave after the 911 disaster
65 According to the third paragraph informants among the American federal employees___________
A disclose misbehavior externally when they are disappointed internally
B get more protection than people who disclose the misbehavior externally
C have less rights than prisoners
D get as much protection as before
66 Britain’s protection to informants is not perfect in that ___________
A the Public Interest Disclosure Act came fully into force only last year
B it treats informants as witnesses acting in the public interest
C informants are threatened with the possibility of losing their jobs
D informants are considered as merely pursuing a personal complaint
63 B 64 C 65 D 66 C
C
The study of psychology is facing a crisis The Research Excellence Framework (the Ref) has led to a research culture which is holding back attempts to stabilize psychology in particular and science in general The Ref encourages universities to push for groundbreaking innovative and exciting research in the form of 4* papers but it does not reward the efforts of those who replicate studies
The point of replicating a study is to test whether a statistically significant result will appear again if the experiments is repeated Of course a similar result may not appear – casting into questions the validity of the results from the first experiment
Last year the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from highly ranked psychological journalists While 97 of the original studies had a statistically significant result just 36 of the replications had the same outcome Equally worrying when an effect did appear it was often much smaller than previously thought
Recent data calls into question some widely influential findings in psychological science These problems are not confined to psychology however – many findings published in scientific literature may actually be false
Science is supposed to be selfcorrecting and reproducibility is a cornerstone of the scientific method Yet we simply aren’t invested in replicating findings We all want to be good researchers and understand more about how the world works So why are we so reluctant to check our conclusions are valid
Because no incentive is provided by the system we carry out our research in In the UK the Ref ranks the published works of researchers according to their originality (how innovative is the research) significance (does it have practical or commercial importance) and rigour (is the research technically right) Outputs are then awarded one to four stars 4* papers are considered worldleading The cumulative total of 3* and 4* papers determines research funding allocation and has a knockon effect on institutional position in league tables (排名表) and therefore attractiveness to students Obviously the more publications the better
Worrying many academics admit to engaging in at least one questionable research practice in order to achieve publication Examples of this include coming up with a theory after data is collected stopping collecting data when an effect appears in case it disappears later or only reporting the significant effects from collected data Others simply fabricate data – Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel shockingly falsified data from more than 50 studies
The Ref completely harms our efforts to produce a reliable body of knowledge Why The focus on originality – publications exploring new areas of research using new paradigms and avoiding testing wellestablished theories – is the exact opposite of what science needs to be doing to solve the troubling replication crisis According to Ref standards replicating an already published piece of work is simply uninteresting
With the next Ref submission just four years away many researchers are effectively faced with a choice be a good scientist or be a successful academic who gets funding and a promotion
63 What crisis the study of psychology facing
A The Ref has led to a revolution in not only psychology but also science
B The universities are encouraged to generate more groundbreaking research
C The Ref tends to set up a different standard for replications of studies
D The Ref’s indifference to replications of studies has led to worrying effects
64 The Ref’s focus on originality has brought about
A a reliable body of knowledge
B publications exploring new areas
C tests of wellestablished theories
D uninteresting replications of studies
65 We can infer from the passage that the Ref
A is a system for assessing the quality of research in UK universities
B provides UK researchers with funding and job opportunities
C recognizes researchers’ work and adds to their attractiveness to students
D is planning to change its standard before the next Ref submission
66 What does the writer mean by saying be a good scientist
A Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis
B Reform the standards that have been set up by the Ref
C Give up possible funding and promotion given by universities
D Avoid using false research practices to test old theories
（C）DBAA
(C)
The definition of the standard kilogram is fundamentally imperfect Getting the definition right is a challenge that has tried the patience and intelligence of scientists for decades
Scientists use just seven basic units to define all the other quantities we use quantities such as speed density or electric power All of those basic units except the kilogram are themselves defined in terms of natural properties that are beyond human control
For example the standard second (time) is defined as a specific number of vibration(震动) of a type of radiation released by atoms of a special metal The standard meter (length) in turn is defined as the length of the path light travels in a vacuum(真空) during a specific fraction of a second(瞬间)
Not so the kilogram This orphan of the basic unit family is simply the mass of a small platinumiridium alloy cylinder (铂铱合金筒) locked away by the international Bureau of Weighs & Measures in France
Embarrassingly the last time the copies were brought for a checkup in the 1980s officials found that some copies had gained about 20 parts per billion in weight compared to the master cylinder since the previous checkup in the 1940s This implies that the master cylinder itself may be an inconstant standard
No one knows what causes the weight changes But the uncertainty can’t be tolerated when precision(精密度) in research and some manufacturing now demands accuracy to a few parts per billion
Several efforts in several different countries are under way to redefine the kilogram in terms of basic physical quantities such as counting the actual number of atoms of a specific substance in a kilogram or the electromagnetic force that balances a kilogram mass against gravity
A project of the latter type at the NIST laboratories in Gaithersburg hopes eventually to define mass in terms of electrical units So far none of these redefinition projects has borne fruit They require precision of measurement and control of experimental conditions The slightest pollution tiny vibrations or other influences even changes in weather can ruin results You’ve got to hand it to scientists who are willing to devote many years to such painstaking but fundamentally important research
56 Which of the following best paraphrases the sentence Not so the kilogram In paragraph 4
A The kilogram is not as accurate as the standard second
B The kilogram is not universally accepted in the world
C The kilogram is not defined in terms of natural properties
D The kilogram is not well defined as time and length
57 Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the passage
A Experiments are being carried out to redefine the kilogram
B The uncertainty in the standard kilogram can seriously affect some research
C The redefinition of the standard kilogram is quite complicated
D Scientists will achieve success in redefining the kilogram in the near future
58 According to the passage to define the weight of mass in terms of electrical units _______
A is one of the best methods to redefine the kilogram
B has been accepted as the only possible redefinition project
C is not as simple as what people can understand
D has been considered by some scientists as a better approach
59 We can know from the passage that the redefinition of the kilogram is _________
A more important in keeping market honesty
B worth years of scientists’ painstaking research
C the urgent requirement of business and manufacturing
D bring about important and fruitful results
6366 CDDB
Most people don’t leave their front door unlocked and the same is true of their home WiFi networks But some believe that preventing access to your wireless Internet actually does more harm than good Peter Eckersley of the Electronic Frontier Foundation an organization devoted to defending digital rights is calling for an Open Wireless Movement and encouraging people to be socially responsible by sharing their connection Eckersley compares the current situation of lockeddown networks to finding yourself parched(干透)and thirsty while everyone around you is sipping from nice tall glasses of iced water and offers a technological solution We restrict access to our networks for two reasons to prevent other people from using up our bandwidth and to ensure our security and privacy He suggests we can still protect ourselves from both problems by using routers(路器)that share a certain amount of bandwidth in the open while also providing an encrypted(加密)connection for personal use but such technology already exists and people arent choosing to use it Perhaps the problem is not technological but legal as home users dont want to be responsible for the activities of others on their network Quite understandable really But Eckersley says that individuals can enjoy the same legal protections against liability as any other Internet access provider but the law is far from clear in this area and differs from country to country In a footnote on his article Eckersley says US law may offer protection but that didnt prevent a man who left his network open from being called a pedophile(恋童癖者)by armed police in his living room this past weekend Courts in Germany have previously ruled that people can be fined if they allow unauthorised users to access illegal materials through their connection while in the UK disputes over recent changes to the law leave the matter uncertain Perhaps these legal concerns can be overcome by turning to an unlikely rolemodel — Estonia where access to the Internet is a legal human right The country is blanketed in a network of free WiFi access points in cafes bars and other public locations allowing people to easily get online almost anywhere So who wants to open up their network first
63 What does the author say about the Electronic Frontier Foundation
A．It encourages people to share their networks
B．Its work is about protecting digital rights
C．It is advocating an Open Wireless Movement
D．Its main business is trading electronics
64 One reason leading most people to lock their network is________
A Laws protect home users of internet from responsibilities
B Internet access provides take no responsibility for their users’ illegal activities
C Home users enjoy the same right as internet access providers
D It is internet access providers who should be responsible for their user’s activities
65 What can be inferred from Eckersley’s words individualinternet access provider in para4_________ A Laws protects home users of internet from responsibilities
B Internet access providers take no responsibility for their for their user’s illegal activities
C Home users enjoy the same rights as internet access providers
D it is internet access providers who should be responsible for their user’s activities
66 What information can be got about Estonia from the passage
AIt restricts free access to internet
B Free WiFi is set up all over the country
C It is impossible for other countries to follow its suit
D its people can get free WiFi access almost everywhere
BCBD
（C）
Let’s UberFew companies offer something so popular that their name becomes a verb But that is one of the many achievements of Uber a company founded in 2009 which is now the world’s most valuable startup worth around 70 billion Its app can summon（吁求）a car in moments in more than 425 cities around the world to the fury of taxi drivers everywhere But Uber’s ambitions and the expectations extend much further using selfdriving vehicles it wants to make ridehailing so cheap and convenient that people abandon car ownership altogether Not satisfied with shaking up the present taxi business it has its eyes on the far bigger market for personal transport
Uber is not alone in this ambition Companies big and small have recognized the miraculously potential of electric selfdriving cars summoned on demand Technology firms including Apple Google and Tesla are investing heavily in autonomous vehicles from Ford to Volvo big carmakers are racing to catch up It will transform daily life as profoundly as cars did in the 20th century reinventing transport and reshaping cities while also dramatically reducing road deaths and pollution
In the short term Uber is in pole position to lead the revolution because of its dominance of chauffeured ridehailing a part of the transport market that will see some of the fastest growth The ability to summon a car using a smartphone does not just make it easy for individuals to book a cheaper taxi Ridesharing services like UberPool which put travelers heading in the same direction into one vehicle make it difficult to tell private and public transport apart This may enable customers to plan and book journeys combing trains and buses with walking and private ridesharing services Get it right and publictransport networks will be extended to cover thelast milethat takes people right to their doorsteps But in the longer term autonomous vehicles will drive the reinvention of transport
Selfdriving cars will reinforce trends unleashed by ridehailing making it cheaper and more accessible The disabled the old and the young will find it easier to go where they want As car ownership declines the enormous amount of space devoted to parking will be available for parks and housing instead
However it is still not clear which companies will ultimately dominate this world since the combination of vague rules and imperfect technology can bring about unexpected consequences as in the case of Nokia Blackberry and Kodak Even for the winners it is not clear how great the rewards will be As more firms pile into ridesharing and autonomous vehicles become part of the mix the business may prove to be less profitable than expected Once the service Uber offers becomes an essential part of urban transport infrastructure（基础建设）as it hopes it could end up being regulated more highly taxed broken up or all of the above
For now Uber is the firm to beat in the race to transform the future of personal transport Its recently restored relationship with Didi its main rival in China has removed a major distraction allowing it to devote a large sum to developing new technology Its vision is promising Yet it could prove a Moses company or might end up like Hoover lending its name to a new product category without actually dominating it But whether Uber itself wins or loses we are all on the road to Uberworld
63 According to the article which of the following is NOT the reason why many people give up the ownership of a car
A The consumers will have to buy cars at much higher prices
B They young people will easily go to any place where they’d like to
C Selfdriving cars will make ridehailing cheaper and more accessible
D The disabled and the old will find it easier to go where they want
64 The underlined wordheading（in para3）means _____
A becoming headlines B standing at the front C taking charge of D travelling towards
65 What can be inferred from the article
A Autonomous vehicles introduced by Uber have impacted the world of transportation profoundly
B Nokia was successful in dominating the market by revolutionizing rules and technology
C It may be hard for Uber to thrive if its service becomes mainstream in urban transport
D Uber is sure to reach itspromised landwith its distinct dominance the near future
66 What is the best title for the article
A Go Uber or Didi B Uberworld future personal transportation
C A new model of business D The terminator of taxi business
6366 ADCB
（C）
Symmetry in Art
Symmetry meansbalance of formsSomething that is symmetrical has equal proportions You can see examples of symmetry all around you in nature art and architecture It is med in floor placed of buildings and in designing doors windows floors and more
A picture of sense other form this is not balance is asymmetrical Artists use both symmetry and asymmetry in their work Some use symmetry to create order and harmony Others use asymmetry because they feel that life is out of balance or unfair They use their art to reflect this feeling Both symmetry and asymmetry play important roles in shaping the beauty of an object
MC Escher was an artist who enjoyed using symmetry in his prints and drawings He liked to show the order that weaves through our rich and complicated world
There are many variations of symmetry but the three most common are reflectional thranslational and rotational The most familiar type of symmetry is reflectional or mirror symmetry A butterfly and the letter T are examples of reflectional symmetry If you imagine a line going down the center of an object one side is a mirror image of the other side The letters db are an example of mirror symmetry
The second type translational symmetry represents movement of a design in a linear(直线) direction If you copy a design and put that copy right next to the original you are moving the design in a linear direction As example of translation symmetry is HelloHello
The third common type of symmetry is rotational symmetry An image has rotational symmetry if it looks the same when rotated or turn a certain number of times around a center point For example a triangle if turned three times will look like the same all three times A fourleaf clover will match itself four times as it is turned around a center point
Cubism was an art movement that broke up the geometry of space and form The Cubists create asymmetrical art to express the imperfection of human life They created their own reality by showing Cubists broke the images up so that different angles of the subject could be seen at the same time Cubism had a major impact on artists during the first decade of the 20th century and it remains one of the most famous art forms today
62 According to the article an example of reflectional symmetry would be ________
A a fourleaf clover B a banana C the letter P D a butterfly
63 The artist MC Escher used symmetry in his work to show _________
A pieces of objects and subjects B the order in the world
C many sides at the same time D the dream of human beings
64 We can infer from the information in this passage that the human body has _________
A rotational symmetry B translational symmetry
C reflectional symmetry D geometry of space and form
65 We may infer form the last paragraph that a Cubist painting________
A would be symmetrical
B would look realistic
C would show the subject from different angles
D would finally replace the art form of symmetry
66 What can we conclude from this article
A There are only three variations of symmetry
B Art that is asymmetrical does not reflect real life
C Human life is imperfection so we need artists to create beauty
D Symmetry and asymmetry are important in shaping the beauty of an object
62 D 63 B 64 C 65 C 66 D
(C)
I＇ve been writing for most of my life．The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes greatly．The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind．While you need to employ both to get to a finished result they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so．
Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us meet with．If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to seize a fleeting(稍逝)thought the thought will die．If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form no one is likely to understand．You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is．
The practice that can help you pass your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls free writing．In free writing the objective is to get words down on paper nonstop usually for 15－20 minutes．No stopping no going back no criticizing．The goal is to get the words flowing．As the words begin to flow the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen．
Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you＇ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly．Most likely you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near．
Instead of staring at a blank screen start filling it with words no matter how bad．Halfway through your available time stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product．Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices．
74 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind cannot work in parallel(Line 4 Para．1)in the writing process he means ________．
A．no one can be both creative and critical
B．they cannot be regarded as equally important
C．they are in constant conflict with each other
D．one cannot use them at the same time
75 What prevents people from writing on is ________．
A．putting their ideas in raw form
B．attempting to edit as they write
C．ignoring grammatical soundness
D．trying to capture fleeting thoughts
76One common concern of writers about free writing is that ________．
A．it overstresses the role of the creative mind
B．it takes too much time to edit afterwards
C．it may bring about too much criticism
D．it does not help them to think clearly
77 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process
A It defines his writing into better shapes
B It helps him to come up with new ideas
C It saves the writing time available to him
D It allows him to sit on the side and observe
74 D 75 B 76 B 77 A
(C)
Last summer two nineteenthcentury cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco The houses were made of wood These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil now they hold Twitter engineers
The cottages could be an example of the industry’ s odd love affair with low technology a concept associated with the natural world and with oldschool craftsmanship (手艺) that exists long before the Internet era Low technology is not virtual (虚拟) —so to take advantage of it Internet companies have had to get creative The rescued wood cottages fitted by hand in the late eighteenhundreds are an obvious example but Twitter’s designs lie on the extreme end Other companies are using a broader interpretation of low technology that focuses on nature
Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees so that employees can work and socialize in a more natural parklike setting At Google’s office an entire floor is carpeted in glass Facebook’s second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking trail
Olle Lundberg the founder of Lundberg Design has worked with many tech companies over the years We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives and our tech engineers are the ones who feel impoverished (贫乏) because they’re surrounded by the digital world he says They’re looking for a way to regain their individual identity and we’ve found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that
This craft based theory is rooted in history William Morris the English artist and writer turned back to preindustrial arts in the 1860s just after the Industrial Revolution The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines Without creative human occupation people became disconnected from life Morris said
Research has shown that natural environments can restore our mental capacities In Japan patients are encouraged to forestbathe taking walks through woods to lower their blood pressure
These health benefits apply to the workplace as well Rachel Kaplvin a professor of environmental psychology has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environment Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office—even simple views of trees and flowers—felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying If lowtech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then fine bring on the cottages
63 The writer mentions the two nineteenthcentury cottages to show that ______
A Twitter is having a hard time
B old cottages are in need of protection
C early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana
D Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology
64 Low technology is regarded as something that ______
A is related to nature B is out of date today
C consumes too much energy D exists in the virtual world
65 We can conclude from Paragraph 5 that human beings ______
A have destroyed many preindustrial arts
B have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts
C can become intelligent by learning history
D can regain their individual identity by using machines
66 The writer’s attitude to low technology can best be described as ______
A positive B defensive C cautious D doubtful
63 D 64 A 65 B 66 A
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