代词
代词代名词词类数代词具名词形容词功英语中代词意义特征句中作分：称代词物代词指示代词身代词相互代词疑问代词关系代词定代词八种
称代词表示＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼词称代词称数格变化见表：
数 单数 复数
格 格 宾格 格 宾格
第称 I me we us
第二称 you you you you
第三称 he him they them
she her they them
it it they them
例：He is my friend 朋友
It＼＇s me
二 物代词表示关系代词做代词格物代词分形容性物代词名词性物代词两种物数变化见表
数 单数 复数
称 第称 第二称 第三称 第称 第二称 第三称
形容词性物代词 my your hisherits our your their
名词性物代词 mine yours hishersits ours yours theirs
例： I like his car 喜欢汽车
Our school is hereand theirs is there 学校
三 指示代词表示＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼等指示概念代词指示代词thisthatthesethose等
例：That is a good idea 意
四 表示＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼等代词做身代词称
＼反身代词＼
例：She was talking to herself 言语
五 表示相互关系代词相互代词each other one another两组运中两组词没什区
例：They love each other 彼相爱
六 指明代特定名词代词做定代词常见定代词a11botheach
every等含someanyno等合成代词anybody somethingno one定代词代名词形容词句中作语宾语表语定语nonesomeanyno等构成复合定代词作语宾语表语everyno作定语
例： Do you have a car 辆汽车？
YesI have one 辆
I don＼＇t know any of them 认识
七 疑问代词whowhomwhosewhatwhich等句子中构成特殊疑问句疑问代词作连接代词引导名词性句（语句宾语句表语句）
例：Tell me who he is 告诉谁
八 关系代词whowhomwhosethatwhichas等作引导句关联词定语句中作语
表语宾语定语等方面代表句中定语句修饰名词代词（先行词）
例：He is the man whom you have been looking for 找
31 称代词法
1）称代词格句子中作语语补语例：
John waited a while but eventually he went home 约翰等会回家
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she 约翰希位客玛丽真
说明：复合句中果句句语相代词语句中名词语句中例：
When he arrived John went straight to the bank 约翰直接银行
2）称代词宾格句子中作宾语介词宾语口语中作语补语第称省略句中作语
例： I saw her with them at least I thought it was her 起少认（her做宾语them做介词宾语her做语补语）
a Who broke the vase 谁碎花瓶？
b Me （me做语补语 It＼＇s me）
说明：面两例句中herme分作语补语现代英语中宾格正式文体中里应sheI
32 称代词宾格换
1） 宾格代格
a简短话中称代词单独not 宾语
I like English 喜欢英语
Me too 喜欢
Have more wine 点酒喝
Not me
b表示较非正式文体中常宾格代格 果较状语谓语保留语格
He is taller than Ime
He is taller than I am
2） 格代宾格
a 介词butexcept 时格代宾格
b 电话语中常格
I wish to speak to Mary 想玛丽通话
This is she 玛丽
注意：动词be to be 称代词视前面名词代词定
I thought it was she （格格）
I thought it to be her （宾格宾格）
I was taken to be she 成 （格格）
They took me to be her 成 （宾格宾格）
33 代词指代问题
1）定代词 anybodyeverybodynobodyanyone someone everyoneno one whoeverperson正式场合时he his him代
例： Nobody came did he 谁没
2）动物名词指代般itthey代时he she带亲切感情色彩
例： Give the cat some food She is hungry 猫吃饿
3）指代车国家船舶名词含感情色彩时常she
34 列称代词排列序
1）单数称代词列作语时序：第二称－> 第三称 －> 第称you－> heshe it > I
例：You he and I should return on time
2） 复数称代词作语时序：第称 －> 第二称 －> 第三称we －>you－>they
注意： 列情况中第称放前面
a 承认错误承担责时
It was I and John that made her angry 约翰惹生气
b 长辈晚辈长官属说话时长官第称
：I and you try to finish it 弄
c 列语第称第三称时
d 称代词名词定语句修饰时
35 物代词
1）物代词表示属作指代作例：
John had cut his finger apparently there was a broken glass on his desk
约翰割破手指显易见桌子破玻璃杯
物代词形容词性（my your等）名词性（mine yours等）两种形容词性物代词属限定词名词性物代词法相省略中心名词＼＇s属格结构例：
Jack＼＇s cap 意The cap is Jack＼＇s
His cap 意The cap is his
2） 名词性物代词句法功
a 作语例：
May I use your pen Yours works better 钢笔？
b 作宾语例：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours 深爱祖国深爱祖国样
c 作介词宾语例：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word not in yours
应词义解释说话解释
d 作语补语例：
The life I have is yours It＼＇s yours It＼＇s yours 生命属属属
36 双重格
物代词 a an this that these those some any several no each every such another which等词起前置修饰名词必须双重格公式：a an this that +名词+of +名词性物代词例：a friend of mine each brother of his
37 反身代词
1） 1） 列表
数 单数 复数
称 第称 第二称 第三称 第称 第二称 第三称
称代词 I you hesheit we you they
反身代词 myself yourself yourselfherselfhimself ourselves yourselves themselves
外：one反身代词oneself
2）做宾语
a 动词需反身代词absent bathe amuse blame dry cut enjoy hurt introduce behave等例：
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night 昨晚玩开心
Please help yourself to some fish 请便吃点鱼
b 物动词+宾语+介词take pride in be annoyed with help oneself to sth等例：
I could not dress（myself）up at that time 时候扮
注：动词反身代词：get up sitdown stand up wake up等例：
Please sit down 请坐
3） 作表语结构be oneself例：
I am not myself today 天舒服
4） 作位语
The thing itself is not important 事情身重
5） 强调情况but except for 等介词宾语反身代词称代词宾格均：No one but myself（me）is hurt
注意：
a 反身代词身单独作语
（错） Myself drove the car
（） I myself drove the car 开车
b and or nor连接列语中第二语反身代词特myself 作语例：
Charles and myself saw it 查尔斯见件事
38 相互代词
1）相互代词each otherone another两词组表示句中动词叙述动作感觉涉象间相互存例：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other
显易见文化总相互鉴
2）相互代词句法功：
a 作动词宾语
People should love one another 应彼相爱
b 作介词宾语
Does bark cocks crow frogs croak to each other 吠鸡鸣蛙唱
说明：传统语法认相互关系存两物间each other 存两物间one another现代英语中两组词交实例例：
He put all the books beside each otherone another 书列摆放起
Usually these small groups were independent of each other 团体通常相互独立
c 相互代词加＼＇s构成格例：
The students borrowed each other＼＇s notes 学生互笔记
39 指示代词
1） 指示代词分单数（this that）复数（these those）两种形式作限定词做代词例：
单数 复数
限定词 This girl is Mary Those men are my teachers
代词 This is Mary Those are my teachers
2） 指示代词句法功
a 作语例：
This is the way to do it 事该样做
b 作宾语例：
I like this better than that 喜欢甚
c 作语补语例：
My point is this 观点
d 作介词宾语例：
I don＼＇t say no to that 未拒绝
There is no fear of that 怕
说明1：指示代词作语时指物指作句子成分时指物指例：
（）That is my teacher 老师（that作语指）
（）He is going to marry this girl 姑娘结婚（this作限定词）
（错）He is going to marry this （this作宾语时指）
（）I bought this 买（this指物作宾语）
说明2：Thatthose作定语句先行词this these时作先行词时those指试较：
（） He admired that which looked beautiful 赞赏外表漂亮东西
（） He admired those who looked beautiful 赞赏外表漂亮（those指）
（错） He admired that who danced well （that作宾语时指）
（） He admired those who danced well 赞赏跳舞（those指）
（） He admired those which looked beautiful 赞赏外表漂亮东西（those指物）
310 疑问代词
1） 疑问代词句中起名词词组作构成疑问句疑问代词列：
指： who whom whose
指物： what
指指物： which
2） 疑问代词句中应位谓语动词前没性数变化who外没格变化what which whose作限定词试较：
疑问代词：Whose are these books on the desk 桌书谁？
What was the directional flow of U S territorial expansion 美国领土扩张方？
限定词：Whose books are these on the desk 桌书谁？
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States
事件密西西河东部分土属美国？
说明1：做疑问代词限定词which what 指范围what指范围限which指定范围例：
Which girls do you like best 喜欢姑娘？
What girls do you like best 喜欢什样姑娘？
说明2：Whomwho宾格书面语中作动词宾语介词宾语口语中作宾语时who代介词whom 例：
Who（m）did you meet on the street 街遇谁？（作动词宾语）
Who（m） are you taking the book to 书带谁？（作介词宾语置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus 校园里谁讲话？（作介词宾语置介词who取代）
说明3： 疑问代词介词宾语提问时文体中介词疑问代词通常起放句首现代英语中疑问代词句首介词句末例：
For what do most people live and work 部分生活工作目什？（旧文体）
What are you looking for 找什？（现代英语）
说明4： 疑问代词引导名词性句例：
I can＼＇t make out what he is driving at 知道意
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed 告诉床蓝衬衣谁？
Much of what you say I agree with but I cannot go all the way with you
说部分意完全赞
311 关系代词
1
） 关系代词引导定语句代表先行词时句中作定句子成分例：
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin 讲话姑娘表妹
该句中whom代表先行词the girl句中作介词to宾语
2） 关系代词格宾格属格分指指物分限定性定语句中that 指指物见表：
指 指物 指指物
格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of whichwhose of whichwhose
例：This is the pencil whose point is broken 枝折尖铅笔（whose 指物限定性定语句中作定语）
He came back for the book which he had forgotten 回取丢书（which指物限定性定语句中作宾语省略）
说明：非限定性定语句中that作关系代词
3） 关系代词which先行词句子例：
He said he saw me there which was a lie 说纯属谎言
说明： 关系代词句中作宾语时省略外关系代词that句中作表语时省略例：
I＼＇ve forgotten much of the Latin I once knew 懂拉丁语现忘
He＼＇s changed He＼＇s not the man he was 变化已
312 every no all both neither nor
1）定代词all both every each either neither more little few much many another other some any one no some something anything everything somebody someone anybody anyone nothing nobody no one none everybody everyone等
2）定代词功法
a every no外定代词作名词作形容词everyno句中作定语例：
I have no idea about it 知该办
b all 指三者all 谓致：all单复数修饰指代名词单复数决定例：
All goes well 切进展
all 通常数名词单数连：说 all the book说 the whole book
all表时间数名词单数连 all dayall night all the year惯说 all hourall century
all特殊单数名词连 all Chinaall the cityall my lifeall the way
3）both 指两者
a both 复数动词连 both… and…单数名词连
b both all 作位语位置行动词前 be 动词果助动词情态动词面实义动词省位助动词情态动词前例：
Who can speak Japanese 谁讲日话？
We both（all）can 会
4）neither 两者
a neither作语时谓语动词单数
b 作定语单数名词连neither… nor 作列连词复数名词连谓语采原
c 列句型避免重复例：
She can＼＇t singneither（can）he 会唱歌会
5）neither nor 较
a 前句否定式句句neither nor例：
If you don＼＇t do itneither should I 果干干
b 连续否定句式norneither例：
He can＼＇t singnor dancenor skate 会唱歌会跳舞会滑冰
313 none few some any one ones
none
1） none作语of 构成短语 none of 答语中none单独例：
Are there any pictures on the wall 墙画？
None 没
2） none作语谓语动词单复数均做表语单复数表语致例：
It is none of your business 闲事莫
二few 少数
few 作语时谓语动词复数肯定句
三some
1） 复数名词数名词连
2） 做＼某＼解时单数名词连（ a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day 总天会悔
A certain （some） person has seen you break the rule 意法
注意：
（1）肯定疑问句中some代any
（2）some句式中
a肯定疑问句中：说话认方答案会肯定期肯定回答时
Would you like句式中表委婉请求建议例：
Would you like some coffee 喝咖啡？
b条件状语句中表示确定意义时例：
If you need some helplet me know 需帮助说
csome位语部分例：
Some students haven＼＇t been there before 学生没
d否定整体中部分时some否定句例：
I haven＼＇t heard from some of my old friends these years 年没收老朋友信
四any
1） any 否定句疑问句条件状语句中
句中含意思时any肯定句
Here are three novels You may read any 三说读
五one 复数形式ones
ones必须形容词连果代名词时形容词前some anyones例：
Have you bought any rulers 买尺？
Yes I ＼＇ve bought some 买买
314 onethat it
one表示泛指thatit 表示特指that指名词类it 指名词例：
I can＼＇t find my hat I think I must buy one（定）找帽子想该买顶
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought（类）买顶帽子买
I can＼＇t find my hat I don＼＇ t know where I put it（ 物）找帽子知道放
315 oneanotherthe other
one… the other 两
some… the others 三
one… anotheranother…
some… othersothers…
others other peoplethings
the others the rest 剩余全部
1） 泛指another
2） 定范围两（物）onethe other
3） 定范围三者oneone （another）第三the othera third
4） 定范围部分物剩余全部the others
5） 泛指物时others定范围部分剩余部分全部时others
316 the妙
He is one of the students who help me
He is the one of the students who helps me 帮学生
第句定语句the students 致
第二句定语句the one 致
317 anyoneany oneno onenoneeveryeach
1．anyone any one
anyone仅指any one指指物
2．no one none
a） none of短语指指物no one单独指
b） none 作语谓语动词单复数均no one作语谓语动词单数例：
None of you could lift it 中没举起
Did any one call me up just now 刚电话
No one 没
3．every each
1） every 强调全体概念 each强调体概念例：
Every student in our school works hard 学校学生功
Each student may have one book 学生书
2） every 指三物（含三）each指两物 （含两）
3） every 作形容词单独each作代词形容词例：
Every boy has to take one 男孩必须取
Each boy has to take one
Each of the boys has to take one
4
） every作状语each作状语
5） every 反复重复意思 every two weeks等 each没
6） every not 连表示部分否定 each not连表示全部否定例：
Every man is not honest 非诚实
Each man is not honest 诚实
318 both either neither all any none
词作代词形容词位置be 动词行动词前第助动词
1） both （两者）either（两者中）neither （两者）词范围两物例：
Neither of the two boys is clever 两男孩聪明
2） botheither
both复数连either单数连例：
Both the boys are clever 两男孩聪明
Either of the two boys is clever
There are flowers on both sides of the street 路边长满野花
There are flowers on either side of the street
3） all （全部物）any （） none （） 词范围三者例：
All the flowers are gone 花谢
I don＼＇t like any of the flowers 花喜欢
I like none of the flowers 花喜欢
注意：allnone法样单数名词单数动词复数名词复数动词例：
All of the students are there 学生
All （of） the milk is there 牛奶
319 many much
Manymuch意＼许＼ many + 数名词much + 数名词例：
How many people are there at the meeting 少出席会议
How much time has we left 剩少时间？
Many of the workers were at the meeting许工开会
Much of the time was spent on learning学化许时间
320 few little a few a little
（a） few + 数名词 （a） little + 数名词
a few a little 肯定含义点
few little 否定含义没少例：
He has a few friends 朋友
He has few friends 没朋友
We still have a little time 点时间
There is little time left 没剩什时间
固定搭配：only a few （few） not a few （many） quite a few （many） many a （many）例：
Many books were sold
Many a book was sold 卖出许书
典型例题
Although he ＼＇s wealthyhe spends___ on clothes
A little B few C a little D a few
答案： A spend指钱数little a little 句although引导步状语句句意知句否定含义应little表示
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代词代名词词类数代词具名词形容词功英语中代词意义特征句中作分：称代词物代词指示代词身代词相互代词疑问代词关系代词定代词八种
称代词表示＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼词称代词称数格变化见表：
数 单数 复数
格 格 宾格 格 宾格
第称 I me we us
第二称 you you you you
第三称 he him they them
she her they them
it it they them
例：He is my friend 朋友
It＼＇s me
二 物代词表示关系代词做代词格物代词分形容性物代词名词性物代词两种物数变化见表
数 单数 复数
称 第称 第二称 第三称 第称 第二称 第三称
形容词性物代词 my your hisherits our your their
名词性物代词 mine yours hishersits ours yours theirs
例： I like his car 喜欢汽车
Our school is hereand theirs is there 学校
三 指示代词表示＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼等指示概念代词指示代词thisthatthesethose等
例：That is a good idea 意
四 表示＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼等代词做身代词称
＼反身代词＼
例：She was talking to herself 言语
五 表示相互关系代词相互代词each other one another两组运中两组词没什区
例：They love each other 彼相爱
六 指明代特定名词代词做定代词常见定代词a11botheach
every等含someanyno等合成代词anybody somethingno one定代词代名词形容词句中作语宾语表语定语nonesomeanyno等构成复合定代词作语宾语表语everyno作定语
例： Do you have a car 辆汽车？
YesI have one 辆
I don＼＇t know any of them 认识
七 疑问代词whowhomwhosewhatwhich等句子中构成特殊疑问句疑问代词作连接代词引导名词性句（语句宾语句表语句）
例：Tell me who he is 告诉谁
八 关系代词whowhomwhosethatwhichas等作引导句关联词定语句中作语
表语宾语定语等方面代表句中定语句修饰名词代词（先行词）
例：He is the man whom you have been looking for 找
31 称代词法
1）称代词格句子中作语语补语例：
John waited a while but eventually he went home 约翰等会回家
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she 约翰希位客玛丽真
说明：复合句中果句句语相代词语句中名词语句中例：
When he arrived John went straight to the bank 约翰直接银行
2）称代词宾格句子中作宾语介词宾语口语中作语补语第称省略句中作语
例： I saw her with them at least I thought it was her 起少认（her做宾语them做介词宾语her做语补语）
a Who broke the vase 谁碎花瓶？
b Me （me做语补语 It＼＇s me）
说明：面两例句中herme分作语补语现代英语中宾格正式文体中里应sheI
32 称代词宾格换
1） 宾格代格
a简短话中称代词单独not 宾语
I like English 喜欢英语
Me too 喜欢
Have more wine 点酒喝
Not me
b表示较非正式文体中常宾格代格 果较状语谓语保留语格
He is taller than Ime
He is taller than I am
2） 格代宾格
a 介词butexcept 时格代宾格
b 电话语中常格
I wish to speak to Mary 想玛丽通话
This is she 玛丽
注意：动词be to be 称代词视前面名词代词定
I thought it was she （格格）
I thought it to be her （宾格宾格）
I was taken to be she 成 （格格）
They took me to be her 成 （宾格宾格）
33 代词指代问题
1）定代词 anybodyeverybodynobodyanyone someone everyoneno one whoeverperson正式场合时he his him代
例： Nobody came did he 谁没
2）动物名词指代般itthey代时he she带亲切感情色彩
例： Give the cat some food She is hungry 猫吃饿
3）指代车国家船舶名词含感情色彩时常she
34 列称代词排列序
1）单数称代词列作语时序：第二称－> 第三称 －> 第称you－> heshe it > I
例：You he and I should return on time
2） 复数称代词作语时序：第称 －> 第二称 －> 第三称we －>you－>they
注意： 列情况中第称放前面
a 承认错误承担责时
It was I and John that made her angry 约翰惹生气
b 长辈晚辈长官属说话时长官第称
：I and you try to finish it 弄
c 列语第称第三称时
d 称代词名词定语句修饰时
35 物代词
1）物代词表示属作指代作例：
John had cut his finger apparently there was a broken glass on his desk
约翰割破手指显易见桌子破玻璃杯
物代词形容词性（my your等）名词性（mine yours等）两种形容词性物代词属限定词名词性物代词法相省略中心名词＼＇s属格结构例：
Jack＼＇s cap 意The cap is Jack＼＇s
His cap 意The cap is his
2） 名词性物代词句法功
a 作语例：
May I use your pen Yours works better 钢笔？
b 作宾语例：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours 深爱祖国深爱祖国样
c 作介词宾语例：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word not in yours
应词义解释说话解释
d 作语补语例：
The life I have is yours It＼＇s yours It＼＇s yours 生命属属属
36 双重格
物代词 a an this that these those some any several no each every such another which等词起前置修饰名词必须双重格公式：a an this that +名词+of +名词性物代词例：a friend of mine each brother of his
37 反身代词
1） 1） 列表
数 单数 复数
称 第称 第二称 第三称 第称 第二称 第三称
称代词 I you hesheit we you they
反身代词 myself yourself yourselfherselfhimself ourselves yourselves themselves
外：one反身代词oneself
2）做宾语
a 动词需反身代词absent bathe amuse blame dry cut enjoy hurt introduce behave等例：
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night 昨晚玩开心
Please help yourself to some fish 请便吃点鱼
b 物动词+宾语+介词take pride in be annoyed with help oneself to sth等例：
I could not dress（myself）up at that time 时候扮
注：动词反身代词：get up sitdown stand up wake up等例：
Please sit down 请坐
3） 作表语结构be oneself例：
I am not myself today 天舒服
4） 作位语
The thing itself is not important 事情身重
5） 强调情况but except for 等介词宾语反身代词称代词宾格均：No one but myself（me）is hurt
注意：
a 反身代词身单独作语
（错） Myself drove the car
（） I myself drove the car 开车
b and or nor连接列语中第二语反身代词特myself 作语例：
Charles and myself saw it 查尔斯见件事
38 相互代词
1）相互代词each otherone another两词组表示句中动词叙述动作感觉涉象间相互存例：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other
显易见文化总相互鉴
2）相互代词句法功：
a 作动词宾语
People should love one another 应彼相爱
b 作介词宾语
Does bark cocks crow frogs croak to each other 吠鸡鸣蛙唱
说明：传统语法认相互关系存两物间each other 存两物间one another现代英语中两组词交实例例：
He put all the books beside each otherone another 书列摆放起
Usually these small groups were independent of each other 团体通常相互独立
c 相互代词加＼＇s构成格例：
The students borrowed each other＼＇s notes 学生互笔记
39 指示代词
1） 指示代词分单数（this that）复数（these those）两种形式作限定词做代词例：
单数 复数
限定词 This girl is Mary Those men are my teachers
代词 This is Mary Those are my teachers
2） 指示代词句法功
a 作语例：
This is the way to do it 事该样做
b 作宾语例：
I like this better than that 喜欢甚
c 作语补语例：
My point is this 观点
d 作介词宾语例：
I don＼＇t say no to that 未拒绝
There is no fear of that 怕
说明1：指示代词作语时指物指作句子成分时指物指例：
（）That is my teacher 老师（that作语指）
（）He is going to marry this girl 姑娘结婚（this作限定词）
（错）He is going to marry this （this作宾语时指）
（）I bought this 买（this指物作宾语）
说明2：Thatthose作定语句先行词this these时作先行词时those指试较：
（） He admired that which looked beautiful 赞赏外表漂亮东西
（） He admired those who looked beautiful 赞赏外表漂亮（those指）
（错） He admired that who danced well （that作宾语时指）
（） He admired those who danced well 赞赏跳舞（those指）
（） He admired those which looked beautiful 赞赏外表漂亮东西（those指物）
310 疑问代词
1） 疑问代词句中起名词词组作构成疑问句疑问代词列：
指： who whom whose
指物： what
指指物： which
2） 疑问代词句中应位谓语动词前没性数变化who外没格变化what which whose作限定词试较：
疑问代词：Whose are these books on the desk 桌书谁？
What was the directional flow of U S territorial expansion 美国领土扩张方？
限定词：Whose books are these on the desk 桌书谁？
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States
事件密西西河东部分土属美国？
说明1：做疑问代词限定词which what 指范围what指范围限which指定范围例：
Which girls do you like best 喜欢姑娘？
What girls do you like best 喜欢什样姑娘？
说明2：Whomwho宾格书面语中作动词宾语介词宾语口语中作宾语时who代介词whom 例：
Who（m）did you meet on the street 街遇谁？（作动词宾语）
Who（m） are you taking the book to 书带谁？（作介词宾语置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus 校园里谁讲话？（作介词宾语置介词who取代）
说明3： 疑问代词介词宾语提问时文体中介词疑问代词通常起放句首现代英语中疑问代词句首介词句末例：
For what do most people live and work 部分生活工作目什？（旧文体）
What are you looking for 找什？（现代英语）
说明4： 疑问代词引导名词性句例：
I can＼＇t make out what he is driving at 知道意
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed 告诉床蓝衬衣谁？
Much of what you say I agree with but I cannot go all the way with you
说部分意完全赞
311 关系代词
1
） 关系代词引导定语句代表先行词时句中作定句子成分例：
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin 讲话姑娘表妹
该句中whom代表先行词the girl句中作介词to宾语
2） 关系代词格宾格属格分指指物分限定性定语句中that 指指物见表：
指 指物 指指物
格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of whichwhose of whichwhose
例：This is the pencil whose point is broken 枝折尖铅笔（whose 指物限定性定语句中作定语）
He came back for the book which he had forgotten 回取丢书（which指物限定性定语句中作宾语省略）
说明：非限定性定语句中that作关系代词
3） 关系代词which先行词句子例：
He said he saw me there which was a lie 说纯属谎言
说明： 关系代词句中作宾语时省略外关系代词that句中作表语时省略例：
I＼＇ve forgotten much of the Latin I once knew 懂拉丁语现忘
He＼＇s changed He＼＇s not the man he was 变化已
312 every no all both neither nor
1）定代词all both every each either neither more little few much many another other some any one no some something anything everything somebody someone anybody anyone nothing nobody no one none everybody everyone等
2）定代词功法
a every no外定代词作名词作形容词everyno句中作定语例：
I have no idea about it 知该办
b all 指三者all 谓致：all单复数修饰指代名词单复数决定例：
All goes well 切进展
all 通常数名词单数连：说 all the book说 the whole book
all表时间数名词单数连 all dayall night all the year惯说 all hourall century
all特殊单数名词连 all Chinaall the cityall my lifeall the way
3）both 指两者
a both 复数动词连 both… and…单数名词连
b both all 作位语位置行动词前 be 动词果助动词情态动词面实义动词省位助动词情态动词前例：
Who can speak Japanese 谁讲日话？
We both（all）can 会
4）neither 两者
a neither作语时谓语动词单数
b 作定语单数名词连neither… nor 作列连词复数名词连谓语采原
c 列句型避免重复例：
She can＼＇t singneither（can）he 会唱歌会
5）neither nor 较
a 前句否定式句句neither nor例：
If you don＼＇t do itneither should I 果干干
b 连续否定句式norneither例：
He can＼＇t singnor dancenor skate 会唱歌会跳舞会滑冰
313 none few some any one ones
none
1） none作语of 构成短语 none of 答语中none单独例：
Are there any pictures on the wall 墙画？
None 没
2） none作语谓语动词单复数均做表语单复数表语致例：
It is none of your business 闲事莫
二few 少数
few 作语时谓语动词复数肯定句
三some
1） 复数名词数名词连
2） 做＼某＼解时单数名词连（ a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day 总天会悔
A certain （some） person has seen you break the rule 意法
注意：
（1）肯定疑问句中some代any
（2）some句式中
a肯定疑问句中：说话认方答案会肯定期肯定回答时
Would you like句式中表委婉请求建议例：
Would you like some coffee 喝咖啡？
b条件状语句中表示确定意义时例：
If you need some helplet me know 需帮助说
csome位语部分例：
Some students haven＼＇t been there before 学生没
d否定整体中部分时some否定句例：
I haven＼＇t heard from some of my old friends these years 年没收老朋友信
四any
1） any 否定句疑问句条件状语句中
句中含意思时any肯定句
Here are three novels You may read any 三说读
五one 复数形式ones
ones必须形容词连果代名词时形容词前some anyones例：
Have you bought any rulers 买尺？
Yes I ＼＇ve bought some 买买
314 onethat it
one表示泛指thatit 表示特指that指名词类it 指名词例：
I can＼＇t find my hat I think I must buy one（定）找帽子想该买顶
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought（类）买顶帽子买
I can＼＇t find my hat I don＼＇ t know where I put it（ 物）找帽子知道放
315 oneanotherthe other
one… the other 两
some… the others 三
one… anotheranother…
some… othersothers…
others other peoplethings
the others the rest 剩余全部
1） 泛指another
2） 定范围两（物）onethe other
3） 定范围三者oneone （another）第三the othera third
4） 定范围部分物剩余全部the others
5） 泛指物时others定范围部分剩余部分全部时others
316 the妙
He is one of the students who help me
He is the one of the students who helps me 帮学生
第句定语句the students 致
第二句定语句the one 致
317 anyoneany oneno onenoneeveryeach
1．anyone any one
anyone仅指any one指指物
2．no one none
a） none of短语指指物no one单独指
b） none 作语谓语动词单复数均no one作语谓语动词单数例：
None of you could lift it 中没举起
Did any one call me up just now 刚电话
No one 没
3．every each
1） every 强调全体概念 each强调体概念例：
Every student in our school works hard 学校学生功
Each student may have one book 学生书
2） every 指三物（含三）each指两物 （含两）
3） every 作形容词单独each作代词形容词例：
Every boy has to take one 男孩必须取
Each boy has to take one
Each of the boys has to take one
4
） every作状语each作状语
5） every 反复重复意思 every two weeks等 each没
6） every not 连表示部分否定 each not连表示全部否定例：
Every man is not honest 非诚实
Each man is not honest 诚实
318 both either neither all any none
词作代词形容词位置be 动词行动词前第助动词
1） both （两者）either（两者中）neither （两者）词范围两物例：
Neither of the two boys is clever 两男孩聪明
2） botheither
both复数连either单数连例：
Both the boys are clever 两男孩聪明
Either of the two boys is clever
There are flowers on both sides of the street 路边长满野花
There are flowers on either side of the street
3） all （全部物）any （） none （） 词范围三者例：
All the flowers are gone 花谢
I don＼＇t like any of the flowers 花喜欢
I like none of the flowers 花喜欢
注意：allnone法样单数名词单数动词复数名词复数动词例：
All of the students are there 学生
All （of） the milk is there 牛奶
319 many much
Manymuch意＼许＼ many + 数名词much + 数名词例：
How many people are there at the meeting 少出席会议
How much time has we left 剩少时间？
Many of the workers were at the meeting许工开会
Much of the time was spent on learning学化许时间
320 few little a few a little
（a） few + 数名词 （a） little + 数名词
a few a little 肯定含义点
few little 否定含义没少例：
He has a few friends 朋友
He has few friends 没朋友
We still have a little time 点时间
There is little time left 没剩什时间
固定搭配：only a few （few） not a few （many） quite a few （many） many a （many）例：
Many books were sold
Many a book was sold 卖出许书
典型例题
Although he ＼＇s wealthyhe spends___ on clothes
A little B few C a little D a few
答案： A spend指钱数little a little 句although引导步状语句句意知句否定含义应little表示
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