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崔杰（2013）碳关税国农产品出口影响出结说农产品出口贸易量出口隐含碳排放量间存正相关关系碳关税征收会导致国农产品出口贸易量减少出口价格提高国产出水降贸易条件恶化社会福利水降等系列影响
综述通相关文献整理分析发现国外部分学者碳关税影响贸易研究出两方面结方面指出征收碳关税短时间发展中国家产生许利影响：导致发展中国家农产品出口价格涨出口环境恶化方面指出长远征收碳关税利发展中国家调整农产品生产模式提升国家农产品出口贸易质量
碳关税中国农产品出口影响
摘
着哥哈根气候变化会坎昆气候会举行美国英国法国等发达国家已着手全国范围进行征收碳关税尝试例美国2009年6月26日颁布清洁源安全法案法案确定 2020年符合碳排放求产品会征收高额碳关税基样前提文决定理方式探析碳关税中国农产品外贸带众影响终发现碳关税中国农产品外贸造成定壁垒时带处碳关税中国农产品出口消极影响国家企业两层面提出解决方法希中国农产品出口方面规避发达国家碳关税壁垒方面世界环保做出部分贡献
关键词：碳关税农产品出口碳减排
ABSTRACT
With the Copenhagen climate alter conference and the Cancun climate conference developed countries such as the United States Britain and France have embarked on a nationwide effort to impose carbon tariffs try to impose carbon tariffs such as the United States in June 26 2009 issued a clean energy security act the legislation to determine from 2020 years later does not meet the requirements of the carbon emissions of imported products will be high carbon tariffs Therefore this article use the theory to study the way analysis carbon tariffs Influence on Chinese agricultural products export trade the results showed that carbon tariffs on China＇s agricultural products export cause certain negative and positive influence and the negative impact of carbon tariff to China＇s agricultural exports in the country and the enterprise two aspects on solution is put forward hope that China＇s agricultural products export on the one hand can avoid the carbon tariff barriers of developed countries the other party
Key words：Carbon tariffsAgricultural exportCarbon reduction
目 录
1前言 1
2碳关税阐述中国农产品出口价格效应分析 1
21碳关税阐述 1
22中国农产品出口价格效应分析 1
3碳关税中国农产品出口影响 3
31积极影响 3
311改善农业生态环境 3
312发展低碳农业优化农产品出口结构 3
313完善农产品出口制度保障 3
32消极影响 4
321减少农产品出口贸易量 4
322提高农产品出口贸易价格 4
323抑制农产品较优势发挥 4
324恶化农产品出口环境 5
325降低国民福利水 5
4碳关税约束中国农产品出口贸易策建议 5
41国家层面 5
411鉴国际验完善低碳农业政策 6
412发展绿色农业确立低碳农业发展模式 6
413积极参国际环境谈判协议制定 7
42企业层面 7
421加强企业碳减排意识 7
422加农产品科技创新 8
423实行元化市场战略 8
5结 8
参考文献 9
致谢 10
1前 言
年欧盟发达国家提出种新型绿色贸易壁垒碳关税概念更迫切全球变暖国际源危机进行表面种旨保护生态环境新型贸易制措施质发达国家实施碳关税政策种保护国济措施想碳关税样口限制发展中国家农产品出口保护国农业减少国家农产品国家农产品击农业中国根关系中国济发展农产品市场贸易尤外贸中国农产品济发展中着举足轻重位旦欧美工业国家实施碳关税政策疑会限制中国农产品出口巨济损失中国农产品出口贸易非常利样背景文详细分析碳关税予中国农产品外贸造成正反两种影响
2碳关税阐述中国农产品出口价格效应分析
21碳关税阐述
欧美发达国家发展中国家耗较商品征收二氧化碳税碳关税法国早提出碳关税概念法国前总统希拉克提出提出时间2007年1月希拉克提出征收碳关税目防止欧盟等国家碳排放交易机制遭受公正遇倡导欧盟国家认京议定书国家遵守协定书予征收高额碳关税惩罚矛头直指美国萨科齐成法国总统认碳关税重申重视征收碳关税问题2009年6月26日美国出台美国清洁源安全法案实质2020年起开始实施碳关税政策法案求2020年发展中国家实施二氧化碳减排限额征收商品碳关税钢铁铝水泥化工等产品
表面征收碳关税件事控制全球二氧化碳排放量缓解气候变暖危机合理实质征收碳关税欧美发达国家维护国济碳关税幌子制衡发展中国家争取动权设置贸易壁垒中国样发展中国家碳排放控制方面问题达发达国家求视碳关税征收带严峻问题
22中国农产品出口价格效应分析
实施碳关税政策中国农产品外贸产生影响够方面分析济效应探析碳关税济效应中价格效应扩散效应贸易效应等外保护全球环境提出碳关税碳关税环境规关系碳关税较概念限文篇幅较价格效应方面详细分析文价格效应方面理模拟探析碳关税中国农产品外贸造成影响
碳关税价格效应征收关税进口国价格影响海关税数量减少国产品价格涨出口国短期产出中国农产品出口贸易碳关税关税效应减少图1示出碳关税中国农产品贸易出口价格影响力
图1 征收碳关税进出口国贸易价格贸易数量影响
分析前先假设两需求国家中国农产品出口国农产品进口国A国先图1表示样S农产品出口供曲线中国D进口产品需求曲线表示A国A国没考虑征收碳关税前图中供需求曲线M表示时候出口农产品价格P点表示产品出口数量Q点
A国开始中国商品征收碳关税T单位时短时间S供曲线变化中国投入技术劳动力生产素等会变化出口农产品数量变化征收碳税推动出口国农产品价格变高价格增长A国减少农产品出口需求量引发A国中国出口农产品需求曲线移移动T单位便变成D’A国国消费者着农产品价格增长需求量增长导致A国国农场品价格整体涨果碳关税A国国农产品价格低中国出口商品价格A国国农产品生产模式会持续增直A国国农产品价格中国出口农产品碳关税价格样时A国国农产品规模会停止增中国A国供需求两方面达新衡衡点N点时候A国P’价格价钱中国买进Q’单位农产品碳关税征收原商品A国价格P’+t
长远考虑中国实现欧美工业化国家低碳求会改变生产素提高生产技术添加新机器设备初期量素投入会提高农产品外贸价格供曲线弹性会缩供曲线移动提升生产技术更新生产机器情况 中国出口农产品含碳量逐渐降目前农产品出口需碳税税率正降A国中国农产品出口需求慢慢接前需求曲线D中国农产品外贸中商品含碳量A国规定碳含量低时候中国农产品出口供曲线慢慢移S’A进口需求曲线D时候两国家均衡点达T点中国会P价格出口Q单位商品A国
结合述分析短期征收碳税会减少中国农产品出口量出口价格降低长期分析果中国农产品碳关税征收逼迫改变农业发展模式革新技术中国农产品会国际占优势
3碳关税中国农产品出口影响
31积极影响
发达国家农产品进口征收额外关税中国农产品出口带系列问题长远中国农业生产出现转变生产技术创新保护农业生态环境必须发达国家学学先进科学技术促进中国农产品低碳模式断发展
311改善农业生态环境
受高碳关税中国农产品出口影响农业企业采取系列措施严格理农业生产程中二氧化碳等温室气体排放量改变原始农业生产模式等措施减少农业生产程中稳定风险仅保证农业生产健康持续发展会缓解农产品生产环境恶化终改善生态环境
312发展低碳农业优化农产品出口结构
含碳量高农产品征收关税出口成进步升进口需求降相农业低碳含量市场需求断扩采取措施降低中国农产品含碳量改善农业生产程引导促进中国农业生产者断发展重点放正积极开发低碳农业科技研究创新优化中国农业出口结构发展低碳农业未久中国碳关税压力加快农业结构优化升级
313完善农产品出口制度保障
目前中国没完整低碳农业政策体系存问题农产品含碳量高农业生产模式太落等着气候变化会议召开国开始制定碳税制度旦碳关税政策实际执行中国农产品出口蒙受巨损失种情况中国政府积极响应发达国家低碳政策消化吸收政策优势中国国情制定出符合中国特色农业发展政策许发达国家已出台种碳关税措施包括欧盟（EU）建立碳排放交易市场发展低碳产业亚洲开发银行已建立碳排放基金丹麦美国已生源公司申请减税财务补贴等国家目发展低碳济节减排中国政府应该效仿西方发达国家做法例引入种激励措施促进农业生产者引入减排技术予相关财政支持总低碳济持续发展程中中国继续鉴国家效理体制提高农业出口制度保障
32消极影响
着年环境断恶化世界国断推出新环境保护政策解决日益严重环境问题年中国碳税研究相较少中国世界农业生产国家农产品外贸国家果欧美工业国家真正开始中国农产品外贸征收碳关税中国农产品贸易会受法言说击家更清楚解碳关税实施中国造成问题列出关税负面影响
321减少农产品出口贸易量
未碳关税征收会限制中国农产品出口作工业化国家发展中国家农产品高碳量惩罚碳税必提高中国农产品出口成加剧农业出口行业困境导致农产品出口贸易量持续减少着低碳理念传播发达国家征收碳关税国外消费者会更喜欢购买含碳量低产品中国农产品碳含量符合标准会收排挤农产品外贸市场越越
322提高农产品出口价格
中国现发展阶段工业化国家农业生产模式技术方面差距实践出新验提出碳关税征收标准根新型源技术强优势符合标准进口农产品征收碳关税中国农业生产者出口商创新技术改变生产方式减少农业温室气体排放减少碳税农产品出口影响遵守农产品碳排放标准必外中国公司产品检验机构缺乏相关检验技术方法必进口量检验设备中国农产品正进入发达国家市场必进步加农业生产分销中碳排放检验认证方面需投入技术方法会农产品成升农产品外贸价格会必然涨
323抑制农产品较优势发挥
劳动力投入较产品畜产品渔产品园艺产品等生产素中劳动力投入土投入较中华民国全国气候变化早期信息表示中国农业生产排放二氧化碳量5921％动物肠道发酵 504％二氧化碳排放量动物粪便剩3575 ％种植水稻中产生暗示中国劳动投入较粗耕模式中碳排放容易受征收碳关税政策影响会导致中国农产品外贸行业萎缩规模缩会类部门劳动力投入较转土投入较农产品较优势农业产业结构优化社会资源配置效率降避免农产品外贸行业容易心遇贸易阻碍市场份额会减少样产品市场减少样产品劳动投入会流土投入生产部门样话会程度影响整社会资源效利便农产品良优势发挥
324恶化农产品出口环境
农产品外贸出口环境会碳关税征收恶化三方面原第连锁效应果中国农产品出口遭工业化国家索碳关税剩国家会慢慢样理中国索碳关税中国农产品市场断萎缩中国农产品出口持续降连串极强连锁反应第二保护作中国稳定政治环境丰富然资源廉价劳动力助中国出口贸易持续发展直保护农产品工业化国家越越产生成严重心理排斥特金融危机发达国家贸易保护义力量断升更通碳税保护国农业断碳关税口阻碍中国农产品出口国家会严重影响中国农产品出口发展三舆影响然目前发达国家单方面实施碳关税舆引导国外媒体热议征收碳关税成流世界国家更注重农业低碳生产模式中国高耗农产品会降低国外消费者中国消费信心终会中国农产品出口贸易产生极负面影响
325降低国民福利水
发达国家引入碳税仅会减少中国农产品出口量会提高市场价格外农产品进口国欧美等发达国家旦减少农产品进口量会影响整世界农产品价格果实施碳税美国中国符合标准减少农产品进口数量中国农产品市场济变萎靡仅连串连锁效应利润减少会影响农民收入会减少农产品事者工资甚会失工作中国农业工降低生活水福利标准
4碳关税约束中国农产品出口贸易策建议
41国家层面
政府作国家济督促者应该予力支持首先政府应该出台相应政策措施支持鼓励农产品生产者改进生产技术出台系列支持性法律法规低碳农业政策税收减免等措施时缺乏低碳农业发展验中国需鉴欧美等发达国家做法实践验结合国实际情况早日出台套适合中国国情农业低碳生产政策
411鉴国际验完善低碳农业政策
欧美工业化国家发展阶段较高科学技术较先进碳关税方面已制定出实政策中国应鉴发达国家成功验制定出符合国国情低碳农业政策中国够碳税转化环境税国农业生产程中化肥农药征收环境税农民度赖化学物质农药化肥中国改变现贫穷农业生产方式样降低国农产品碳排放量时需采取积极动措施发展低碳农业动员家积极性动性例碳补助金形式发展低碳农业花费钱返农民外需建立相应低碳农业激励机制保障体系例优先考虑低碳农业建设项目减少审批环节建设低碳农业推广委员会负责农业生产环境理督促农村清洁流程模式沼气垃圾成立农业生产碳税基金增加农业市场引进资金低碳绿色农业发展模式提供资金支持时清洁机制完善低碳农业发展关键国源公司出售碳信额度样模式模式扩碳排放国际交易市场根调查现中国已提供CDM项目减排量国家中国应该鉴发达国家发展技术发展低碳农业技术培育创新力外中国应早积极参碳税发展工作落实发达国家碳关税完善中国低碳农业发展政策减少碳关税实施中国农产品外贸影响
412发展绿色农业确立低碳农业发展模式
第中国需积极促进绿色环保低碳发展模式改造落粗耕农业生产方式达成样目标中国需严格限制化肥农药量选择农业绿色生产模式开展农业垃圾回收项目全方位利农业废弃物减少农业资源浪费实现资源效利秸秆农业生产化肥资源循环形成 重新农业废弃物 农产品系统外生态规开发次利机物质循环实现环保效果降低外部化学品机耕作输入实现农业持续发展例禁止化肥农药造合成保护剂农药杀虫剂控制方法天然植物生物虫害绿肥秸秆田类动物培肥土壤仅减少碳排放量保持农业生态系统良性循环
次政府农业科技领域提倡节减排生产模式推广病虫害防治方法生物沼气提高生态施肥技术提高生殖技术发展绿色生产技术发展清洁农业模式相完整创新领域进行创新体系材料等方面效指导利低碳农业发展废物变废宝中国政府弄清楚农业低碳碳标准出台明确规定符合低碳政策农业生产者取发展低碳农业资格然出台低碳标准参考欧美工业化国家美国法国样国家开始增加农产品碳标签发达国家英国早期阶段开始说明二氧化碳产品生命周期排放量指标中国应制定农产品标准碳排放量超出范围农产品出口标注高碳含量总中国已制定行性低碳农业发展模式种低碳农业技术低碳标准应农产品生产
413积极参国际环境谈判协议制定
进口农产品征收碳关税未久会必然实现长远算中国必须全球低碳发展形式动参碳关税制定实施中中国政府努力成碳税实施参者碳税协议厂家中国带处中国政府应该创造中国农产品出口利国际环境中提供双赢协议时中国发展中国家责原根生产者消费者承担高碳产品责原应该争取中国农产品出口利条件发展中国家正处工业化进程中已完成工业化革命西方发达国家相碳关税需维持公公正国际谈判原碳关税实施必须处国家发展阶段碳关税求阶段必须历史情况中认真考虑
时中国参制定碳排放标准寻求发达国家予发展中国家定例外中国应动制定碳排放标准努力中国农产品提供利碳排放目前发展中国家部分产品具高碳排放特征西方发达国家已工业化产业转信息产业绿色环保产业农产品碳含量效控制碳排放量低工业化国家应该发展中国家提供高度节技术减排技术便断减少二氧化碳排放量
42企业层面
农产品出口企业握住政府予相关低碳农业发展政策财政援助外需身考虑努力提高员工低碳意识农产品创新力企业注重低碳技术创新树立低碳意识长期利益眼前利益挂钩扩未农产品出口市场根重视低碳发展农业重性派遣优秀员工低碳农业先进国家学改善低碳农业作中国农产品出口贸易会直繁荣
421加强企业碳减排意识
着济快速发展环境恶化环保已成国际社会识目前中国农产品生产程中量农药化肥造成量二氧化碳产生造成定环境污染果碳关税正式实施中国农产品出口程中避免会受高碳税影响外中国农业生产者没养成动强烈低碳环保农业意识求企业者拥真确良意识非常重企业部农产品生产商定形成严格低碳发展模式制定企业部碳排放明确标准先参考欧美工业化国家碳排放标准出口农产品必须达标准顾眼前利益顾否允许进入市场时组织公司部低碳农业培训讲座提高部员工意识解农产品清洁生产模式外积极参低碳活动企业组织低碳活动觉提高低碳减排意识推动低碳减排倡议
422加农产品科技创新
短期实行碳关税会降低中国国农产品出口量然段时间会显示出实施碳税出口中国农产品具定处碳税促进生产农产品公司进行技术创新迫宣传农产品低碳发展农产品出口企业开展农业科技时进取创新转换高碳生产模式节减排环境保护必形成低碳生产模式否实行碳关税中国出口农产品会缺点技术创新第步采取全球性措施害虫防止方法残留农药量控制包装等进行改变农业生产商企业员工中选出批优秀积极派欧美国家学先进理验生产技术提高中国农产品外贸竞争力
中国政府会推出农产品低碳发展政策农产品出口企业利优惠政策政府寻求资金援助技术援助企业投入资金创新学先进技术消化吸收减少农业生产二氧化碳排放中投入量资金改善源资源利效率努力增加农业出口创汇产品外中国目前相关知识产权制度完善中国农产品出口企业必须明确产权法保护身创新技术成果申请专利仅保护公司利益效调动企业利润公司部工程师热情进行断创新
423实行元化市场战略
着西方发达国家继续提议实施碳关税日等亚洲发达国家逐步实施碳关税未中国想降低农产品出口日国家增长速度农产品出口企业定采取行效方法降低农产品出口贸易中碳含量中国持续断创新农业生产技术扩农产品效市场份额实现农产品出口市场元化年中国农产品俄罗斯印度土耳巴西墨西哥南非出口直呈逐年升趋势中国农产品出口市场开始样化维持欧洲美国日农产品出口外中国需继续扩新兴国家出口外企业农产品出口商考虑投资事实优势建立工厂降低关税外国资国家豁免介绍激励措施减少碳关税造成贸易壁垒碳关税发生实行元化市场战略进步扩中国农产品出口市场促进农产品出口贸易持续发展
5结
文中通研究发现欧盟等发达国家进口源密集型产品征收额外关税保护济环境中国农产品出口贸易方面积极影响利改善中国农业生态环境发展低碳农业优化农产品出口结构改善农业出口制度保障方面中国农产品出口利素旦发达国家实施碳关税中国时应潮流农产品生产技术检验标准等方面达求话中国农产品出口价格会提高中国农产品出口较优势受压制终农产品出口贸易环境会断恶化总说中国农产品出口贸易着绿色节低碳等方面发展握住碳税契机发展环保低碳农业优化农产品产业结构征收碳关税中国产生积极影响促进中国农产品出口贸易繁荣发展
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美国碳关税：制度设想贸易政策
美国试图气候变化立法中确立碳关税制度未实施减排国家源密集型产品采取边境调节措施制度设想碳关税理研究基础济政治正性碳关税早期研究重点国程序性障碍边体制合法性问题危机时代碳关税研究中心作者回顾碳关税理研究国国际两层面碳关税制度设想蜕变美国贸易政策面障碍加分析方面公众美国济次受挫担忧气候变化立法国产业影响种利益集团博弈决定美国国具备碳关税成贸易政策现实条件方面边体制碳关税难成符合世贸组织法律贸易政策仅碳关税制度设计中存诸违反非歧视原规定碳关税欲般例外条款谋求合法位面许挑战中国应未雨绸缪容应
1引 言
2009年6月26日美国众议院通清洁源安全法案授权总统2020年起未实施减排限额国家源密集型产品采取边境调节措施（border adjustment)措施加快碳关税蜕变美国贸易政策步伐美国贸易法制较健全国家历贸易政策通立法途径升国家法律求更实现政策目标传统文首先分析碳关税国法层面合法化道路障碍时鉴边体制国贸易政策仅反映国国利益诉求更遵守WTO纪律符合该国WTO义务文进行政策评析时着力WTO法律条文WTO争端解决机构已裁决案例出发国际法层面寻求中国应道研究框架文拟证核心假设命题关税制度设想现实政策蜕变尚赖美国国利益集团博弈试图WTO例外规外衣获边体制合法位更需修改项实质条件
2文献回顾
谓碳关税指高耗产品进口征收特二氧化碳排放关税征税象进口产品中碳排放密集型产品铝钢铁水泥玻璃制品等产品概念早欧盟敦促美国减排做出限制提出欧盟迄没外统实施碳关税美国已认定碳关税机制减排问题出张新牌学者关碳关税研究似美国贸易政策制定提供证研究致2008年全球金融危机分界线研究侧重点
企业国际竞争力碳碳关税社会成部化某学者认济学角度碳关税设计非常必美国公司国际竞争力美国气候政策讨议程非常重国际竞争力指国竞争力企业公竞技场（公竞技场）外国企业竞争力企业保持增加国外市场份额利润力影响企业竞争力微观素成结构产品质量品牌服务物流等宏观素货币贸易规稳定政治制度
必须学者相信控制温室气体排放方面计划限制贸易排放交易排放税会美国制造业造成额外成外国公司需承担类似成美国公司失竞争优势特中国巴西印度等没采取国家碳排放控制措施产品获相美国价格优势然成价格较优势理传统国家相优势资源禀赋通允许更温室气体排放获终结果全球变暖负外部效应碳排放造成损害种形社会成产品实际价格计算关排放法律规定导致美国公司处竞争劣势美国气候政策造成影响竞争力美国源密集型制造业钢铁铝水泥玻璃化工纸浆造纸工业特难
然果政府采取相应措施碳社会成化成碳定价产品成价部分包含产品成中实际坦舞台 (水准竞技场)确保美国国家贸易理公企业求碳关税促美国市场竞争中进入产品生产碳排放必方式 社会成化必须学者相信碳关税防止碳泄漏碳排放确保国减排措施必措施影响研究贸易环境问题污染避难假说 (污染没容)证明贸易结果企业减少成恒定迁移苛刻环境法律国家宽松环境法律国家导致者质更肮脏碳泄漏减少排放理体现必须学者相信果美国单方面决定减少排放量国家采取类似措施美国客观会国家采取类似措施结果美国公司迁国家仅美国业税收增加方碳排放量根中国印度气候法企业搬迁实际排放量会更解决环境问题 获发展机遇违反美国直坚持原美国参议院决议已明确表明美国应该签署重破坏协议
更重必须学者相信碳关税仅促进更广泛更深入减排客观说鼓励国家加入减排国际合作中果美国想保持济世界碳排放限制必须坚持绿色竞争设计制造部署激励成清洁国企业控制关税世界领导者助减缓源解决方案温室气体政策突排放反特推动国源密集型行业支持联邦政府气候政策
果没碳关税国家受控制受国家企业限制气候政策限制终减排结果总体水迫发放免费许证（非拍卖许）意义讲碳关税石头砸死两鸟国外实现低排放时美国利益集团直希中国等国家时举办减排行动美国劳工联合会行业委员会执行罗伯特(Robert B)参议院组委员会美国限制温室气体排放效益措施讨指出：中国发展中国家应参国际事宜然欧盟国家减少碳排放做项努力徒劳坦率说努力减少碳排放某发展中国家吸引投资优势努力符合国家利益者发展中国家成解决方案部分国家世界利益问题解决没某学者观点碳关税促进越越国家加入效减排行动
然证明碳关税必性角度负面消息怀疑碳关税存原认碳关税种贸易壁垒种类型流动效率贸易限制扭曲世界资源优化配置较优势原全球济造成损害方面生活成生产成升赖进口美国消费者美国企业进口钢铁作原材料汽车工业确保国际企业第二步济果作建立碳关税理竞争力会取消保护持续全球变暖终目标面气候政策条款竞争力条件进口竞争保护美国公司果样话碳关税已降纯粹保护义工具专家应气候变化成仅19全球国生产总值源密集型行业种影响高行业许贸易领域限制温室气体排放竞争力影响国企业会放样企业转移碳泄漏夸实施碳关税击贸易互信更利促进全球合作作种单边行动确保碳关税竞争力会破坏未国际合作相互信签署项国际协议美国通搭便车方式提高碳关税国应快加入该行动时相互间分歧
3结
摘碳关税制度思想法律面前面着许现实问题完善问题碳关税制度设想转变现实贸易政策然取决国利益集团博弈美国试图通WTO例外条款壳更需修改实际条件法律位然方面必感恐慌毕竟种系统想法美国没完成国法律程序法律规定2020年前实施碳关税美国进行贸易国家足够时间准备
外文原文
From System Assumption to Trade Policy Obstacle of the US Carbon Tariff
The US tries to establish carbon tariff system in climate change legislation applying border tax to energy intensive products from those that fail to adopt emission reduction Based on the review of the theoretical studies on carbon tariff the author analyzed the obstacles that the US confronts in transforming carbon tariff from system assumption to trade policy The public concern about possible economic slowdown the influence of climate change legislation and the games among various interest groups prevent carbon tariff becoming a trade policy furthermore if so it would violate the principle Nondiscrimination and the General exceptions in WTO which makes it lack of legitimate ground Thus China should plan ahead and deal with it calmly
1 Introduction
June 26 2009 the US House of Representatives passed the clean energy and security act authorized the President since 2020 to countries from did not reduce emissions limits of energyintensive products border adjustment measures (border adjustment) a move that accelerated the transformation of carbon tariffs for the pace of US trade policy Because the United States is a country trade legal system is sound it always has the rise in trade policy through the legislative way in order to better achieve policy objectives by the laws of the state of tradition so this article will first analysis of carbon tariffs in the legalization of its domestic law level road barriers light of the multilateral system at the same time a country＇s trade policy should not only reflect the interests of the domestic demands should comply with the WTO discipline more in line with the country＇s obligations under the WTO therefore this article when making policy evaluation from WTO laws and will focus on the case of the WTO dispute settlement body has ruled in international law level to seek the way of dealing with China Under the research frame work The paper demonstrates the core assumption of proposition is carbon tariffs from system envisaged that the realistic policy change is depends on the game of domestic interest groups And the attempt to borrow the coat for the multilateral system by the rules of WTO exception more need to modify the legal status of the real conditions
2 literature review
Carbon tariffs refers to the import of energyintensive products a special carbon tariffs The main object of taxation is imported products in carbon intensive products such as aluminum steel cement glass and other products First is the for the concept to limit emissions and urged the United States Although the has so far failed to foreign unified implementation of carbon tariff but the United States has concluded that carbon tariff mechanism is its on emissions cuts can hit a new card Because scholars research on carbon tariffs would seem to us trade policy formulation provides reliable argument These studies can be roughly 2008 of the global financial crisis as the dividing line The emphasis of the research are different
The international competitiveness of enterprises The internalization of social cost of carbon and carbon tariffs Certain scholars think the design of carbon tariffs from economics of point view is very necessary All along the international competitiveness of us companies is very important in American climate policy discussions on the agenda International competitiveness mainly refers to the domestic enterprises in fair arena (a level playing field)＇s ability to compete with foreign enterprises it is the enterprise maintain or increase their market share both at home and abroad and the ability to profit Both the microcosmic factors affect enterprise competitiveness Such as cost structure product quality brand service and logistics etc also has the macroscopic such as currency trade rules and a stable political system
Must send scholars believe that in terms of controlling greenhouse gas emissions both plan cap and trade emissions trading and carbon tax will cause the additional cost to the American manufacturing in foreign companies do not need to bear the cost of similar us companies are likely to lose its competitive advantage Especially from China such as Brazil or India did not take the national carbon emissions controls products can obtain relative to the price advantage of the United States However the cost and price on the theory of comparative advantage is not a traditional countries relative advantage of resources endowment but gained by allowing more greenhouse gas emissions the end result is the negative external effect of global warming The damage caused by carbon emissions is a kind of invisible social costs it is impossible to calculate to the product in the real price Therefore legal provisions on the emissions could lead to American companies at a competitive disadvantage US climate policy caused by the influence of competitiveness and to the United States energyintensive manufacturing industries such as steel Aluminum cement glass chemical pulp and paper industry especially hard
However if the government to take corresponding measures Can internalize the social cost of carbon (internalize)Make it become a part of the product cost price on carbon pricing and be included in the product cost Actually played a flattened arena (to leveling the playing field)ensures that the United States and other countries theory of free trade for fair with the requirements in accordance enterprises Carbon tariffs is prompted to American market in the competition enter the production of products to its carbon necessary way of internalization of social cost Must send scholars believe that carbon tariffs is to prevent the carbon leakage (carbon leakage) O1carbon migration (emission migration)to ensure that the domestic emission reduction measures the effect of the necessary measures Trade and environment problems of the past research the pollution haven hypothesis (the pollution haven content) have proved that the result of the free trade will enable enterprises to reduce costs constant migration from harsh environmental law country to looser environmental law countries leading to the essence of the latter more dirty carbon leakage is just the embodiment of the theory on reducing emissions Must send scholars believe that if the United States unilaterally decided to reduce emissions while other countries do not take similar measures with the United States objectively will make those countries not to take similar measures a ride as a result some American companies move to countries that ride This not only is the American jobs and taxes as the cost but also can increase the carbon emissions elsewhere Because from the United States but by China or India climate law corporate relocation to actually emissions are likely to be more Not solve the environmental problem and the other is obtained the development opportunity this violated the United States has always insisted on the principle of the US senate by early bird sea＇s resolution has made clear that the United States should not sign any significant damage to their development and the responsibility of developing countries from economic international agreement How can now because domestic climate policy and make the enterprise into a disadvantage Carbon tariffs so be sure to send scholar of 12 eyes of the most effective offset companies take advantage of low cost Prevent the carbon disclosure at the same time can realize control greenhouse gas emission
And more importantly Must send scholars believe that carbon tariffs can not only promote the more extensive and deeper reductions Objectively will also encourage other countries to join the international cooperation to reduce emissions If the United States wants to keep its economy in today＇s carbon constraints of standing in the world have to adhere to the green competition Must in the conception design manufacture deployment and inspiring to become the world leader in clean the domestic enterprises to control tariff will help to slow energy solutions greenhouse gas policy conflict emissions opposition especially to pushing and domestic energyintensive industries to support the federal government＇s climate policy
Because if there is no carbon tariffs policymakers will have to put some foreign companies or migrate to carbon emissions without constraint of national enterprise out of the climate policy the final result of emission reduction is the overall level is low of forced to distribute free permits (not auction permits)In this sense carbon tariffs is kill two birds with one stone and to achieve lower emissions at home and abroad At the same time the American interest groups have been hoping that dev eloping countries such as China and its action on emissions cuts the American federation of labor industry committee executive director Robert (Robert aught B) in the senate subcommittee on American limit their greenhouse gas emissions benefit measures discussion has pointed out China and other major developing countries should be involved in the solution Otherwise We and the European Union and other countries do every efforts to cut carbon emissions will be in vain and frankly watched ou1r efforts to reduce carbon emissions into a certain developing countries to attract investment and an advantage it doesn＇t accord with our national interests However Or developing countries to become part of the solution is the interest of our country and the World because the solutio1l of the problem can＇t be without them Certain scholars view Carbon tariffs is to promote more and more countries are joining reduction action of the most effective tool
In sure send demonstrates the necessity of Carbon tariffs at the same time negative sent from different angles also doubted the reason for the presence of carbon tariffs First they think that carbon tariffs is a kind of trade barriersis a kind flow efficiency On the one land Trade restrictions will distort the world resources optimization configuration and the principle of comparative advantage May cause damage to the global economy Carbon ta1iffson the other hand will have to rely on imports of American consumers and us companies such as in the auto industry of imported steel as raw materials) from living cost or production costs rise This is very to ensure the international enterprise＇s Second Not economic consequences Competitiveness as the reason for setting up carbon tariffs is likely to be off to prevent
Protect the ultimate goal of continued global warming emissions Instead Likely to have to face competitiveness of climate policy terms and conditions are import competition The protection of US companies If this is the case Carbon tariffs is reduced to mere protectionist tools Because according to experts The cost of tackling climate change accounts for only 19of global gross domestic product Even in energyintensive sectors this effect is not very high because many of the trade in these industries are in an area So the domestic enterprises to limit greenhouse gas emissions impact on competitiveness may be magnified Similarly the enterprise finally The transfers and carbon leakage also may have been exaggerated Implementation of carbon tariff will hit the trade mutual trust The more conducive to promoting global cooperation As a kind of unilateral action in order to ensure the competitiveness of carbon tariffs could undermine future emissions of international cooperation and mutual trust signed an international agreement Although the United States can borrow hitchhiking of carbon tariffs stress countries join the action as soon as possible But at the same time it also may be due to mutual distrust and widening distance Harder to international agreement In addition Expensive execution cost is carbon tariff insurmountable gap In addition to ensure fair competitio1before a carbon tariff The customs will have to set up an1infomation collection system According to the carbon footprint of imports of foreign products to make a decision And under the multilateral system to make carbon tariffs do not violate the obligations under the WTO must according to the country of origin of imported products of climate legislation in various items o1import restrictions to measure the extent of carbon tariffs All this means that the carbon tariffs of the administrative procedure is very complicated Cost is very high
3 Conclusion
The carbon tariff system ideas also faces many realistic problems and imperfect in the eyes of the law Carbon Tariff system envisaged to transmute into realistic trade policy still depends on the game of domestic interest groups and the United States tried to borrow the coat for the mu1tilateral syste111by the rules of WTO exception more need to modify the legal status of the real conditions with a carbon tariff Therefore On one hand we don＇t be panic After all is just a kind of system idea Haven’t finished the domestic law prog1a11in the United States Even if in accordance with the law And to implement the carbon tariffs until 2020for those countries that trade with the United States they can have enough time to prepare
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碳关税中国农产品出口影响
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碳关税中国农产品出口影响
摘
着哥哈根气候变化会坎昆气候会举行美国英国法国等发达国家已着手全国范围进行征收碳关税尝试例美国2009年6月26日颁布清洁源安全法案法案确定 2020年符合碳排放求产品会征收高额碳关税基样前提文决定理方式探析碳关税中国农产品外贸带众影响终发现碳关税中国农产品外贸造成定壁垒时带处碳关税中国农产品出口消极影响国家企业两层面提出解决方法希中国农产品出口方面规避发达国家碳关税壁垒方面世界环保做出部分贡献
关键词：碳关税农产品出口碳减排
ABSTRACT
With the Copenhagen climate alter conference and the Cancun climate conference developed countries such as the United States Britain and France have embarked on a nationwide effort to impose carbon tariffs try to impose carbon tariffs such as the United States in June 26 2009 issued a clean energy security act the legislation to determine from 2020 years later does not meet the requirements of the carbon emissions of imported products will be high carbon tariffs Therefore this article use the theory to study the way analysis carbon tariffs Influence on Chinese agricultural products export trade the results showed that carbon tariffs on China＇s agricultural products export cause certain negative and positive influence and the negative impact of carbon tariff to China＇s agricultural exports in the country and the enterprise two aspects on solution is put forward hope that China＇s agricultural products export on the one hand can avoid the carbon tariff barriers of developed countries the other party
Key words：Carbon tariffsAgricultural exportCarbon reduction
目 录
1前言 1
2碳关税阐述中国农产品出口价格效应分析 1
21碳关税阐述 1
22中国农产品出口价格效应分析 1
3碳关税中国农产品出口影响 3
31积极影响 3
311改善农业生态环境 3
312发展低碳农业优化农产品出口结构 3
313完善农产品出口制度保障 3
32消极影响 4
321减少农产品出口贸易量 4
322提高农产品出口贸易价格 4
323抑制农产品较优势发挥 4
324恶化农产品出口环境 5
325降低国民福利水 5
4碳关税约束中国农产品出口贸易策建议 5
41国家层面 5
411鉴国际验完善低碳农业政策 6
412发展绿色农业确立低碳农业发展模式 6
413积极参国际环境谈判协议制定 7
42企业层面 7
421加强企业碳减排意识 7
422加农产品科技创新 8
423实行元化市场战略 8
5结 8
参考文献 9
致谢 10
1前 言
年欧盟发达国家提出种新型绿色贸易壁垒碳关税概念更迫切全球变暖国际源危机进行表面种旨保护生态环境新型贸易制措施质发达国家实施碳关税政策种保护国济措施想碳关税样口限制发展中国家农产品出口保护国农业减少国家农产品国家农产品击农业中国根关系中国济发展农产品市场贸易尤外贸中国农产品济发展中着举足轻重位旦欧美工业国家实施碳关税政策疑会限制中国农产品出口巨济损失中国农产品出口贸易非常利样背景文详细分析碳关税予中国农产品外贸造成正反两种影响
2碳关税阐述中国农产品出口价格效应分析
21碳关税阐述
欧美发达国家发展中国家耗较商品征收二氧化碳税碳关税法国早提出碳关税概念法国前总统希拉克提出提出时间2007年1月希拉克提出征收碳关税目防止欧盟等国家碳排放交易机制遭受公正遇倡导欧盟国家认京议定书国家遵守协定书予征收高额碳关税惩罚矛头直指美国萨科齐成法国总统认碳关税重申重视征收碳关税问题2009年6月26日美国出台美国清洁源安全法案实质2020年起开始实施碳关税政策法案求2020年发展中国家实施二氧化碳减排限额征收商品碳关税钢铁铝水泥化工等产品
表面征收碳关税件事控制全球二氧化碳排放量缓解气候变暖危机合理实质征收碳关税欧美发达国家维护国济碳关税幌子制衡发展中国家争取动权设置贸易壁垒中国样发展中国家碳排放控制方面问题达发达国家求视碳关税征收带严峻问题
22中国农产品出口价格效应分析
实施碳关税政策中国农产品外贸产生影响够方面分析济效应探析碳关税济效应中价格效应扩散效应贸易效应等外保护全球环境提出碳关税碳关税环境规关系碳关税较概念限文篇幅较价格效应方面详细分析文价格效应方面理模拟探析碳关税中国农产品外贸造成影响
碳关税价格效应征收关税进口国价格影响海关税数量减少国产品价格涨出口国短期产出中国农产品出口贸易碳关税关税效应减少图1示出碳关税中国农产品贸易出口价格影响力
图1 征收碳关税进出口国贸易价格贸易数量影响
分析前先假设两需求国家中国农产品出口国农产品进口国A国先图1表示样S农产品出口供曲线中国D进口产品需求曲线表示A国A国没考虑征收碳关税前图中供需求曲线M表示时候出口农产品价格P点表示产品出口数量Q点
A国开始中国商品征收碳关税T单位时短时间S供曲线变化中国投入技术劳动力生产素等会变化出口农产品数量变化征收碳税推动出口国农产品价格变高价格增长A国减少农产品出口需求量引发A国中国出口农产品需求曲线移移动T单位便变成D’A国国消费者着农产品价格增长需求量增长导致A国国农场品价格整体涨果碳关税A国国农产品价格低中国出口商品价格A国国农产品生产模式会持续增直A国国农产品价格中国出口农产品碳关税价格样时A国国农产品规模会停止增中国A国供需求两方面达新衡衡点N点时候A国P’价格价钱中国买进Q’单位农产品碳关税征收原商品A国价格P’+t
长远考虑中国实现欧美工业化国家低碳求会改变生产素提高生产技术添加新机器设备初期量素投入会提高农产品外贸价格供曲线弹性会缩供曲线移动提升生产技术更新生产机器情况 中国出口农产品含碳量逐渐降目前农产品出口需碳税税率正降A国中国农产品出口需求慢慢接前需求曲线D中国农产品外贸中商品含碳量A国规定碳含量低时候中国农产品出口供曲线慢慢移S’A进口需求曲线D时候两国家均衡点达T点中国会P价格出口Q单位商品A国
结合述分析短期征收碳税会减少中国农产品出口量出口价格降低长期分析果中国农产品碳关税征收逼迫改变农业发展模式革新技术中国农产品会国际占优势
3碳关税中国农产品出口影响
31积极影响
发达国家农产品进口征收额外关税中国农产品出口带系列问题长远中国农业生产出现转变生产技术创新保护农业生态环境必须发达国家学学先进科学技术促进中国农产品低碳模式断发展
311改善农业生态环境
受高碳关税中国农产品出口影响农业企业采取系列措施严格理农业生产程中二氧化碳等温室气体排放量改变原始农业生产模式等措施减少农业生产程中稳定风险仅保证农业生产健康持续发展会缓解农产品生产环境恶化终改善生态环境
312发展低碳农业优化农产品出口结构
含碳量高农产品征收关税出口成进步升进口需求降相农业低碳含量市场需求断扩采取措施降低中国农产品含碳量改善农业生产程引导促进中国农业生产者断发展重点放正积极开发低碳农业科技研究创新优化中国农业出口结构发展低碳农业未久中国碳关税压力加快农业结构优化升级
313完善农产品出口制度保障
目前中国没完整低碳农业政策体系存问题农产品含碳量高农业生产模式太落等着气候变化会议召开国开始制定碳税制度旦碳关税政策实际执行中国农产品出口蒙受巨损失种情况中国政府积极响应发达国家低碳政策消化吸收政策优势中国国情制定出符合中国特色农业发展政策许发达国家已出台种碳关税措施包括欧盟（EU）建立碳排放交易市场发展低碳产业亚洲开发银行已建立碳排放基金丹麦美国已生源公司申请减税财务补贴等国家目发展低碳济节减排中国政府应该效仿西方发达国家做法例引入种激励措施促进农业生产者引入减排技术予相关财政支持总低碳济持续发展程中中国继续鉴国家效理体制提高农业出口制度保障
32消极影响
着年环境断恶化世界国断推出新环境保护政策解决日益严重环境问题年中国碳税研究相较少中国世界农业生产国家农产品外贸国家果欧美工业国家真正开始中国农产品外贸征收碳关税中国农产品贸易会受法言说击家更清楚解碳关税实施中国造成问题列出关税负面影响
321减少农产品出口贸易量
未碳关税征收会限制中国农产品出口作工业化国家发展中国家农产品高碳量惩罚碳税必提高中国农产品出口成加剧农业出口行业困境导致农产品出口贸易量持续减少着低碳理念传播发达国家征收碳关税国外消费者会更喜欢购买含碳量低产品中国农产品碳含量符合标准会收排挤农产品外贸市场越越
322提高农产品出口价格
中国现发展阶段工业化国家农业生产模式技术方面差距实践出新验提出碳关税征收标准根新型源技术强优势符合标准进口农产品征收碳关税中国农业生产者出口商创新技术改变生产方式减少农业温室气体排放减少碳税农产品出口影响遵守农产品碳排放标准必外中国公司产品检验机构缺乏相关检验技术方法必进口量检验设备中国农产品正进入发达国家市场必进步加农业生产分销中碳排放检验认证方面需投入技术方法会农产品成升农产品外贸价格会必然涨
323抑制农产品较优势发挥
劳动力投入较产品畜产品渔产品园艺产品等生产素中劳动力投入土投入较中华民国全国气候变化早期信息表示中国农业生产排放二氧化碳量5921％动物肠道发酵 504％二氧化碳排放量动物粪便剩3575 ％种植水稻中产生暗示中国劳动投入较粗耕模式中碳排放容易受征收碳关税政策影响会导致中国农产品外贸行业萎缩规模缩会类部门劳动力投入较转土投入较农产品较优势农业产业结构优化社会资源配置效率降避免农产品外贸行业容易心遇贸易阻碍市场份额会减少样产品市场减少样产品劳动投入会流土投入生产部门样话会程度影响整社会资源效利便农产品良优势发挥
324恶化农产品出口环境
农产品外贸出口环境会碳关税征收恶化三方面原第连锁效应果中国农产品出口遭工业化国家索碳关税剩国家会慢慢样理中国索碳关税中国农产品市场断萎缩中国农产品出口持续降连串极强连锁反应第二保护作中国稳定政治环境丰富然资源廉价劳动力助中国出口贸易持续发展直保护农产品工业化国家越越产生成严重心理排斥特金融危机发达国家贸易保护义力量断升更通碳税保护国农业断碳关税口阻碍中国农产品出口国家会严重影响中国农产品出口发展三舆影响然目前发达国家单方面实施碳关税舆引导国外媒体热议征收碳关税成流世界国家更注重农业低碳生产模式中国高耗农产品会降低国外消费者中国消费信心终会中国农产品出口贸易产生极负面影响
325降低国民福利水
发达国家引入碳税仅会减少中国农产品出口量会提高市场价格外农产品进口国欧美等发达国家旦减少农产品进口量会影响整世界农产品价格果实施碳税美国中国符合标准减少农产品进口数量中国农产品市场济变萎靡仅连串连锁效应利润减少会影响农民收入会减少农产品事者工资甚会失工作中国农业工降低生活水福利标准
4碳关税约束中国农产品出口贸易策建议
41国家层面
政府作国家济督促者应该予力支持首先政府应该出台相应政策措施支持鼓励农产品生产者改进生产技术出台系列支持性法律法规低碳农业政策税收减免等措施时缺乏低碳农业发展验中国需鉴欧美等发达国家做法实践验结合国实际情况早日出台套适合中国国情农业低碳生产政策
411鉴国际验完善低碳农业政策
欧美工业化国家发展阶段较高科学技术较先进碳关税方面已制定出实政策中国应鉴发达国家成功验制定出符合国国情低碳农业政策中国够碳税转化环境税国农业生产程中化肥农药征收环境税农民度赖化学物质农药化肥中国改变现贫穷农业生产方式样降低国农产品碳排放量时需采取积极动措施发展低碳农业动员家积极性动性例碳补助金形式发展低碳农业花费钱返农民外需建立相应低碳农业激励机制保障体系例优先考虑低碳农业建设项目减少审批环节建设低碳农业推广委员会负责农业生产环境理督促农村清洁流程模式沼气垃圾成立农业生产碳税基金增加农业市场引进资金低碳绿色农业发展模式提供资金支持时清洁机制完善低碳农业发展关键国源公司出售碳信额度样模式模式扩碳排放国际交易市场根调查现中国已提供CDM项目减排量国家中国应该鉴发达国家发展技术发展低碳农业技术培育创新力外中国应早积极参碳税发展工作落实发达国家碳关税完善中国低碳农业发展政策减少碳关税实施中国农产品外贸影响
412发展绿色农业确立低碳农业发展模式
第中国需积极促进绿色环保低碳发展模式改造落粗耕农业生产方式达成样目标中国需严格限制化肥农药量选择农业绿色生产模式开展农业垃圾回收项目全方位利农业废弃物减少农业资源浪费实现资源效利秸秆农业生产化肥资源循环形成 重新农业废弃物 农产品系统外生态规开发次利机物质循环实现环保效果降低外部化学品机耕作输入实现农业持续发展例禁止化肥农药造合成保护剂农药杀虫剂控制方法天然植物生物虫害绿肥秸秆田类动物培肥土壤仅减少碳排放量保持农业生态系统良性循环
次政府农业科技领域提倡节减排生产模式推广病虫害防治方法生物沼气提高生态施肥技术提高生殖技术发展绿色生产技术发展清洁农业模式相完整创新领域进行创新体系材料等方面效指导利低碳农业发展废物变废宝中国政府弄清楚农业低碳碳标准出台明确规定符合低碳政策农业生产者取发展低碳农业资格然出台低碳标准参考欧美工业化国家美国法国样国家开始增加农产品碳标签发达国家英国早期阶段开始说明二氧化碳产品生命周期排放量指标中国应制定农产品标准碳排放量超出范围农产品出口标注高碳含量总中国已制定行性低碳农业发展模式种低碳农业技术低碳标准应农产品生产
413积极参国际环境谈判协议制定
进口农产品征收碳关税未久会必然实现长远算中国必须全球低碳发展形式动参碳关税制定实施中中国政府努力成碳税实施参者碳税协议厂家中国带处中国政府应该创造中国农产品出口利国际环境中提供双赢协议时中国发展中国家责原根生产者消费者承担高碳产品责原应该争取中国农产品出口利条件发展中国家正处工业化进程中已完成工业化革命西方发达国家相碳关税需维持公公正国际谈判原碳关税实施必须处国家发展阶段碳关税求阶段必须历史情况中认真考虑
时中国参制定碳排放标准寻求发达国家予发展中国家定例外中国应动制定碳排放标准努力中国农产品提供利碳排放目前发展中国家部分产品具高碳排放特征西方发达国家已工业化产业转信息产业绿色环保产业农产品碳含量效控制碳排放量低工业化国家应该发展中国家提供高度节技术减排技术便断减少二氧化碳排放量
42企业层面
农产品出口企业握住政府予相关低碳农业发展政策财政援助外需身考虑努力提高员工低碳意识农产品创新力企业注重低碳技术创新树立低碳意识长期利益眼前利益挂钩扩未农产品出口市场根重视低碳发展农业重性派遣优秀员工低碳农业先进国家学改善低碳农业作中国农产品出口贸易会直繁荣
421加强企业碳减排意识
着济快速发展环境恶化环保已成国际社会识目前中国农产品生产程中量农药化肥造成量二氧化碳产生造成定环境污染果碳关税正式实施中国农产品出口程中避免会受高碳税影响外中国农业生产者没养成动强烈低碳环保农业意识求企业者拥真确良意识非常重企业部农产品生产商定形成严格低碳发展模式制定企业部碳排放明确标准先参考欧美工业化国家碳排放标准出口农产品必须达标准顾眼前利益顾否允许进入市场时组织公司部低碳农业培训讲座提高部员工意识解农产品清洁生产模式外积极参低碳活动企业组织低碳活动觉提高低碳减排意识推动低碳减排倡议
422加农产品科技创新
短期实行碳关税会降低中国国农产品出口量然段时间会显示出实施碳税出口中国农产品具定处碳税促进生产农产品公司进行技术创新迫宣传农产品低碳发展农产品出口企业开展农业科技时进取创新转换高碳生产模式节减排环境保护必形成低碳生产模式否实行碳关税中国出口农产品会缺点技术创新第步采取全球性措施害虫防止方法残留农药量控制包装等进行改变农业生产商企业员工中选出批优秀积极派欧美国家学先进理验生产技术提高中国农产品外贸竞争力
中国政府会推出农产品低碳发展政策农产品出口企业利优惠政策政府寻求资金援助技术援助企业投入资金创新学先进技术消化吸收减少农业生产二氧化碳排放中投入量资金改善源资源利效率努力增加农业出口创汇产品外中国目前相关知识产权制度完善中国农产品出口企业必须明确产权法保护身创新技术成果申请专利仅保护公司利益效调动企业利润公司部工程师热情进行断创新
423实行元化市场战略
着西方发达国家继续提议实施碳关税日等亚洲发达国家逐步实施碳关税未中国想降低农产品出口日国家增长速度农产品出口企业定采取行效方法降低农产品出口贸易中碳含量中国持续断创新农业生产技术扩农产品效市场份额实现农产品出口市场元化年中国农产品俄罗斯印度土耳巴西墨西哥南非出口直呈逐年升趋势中国农产品出口市场开始样化维持欧洲美国日农产品出口外中国需继续扩新兴国家出口外企业农产品出口商考虑投资事实优势建立工厂降低关税外国资国家豁免介绍激励措施减少碳关税造成贸易壁垒碳关税发生实行元化市场战略进步扩中国农产品出口市场促进农产品出口贸易持续发展
5结
文中通研究发现欧盟等发达国家进口源密集型产品征收额外关税保护济环境中国农产品出口贸易方面积极影响利改善中国农业生态环境发展低碳农业优化农产品出口结构改善农业出口制度保障方面中国农产品出口利素旦发达国家实施碳关税中国时应潮流农产品生产技术检验标准等方面达求话中国农产品出口价格会提高中国农产品出口较优势受压制终农产品出口贸易环境会断恶化总说中国农产品出口贸易着绿色节低碳等方面发展握住碳税契机发展环保低碳农业优化农产品产业结构征收碳关税中国产生积极影响促进中国农产品出口贸易繁荣发展
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美国碳关税：制度设想贸易政策
美国试图气候变化立法中确立碳关税制度未实施减排国家源密集型产品采取边境调节措施制度设想碳关税理研究基础济政治正性碳关税早期研究重点国程序性障碍边体制合法性问题危机时代碳关税研究中心作者回顾碳关税理研究国国际两层面碳关税制度设想蜕变美国贸易政策面障碍加分析方面公众美国济次受挫担忧气候变化立法国产业影响种利益集团博弈决定美国国具备碳关税成贸易政策现实条件方面边体制碳关税难成符合世贸组织法律贸易政策仅碳关税制度设计中存诸违反非歧视原规定碳关税欲般例外条款谋求合法位面许挑战中国应未雨绸缪容应
1引 言
2009年6月26日美国众议院通清洁源安全法案授权总统2020年起未实施减排限额国家源密集型产品采取边境调节措施（border adjustment)措施加快碳关税蜕变美国贸易政策步伐美国贸易法制较健全国家历贸易政策通立法途径升国家法律求更实现政策目标传统文首先分析碳关税国法层面合法化道路障碍时鉴边体制国贸易政策仅反映国国利益诉求更遵守WTO纪律符合该国WTO义务文进行政策评析时着力WTO法律条文WTO争端解决机构已裁决案例出发国际法层面寻求中国应道研究框架文拟证核心假设命题关税制度设想现实政策蜕变尚赖美国国利益集团博弈试图WTO例外规外衣获边体制合法位更需修改项实质条件
2文献回顾
谓碳关税指高耗产品进口征收特二氧化碳排放关税征税象进口产品中碳排放密集型产品铝钢铁水泥玻璃制品等产品概念早欧盟敦促美国减排做出限制提出欧盟迄没外统实施碳关税美国已认定碳关税机制减排问题出张新牌学者关碳关税研究似美国贸易政策制定提供证研究致2008年全球金融危机分界线研究侧重点
企业国际竞争力碳碳关税社会成部化某学者认济学角度碳关税设计非常必美国公司国际竞争力美国气候政策讨议程非常重国际竞争力指国竞争力企业公竞技场（公竞技场）外国企业竞争力企业保持增加国外市场份额利润力影响企业竞争力微观素成结构产品质量品牌服务物流等宏观素货币贸易规稳定政治制度
必须学者相信控制温室气体排放方面计划限制贸易排放交易排放税会美国制造业造成额外成外国公司需承担类似成美国公司失竞争优势特中国巴西印度等没采取国家碳排放控制措施产品获相美国价格优势然成价格较优势理传统国家相优势资源禀赋通允许更温室气体排放获终结果全球变暖负外部效应碳排放造成损害种形社会成产品实际价格计算关排放法律规定导致美国公司处竞争劣势美国气候政策造成影响竞争力美国源密集型制造业钢铁铝水泥玻璃化工纸浆造纸工业特难
然果政府采取相应措施碳社会成化成碳定价产品成价部分包含产品成中实际坦舞台 (水准竞技场)确保美国国家贸易理公企业求碳关税促美国市场竞争中进入产品生产碳排放必方式 社会成化必须学者相信碳关税防止碳泄漏碳排放确保国减排措施必措施影响研究贸易环境问题污染避难假说 (污染没容)证明贸易结果企业减少成恒定迁移苛刻环境法律国家宽松环境法律国家导致者质更肮脏碳泄漏减少排放理体现必须学者相信果美国单方面决定减少排放量国家采取类似措施美国客观会国家采取类似措施结果美国公司迁国家仅美国业税收增加方碳排放量根中国印度气候法企业搬迁实际排放量会更解决环境问题 获发展机遇违反美国直坚持原美国参议院决议已明确表明美国应该签署重破坏协议
更重必须学者相信碳关税仅促进更广泛更深入减排客观说鼓励国家加入减排国际合作中果美国想保持济世界碳排放限制必须坚持绿色竞争设计制造部署激励成清洁国企业控制关税世界领导者助减缓源解决方案温室气体政策突排放反特推动国源密集型行业支持联邦政府气候政策
果没碳关税国家受控制受国家企业限制气候政策限制终减排结果总体水迫发放免费许证（非拍卖许）意义讲碳关税石头砸死两鸟国外实现低排放时美国利益集团直希中国等国家时举办减排行动美国劳工联合会行业委员会执行罗伯特(Robert B)参议院组委员会美国限制温室气体排放效益措施讨指出：中国发展中国家应参国际事宜然欧盟国家减少碳排放做项努力徒劳坦率说努力减少碳排放某发展中国家吸引投资优势努力符合国家利益者发展中国家成解决方案部分国家世界利益问题解决没某学者观点碳关税促进越越国家加入效减排行动
然证明碳关税必性角度负面消息怀疑碳关税存原认碳关税种贸易壁垒种类型流动效率贸易限制扭曲世界资源优化配置较优势原全球济造成损害方面生活成生产成升赖进口美国消费者美国企业进口钢铁作原材料汽车工业确保国际企业第二步济果作建立碳关税理竞争力会取消保护持续全球变暖终目标面气候政策条款竞争力条件进口竞争保护美国公司果样话碳关税已降纯粹保护义工具专家应气候变化成仅19全球国生产总值源密集型行业种影响高行业许贸易领域限制温室气体排放竞争力影响国企业会放样企业转移碳泄漏夸实施碳关税击贸易互信更利促进全球合作作种单边行动确保碳关税竞争力会破坏未国际合作相互信签署项国际协议美国通搭便车方式提高碳关税国应快加入该行动时相互间分歧
3结
摘碳关税制度思想法律面前面着许现实问题完善问题碳关税制度设想转变现实贸易政策然取决国利益集团博弈美国试图通WTO例外条款壳更需修改实际条件法律位然方面必感恐慌毕竟种系统想法美国没完成国法律程序法律规定2020年前实施碳关税美国进行贸易国家足够时间准备
外文原文
From System Assumption to Trade Policy Obstacle of the US Carbon Tariff
The US tries to establish carbon tariff system in climate change legislation applying border tax to energy intensive products from those that fail to adopt emission reduction Based on the review of the theoretical studies on carbon tariff the author analyzed the obstacles that the US confronts in transforming carbon tariff from system assumption to trade policy The public concern about possible economic slowdown the influence of climate change legislation and the games among various interest groups prevent carbon tariff becoming a trade policy furthermore if so it would violate the principle Nondiscrimination and the General exceptions in WTO which makes it lack of legitimate ground Thus China should plan ahead and deal with it calmly
1 Introduction
June 26 2009 the US House of Representatives passed the clean energy and security act authorized the President since 2020 to countries from did not reduce emissions limits of energyintensive products border adjustment measures (border adjustment) a move that accelerated the transformation of carbon tariffs for the pace of US trade policy Because the United States is a country trade legal system is sound it always has the rise in trade policy through the legislative way in order to better achieve policy objectives by the laws of the state of tradition so this article will first analysis of carbon tariffs in the legalization of its domestic law level road barriers light of the multilateral system at the same time a country＇s trade policy should not only reflect the interests of the domestic demands should comply with the WTO discipline more in line with the country＇s obligations under the WTO therefore this article when making policy evaluation from WTO laws and will focus on the case of the WTO dispute settlement body has ruled in international law level to seek the way of dealing with China Under the research frame work The paper demonstrates the core assumption of proposition is carbon tariffs from system envisaged that the realistic policy change is depends on the game of domestic interest groups And the attempt to borrow the coat for the multilateral system by the rules of WTO exception more need to modify the legal status of the real conditions
2 literature review
Carbon tariffs refers to the import of energyintensive products a special carbon tariffs The main object of taxation is imported products in carbon intensive products such as aluminum steel cement glass and other products First is the for the concept to limit emissions and urged the United States Although the has so far failed to foreign unified implementation of carbon tariff but the United States has concluded that carbon tariff mechanism is its on emissions cuts can hit a new card Because scholars research on carbon tariffs would seem to us trade policy formulation provides reliable argument These studies can be roughly 2008 of the global financial crisis as the dividing line The emphasis of the research are different
The international competitiveness of enterprises The internalization of social cost of carbon and carbon tariffs Certain scholars think the design of carbon tariffs from economics of point view is very necessary All along the international competitiveness of us companies is very important in American climate policy discussions on the agenda International competitiveness mainly refers to the domestic enterprises in fair arena (a level playing field)＇s ability to compete with foreign enterprises it is the enterprise maintain or increase their market share both at home and abroad and the ability to profit Both the microcosmic factors affect enterprise competitiveness Such as cost structure product quality brand service and logistics etc also has the macroscopic such as currency trade rules and a stable political system
Must send scholars believe that in terms of controlling greenhouse gas emissions both plan cap and trade emissions trading and carbon tax will cause the additional cost to the American manufacturing in foreign companies do not need to bear the cost of similar us companies are likely to lose its competitive advantage Especially from China such as Brazil or India did not take the national carbon emissions controls products can obtain relative to the price advantage of the United States However the cost and price on the theory of comparative advantage is not a traditional countries relative advantage of resources endowment but gained by allowing more greenhouse gas emissions the end result is the negative external effect of global warming The damage caused by carbon emissions is a kind of invisible social costs it is impossible to calculate to the product in the real price Therefore legal provisions on the emissions could lead to American companies at a competitive disadvantage US climate policy caused by the influence of competitiveness and to the United States energyintensive manufacturing industries such as steel Aluminum cement glass chemical pulp and paper industry especially hard
However if the government to take corresponding measures Can internalize the social cost of carbon (internalize)Make it become a part of the product cost price on carbon pricing and be included in the product cost Actually played a flattened arena (to leveling the playing field)ensures that the United States and other countries theory of free trade for fair with the requirements in accordance enterprises Carbon tariffs is prompted to American market in the competition enter the production of products to its carbon necessary way of internalization of social cost Must send scholars believe that carbon tariffs is to prevent the carbon leakage (carbon leakage) O1carbon migration (emission migration)to ensure that the domestic emission reduction measures the effect of the necessary measures Trade and environment problems of the past research the pollution haven hypothesis (the pollution haven content) have proved that the result of the free trade will enable enterprises to reduce costs constant migration from harsh environmental law country to looser environmental law countries leading to the essence of the latter more dirty carbon leakage is just the embodiment of the theory on reducing emissions Must send scholars believe that if the United States unilaterally decided to reduce emissions while other countries do not take similar measures with the United States objectively will make those countries not to take similar measures a ride as a result some American companies move to countries that ride This not only is the American jobs and taxes as the cost but also can increase the carbon emissions elsewhere Because from the United States but by China or India climate law corporate relocation to actually emissions are likely to be more Not solve the environmental problem and the other is obtained the development opportunity this violated the United States has always insisted on the principle of the US senate by early bird sea＇s resolution has made clear that the United States should not sign any significant damage to their development and the responsibility of developing countries from economic international agreement How can now because domestic climate policy and make the enterprise into a disadvantage Carbon tariffs so be sure to send scholar of 12 eyes of the most effective offset companies take advantage of low cost Prevent the carbon disclosure at the same time can realize control greenhouse gas emission
And more importantly Must send scholars believe that carbon tariffs can not only promote the more extensive and deeper reductions Objectively will also encourage other countries to join the international cooperation to reduce emissions If the United States wants to keep its economy in today＇s carbon constraints of standing in the world have to adhere to the green competition Must in the conception design manufacture deployment and inspiring to become the world leader in clean the domestic enterprises to control tariff will help to slow energy solutions greenhouse gas policy conflict emissions opposition especially to pushing and domestic energyintensive industries to support the federal government＇s climate policy
Because if there is no carbon tariffs policymakers will have to put some foreign companies or migrate to carbon emissions without constraint of national enterprise out of the climate policy the final result of emission reduction is the overall level is low of forced to distribute free permits (not auction permits)In this sense carbon tariffs is kill two birds with one stone and to achieve lower emissions at home and abroad At the same time the American interest groups have been hoping that dev eloping countries such as China and its action on emissions cuts the American federation of labor industry committee executive director Robert (Robert aught B) in the senate subcommittee on American limit their greenhouse gas emissions benefit measures discussion has pointed out China and other major developing countries should be involved in the solution Otherwise We and the European Union and other countries do every efforts to cut carbon emissions will be in vain and frankly watched ou1r efforts to reduce carbon emissions into a certain developing countries to attract investment and an advantage it doesn＇t accord with our national interests However Or developing countries to become part of the solution is the interest of our country and the World because the solutio1l of the problem can＇t be without them Certain scholars view Carbon tariffs is to promote more and more countries are joining reduction action of the most effective tool
In sure send demonstrates the necessity of Carbon tariffs at the same time negative sent from different angles also doubted the reason for the presence of carbon tariffs First they think that carbon tariffs is a kind of trade barriersis a kind flow efficiency On the one land Trade restrictions will distort the world resources optimization configuration and the principle of comparative advantage May cause damage to the global economy Carbon ta1iffson the other hand will have to rely on imports of American consumers and us companies such as in the auto industry of imported steel as raw materials) from living cost or production costs rise This is very to ensure the international enterprise＇s Second Not economic consequences Competitiveness as the reason for setting up carbon tariffs is likely to be off to prevent
Protect the ultimate goal of continued global warming emissions Instead Likely to have to face competitiveness of climate policy terms and conditions are import competition The protection of US companies If this is the case Carbon tariffs is reduced to mere protectionist tools Because according to experts The cost of tackling climate change accounts for only 19of global gross domestic product Even in energyintensive sectors this effect is not very high because many of the trade in these industries are in an area So the domestic enterprises to limit greenhouse gas emissions impact on competitiveness may be magnified Similarly the enterprise finally The transfers and carbon leakage also may have been exaggerated Implementation of carbon tariff will hit the trade mutual trust The more conducive to promoting global cooperation As a kind of unilateral action in order to ensure the competitiveness of carbon tariffs could undermine future emissions of international cooperation and mutual trust signed an international agreement Although the United States can borrow hitchhiking of carbon tariffs stress countries join the action as soon as possible But at the same time it also may be due to mutual distrust and widening distance Harder to international agreement In addition Expensive execution cost is carbon tariff insurmountable gap In addition to ensure fair competitio1before a carbon tariff The customs will have to set up an1infomation collection system According to the carbon footprint of imports of foreign products to make a decision And under the multilateral system to make carbon tariffs do not violate the obligations under the WTO must according to the country of origin of imported products of climate legislation in various items o1import restrictions to measure the extent of carbon tariffs All this means that the carbon tariffs of the administrative procedure is very complicated Cost is very high
3 Conclusion
The carbon tariff system ideas also faces many realistic problems and imperfect in the eyes of the law Carbon Tariff system envisaged to transmute into realistic trade policy still depends on the game of domestic interest groups and the United States tried to borrow the coat for the mu1tilateral syste111by the rules of WTO exception more need to modify the legal status of the real conditions with a carbon tariff Therefore On one hand we don＇t be panic After all is just a kind of system idea Haven’t finished the domestic law prog1a11in the United States Even if in accordance with the law And to implement the carbon tariffs until 2020for those countries that trade with the United States they can have enough time to prepare
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