12015·湖北卷D
The oddness of life in space never quite goes away Here are some examples
First consider something as simple as sleep Its position presents its own challenges The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag If you leave your arms out they float free in zero gravity often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer I’m an inside guy Mike Hopkins says who returned from a sixmonth tour on the International Space Station I like to be wrapped up
On the station the ordinary becomes strange The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars It also has no seat With no gravity it’s just as easy to pedal violently You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long Without gravity to help circulate air the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形）cloud around you head You can end up with what astronauts call a carbondioxide headache
Leroy Chiao 54 an American retired astronaut after four flights describes what happens even before you float out of your seatYour inner ear thinks your’re falling Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear and space sickness disappears
Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous For instance astronauts lose bone mass That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home and more importantly how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a roundtrip to Mars
63What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space
A Deciding on a proper sleep position
B Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag
C Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly
D Finding a right time to go to sleep
64The astronauts will suffer from a carbondioxide headache when _____
A the y circle around on their bikes[源学*科*网]
B they use microcomputers without a stop
C they exercise in one place for a long time
D they watch a movie while pedaling
65Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____
A their senses stop working
B they have to stand up straight
C they float out of their seats unexpectedly
D whether they are able to go back to the station
66One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____
A how much exercise they do on the station
B how they can remain healthy for long in space
C whether they can recover after returning home
D whether they are able to go back to the station
解析
试题分析：篇说明文文通举例说明太空生活奇妙：太空睡觉时宇航员说挑战恰睡眠姿势宇航员方运动久会出现碳毒性头痛宇航员脑接收矛盾信息时会感恶心告诉美国国家宇航局宇航员担心宇航员回家修养期太空长久保持健康
63A细节理解题根第二段第二句First consider something as simple as sleep Its position presents its own challenges知太空睡觉时宇航员说挑战恰睡眠姿势选A项
64 C细节理解题根第三段中But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbondioxide headache知宇航员方运动久会出现碳毒性头痛选C项
65 D细节理解题根第四段中Your inner ear thinks you’re failing Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight That can be annoyingthat’s why some people feel sick知宇航员脑接收矛盾信息时会感恶心选D项
66B细节理解题根段倒数第二句The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things … and more importantly
how maintain strength and fitness…知美国国家宇航局宇航员担心太空长久保持健康选B项
考点定位说明文阅读
名师点睛科普类说明文历高考阅读理解命题重点文章逻辑性强条理清楚考查学生语篇整体握领悟力特定细节认读处理力考生应注意：1时读科普知识类文章学科普知识积累常见科普词汇根提高科普英语阅读力2熟悉科普类文章结构特点科普类文章般标题（高考题中般出标题）导语背景体结尾五部分构成导语般位整篇文章首段背景交事实起体导语概括事实进行详细叙述部分命题重点考生应该重点握结尾中心思想概括导语相呼应命题者常设计道推理判断题3 进行推理判断时考生定阅读材料提供科学事实时出结应符合基科普常识
22015·北京卷C[源学+科+网]
Life in the Clear
Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3300 feet—as far as most light can reach Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch Sonke Johnsen a scientist in biology says These animals live through their life alone They never touch anything unless they’re eating it or unless something is eating them
And they are as clear as glass How does an animal become seethrough It’s trickier than you might think
The objects around you are visible because they interact with light Light typically travels in a straight line But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light bouncing it away from its original path Others absorb light stopping it dead in its tracks Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it so you can see it easily
But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light at least not very much Light can pass through it without bending or stopping That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrounding air or water You don’t see it you see the things behind it
To become transparent an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments so its tissues won’t absorb light According to Johnsen avoiding absorption is actually easy
The real challenge is preventing light from scattering
Animals are built of many different materialsskin fat and moreand light moves through each at a different speed Every time light moves into a material with a new speed it bends and scatters Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat Without much tissue to scatter light it is easier to be see—through Others build a large clear mass of nonliving jellylie(果冻状)material and spread themselves over it
Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does They need to look uniform But how they’re doing it is still unknown One thing is clear for these larger animals staying transparent is an active process When they die they turn a nontransparent milky white
63 According to Paragraph 1 transparent animals_______
A stay in groups B can be easily damaged
C appear only in deep ocean D are beautiful creatures
64 The underlined word dead in Paragraph 3 means__________
A silently B gradually
C regularly D completely
65 One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________[源Z#xx#kCom]
A change the direction of light travel
B gather materials to scatter light
C avoid the absorption of light
D grow bigger to stop light
66 The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________
A move more slowly in deep water
B stay seethrough even after death
C produce more tissues for their survival
D take effective action to reduce light spreading
解析
试题分析：文章解释生活海洋透明生物特点透明原理形成机制
63B 细节理解题文章第段第三行：Mostof them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple
touch知B选项：透明动物容易受伤选B
64D 词义猜测题该词出现文章第三段第三行前文提：物体种光线进行散射外种光线吸收然吸收光传播程中完全阻止里dead完全意思选D
65C 推理判断题根第五段第句To become transparent an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light知想变透明避免散射吸收光线中方法C选项避免光线吸收选C
66D 推理判断题根段第句中make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does推断出D正确答案中slowdown应reduce选D
考点定位科技类说明文
名师点睛做科技类说明文时考生应：理解语篇旨义理解文中具体信息根文提供线索推测生词词义根文中事实线索作出简单判断推理次出现新型科技类说明文年科技类说明文阅读难点专业类词汇年新型耳机问题设置难度属文章难题目难题目理解文章做题难题
32015·江苏B
In the United States alone over 100 million cellphones are thrown away each year Cellphones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole
Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste the concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in Socalled ewaste than in naturally occurring minerals
Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment
Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material up to 100 times more than the material contained in the finished products Consider again the cellphone and imagine the mines that produced those metals the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well
The US Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that the production distribution and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas release Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start — for instance buying reusable products and recycling
In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive (动机) for reducing waste If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products would they reduce the packaging in the first place
Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money Why they ask should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your television
From the governments’ point of view a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and taxpayers back to the producers
58By mentioning the Swiss study the author intends to tell us that _________
A the weight of egoods is rather small
B Ewaste deserves to be made good use of
C natural minerals contain more precious metals
D the percentage of precious metals is heavy in ewaste
59The responsibility of ewaste treatment should be extended _________
A from producers to governments
B from governments to producers
C from individuals to distributors
D from distributors to governments
60 What does the passage mainly talk about
A The increase in ewaste
B The creation of ewaste
C The seriousness of ewaste
D The management of ewaste
解析
考点定位科普说明文阅读
名师点睛科普类文章逻辑性强条理清楚考查学生语篇整体握领悟力特定细节理解推理力文章选材时代气息浓厚济科技发展变化密切相关考生应注意：1时读科普知识类文章学科普知识积累常见科普词汇根提高科普英语阅读力2熟悉科普类文章结构特点科普类文章般标题（高考题中般出标题）导语背景体结尾五部分构成导语般位整篇文章首段背景交事实起体导语概括事实进行详细叙述部分命题重点考生应该重点握结尾中心思想概括导语相呼应命题者常设计道推理判断题3 进行推理判断时考生定阅读材料提供科学事实时出结应符合基科普常识
4C
Suppose you become a leader in an organization It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities To do so it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved For example people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness to expand their range of experiences and to strengthen social relationships If volunteer positions do not meet these needs people may not wish to participate To select volunteers you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract
People also volunteer because they are required to do so To increase levels of community service some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs Unfortunately these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (eg I volunteer because it’s important to me) to an external factor (eg I volunteer because I’m required to do so) When that happens people become less likely to volunteer in the future People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must
Once people begin to volunteer what leads them to remain in their positions over time To answer this question researchers have conducted followup studies in which they track volunteers over time For instance one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions Although this result may not surprise you it leads to important practical advice The researchers note that attention should be given to training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view volunteer as an important social role It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am Consistent with the researchers’ expectations they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer These results once again lead to concrete advice Once an individual begins volunteering continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity Items like Tshirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity
61People volunteer mainly out of ______
A academic requirements B social expectations
C financial rewards D internal needs
62What can we learn from the Florida study
A Followup studies should last for one year B Volunteers should get mentally prepared
C Strategy training is a must in research D Volunteers are provided with concrete advice
63What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work
A Individual differences in role identity B Publicly identifiable volunteer Tshirts
C Role identity as a volunteer D Practical advice from researchers
64What is the best title of the passage
A How to Get People to Volunteer B How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest D How to Organize Volunteer Activities
解析
试题分析：文篇议文文章分析讲述志愿者什发服务社会通3实验研究志愿者意图
61 D细节理解题根文章第二段容知做志愿者工作原：to express personal values related to unselfishness to expand their range of experiences and to strengthen social relationships结合If volunteer positions do not meet these needs people may not wish to participate 知答案D项（满足需求）
62．B推理判断题根第四段句中training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience知志愿者应该心理做充分准备选B项
63C细节理解题根第五段第二句中those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work知志愿者身份认会激励继续事志愿者工作选C项
64A标题纳题文章首段提出假设：假名组织领导想志愿者帮助指出前必须弄清志愿者什发服务社会通3实验研究志愿者意图A项（事志愿者服务）文章佳标题
考点定位议文阅读
名师点睛议说理类文章具特点：1．般提出问题分析问题解决问题方法写作作者般日常生活中热点问题社会重问题读者息息相关问题入手提出问题然分析利弊举例说明推理判断分析问题阐述观点提出办法解决问题2．作者观点情感核心细节推理等方面进行考查3．文章题般生活中热点问题重问题生活息息相关问题等考生应注意抓住作者提出观点出例证出结时理清作诸事例理间观点结间联系握文章结构
52015·广东C
Daniel Anderson a famous psychologist believes it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family We tend to blame TV he says for problems it doesn’t really cause overlooking
our own roles in shaping children’s minds
One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to understand the world While watching TV children do not merely absorb words and images (影) Instead they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see Actually children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows Furthermore as many teachers agree children understand far more when parents watch TV with them explaining new words and ideas Yet most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room
Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment But according to Anderson the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability TV doesn’t take the place of reading for most children it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation such as listening to the radio and playing sports Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading A child’s reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads Anderson says
Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy televisionwatching lowers IQ (智商) scores and affects school performance But here too Anderson notes that no studies have proved it In fact research suggests that it’s the other way around If you’re smart young you’ll watch less TV when you’re older Anderson says Yet people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers
For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children However by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences
36 By watching TV children learn _________
A images through words
B more than explicit meanings
C more about images than words
D little about people’s psychology
37 An educational program is best watched by a child _________
A on his own
B with other kids
C with his parents
D with his teachers
38 Which of the following is most related to children’s reading ability
A Radiolistening
B Televisionwatching
C Parents’ reading list
D Parents’ educational background
39 Anderson believed that _________
A the more a child watches TV the smarter he is
B the younger a child is the more he watches TV
C the smarter a child is the less likely he gets addicted to TV
D the less a child watches TV the better he performs at school
40 What is the main purpose of the passage
A To advise on the educational use of TV
B To describe TV’s harmful effects on children
C To explain traditional views on TV influences
D To present Anderson’s unconventional ideas
解析
试题分析：文叙述著名心理学家Daniel Anderson孩子电视法破认电视孩子想法认孩子电视知学显现出东西父母陪孩子电视孩子学更知识孩子电视没代孩子阅读没影响孩子智商
36 B细节理解题根第二段Instead they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see知孩子通电视学显性隐藏意义仅仅学隐藏意思选B
37 C推理判断题根第二段Furthermore as many teachers agree children understand far more when parents watch TV with them孩子父母陪着电视理解更推断教育节目父母陪着孩子选C
38 D细节理解题根第三段Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading知父母教育背景孩子阅读强影响选D
39 C细节理解题根第四段If you’re smart young you’ll watch less TV when you’re older知果时越聪明长电视越越少选C
40 D推理判断题根段Anderson suggests that television cannot condemned without considering other influencesAnderson认应该常规考虑电视影响谴责电视推断篇文章目呈现Anderson破常规想法选D
考点定位教育类短文阅读
名师点睛文侧重考查学生细节理解力问题设置巧妙根题干求学生阅读文中找答案尤第40题充分考查学生语篇理解力时篇短文提出种常规样法电视孩子处
62015·陕西C
The production of coffee beans is a huge profitable business but unfortunately fullsun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage The change in how coffee is grown from shadegrown production to fullsun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance
On a local level the damage of the forest required by fullsun fields affects the area’s birds and animals The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other special(物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits Fullsun coffee growers destroy this forest home As a result many special are quickly dying out
On a more global level the destruction of the rainforest for fullsun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life Medical research often makes use of the forests＇ plant and animal life and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases In addition new coffeegrowing techniques are poisoning the water locally and eventually the world＇s groundwater
Both locally and globally the continued spread of fullsun coffee plantations (种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world＇s climate and studies show that loss of oxygengiving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming Moreover the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性) soil conditions
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects many aspects of life from the local environment to the global ecology But consumers do have a choice They can purchase shadegrown coffee whenever possible although at a higher cost The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee
54 What can we learn about fullsun coffee production from Paragraph 4
A It limits the spread of new growing techniques
B It leads to air pollution and global warming
C It slows down the loss of shade trees
D It improves local soil conditions
55 The purpose of the text is to
A entertain B advertise C instruct D persuade
56 Where does this text probably come from
A An agricultural magazine
B A medical journal
C An engineering textbook
D A tourist guide
57Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text
解析
试题分析：文章介绍阳光充足咖啡生产环境生态带种种危害呼吁购买种咖啡买环境利产品
54细节理解题根文章第四段句子：The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world＇s climate and studies show that loss of oxygengiving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming知阳光充足咖啡生产会带空气污染全球气温变暖选B
55写作意图题根文章段句子：But consumers do have a choice They can purchase shadegrown coffee whenever possible although at a higher cost知作者意图劝说购买阴凉处种植咖啡样环境处选D
56推理判断题文章介绍阳光充足咖啡生产会带破坏应该出农业杂志选A
57文章结构题文章第段介绍阳光充足咖啡生产话题二三四段介绍阳光充足咖啡生产带破坏第五段说服购买环境利阴凉处种植咖啡总分总结构选A
考点定位环保类阅读理解
名师点睛篇文章容学生非常熟悉篇幅适中考查较全面抓住旨理解细节题需适推理：判断文章出处作者意图文章结构某句子体现文章整体握
72015·四川D
Their cheery song brightens many a winter＇s day But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much Robins are singing all nightas well as during the day Britishbased researchers say
David Dominoni of Glasgow University said that light from street lamps takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds＇ biological clocks leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep
Dr Dominoni who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns said lack of sleep could put the birds’ health at risk His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at night in the lab it leads to some genes being active at the wrong time of day And the more birds are exposed to light the more active they are at night
He told people at a conference There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy So by increasing their song output there might be some costs of energy
And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal Dr Dominoni said In Glasgow where I live gulls are a serious problem I have people coming to me saying `You are the bird expert Can you help us kill these gulls＇During the breeding(繁殖)season between April and June they are very active at night and very noisy and people can＇t sleep
Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution other research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise
However some birds thrive(兴旺)in noisy environments A study from California Polytechnic University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas
42According to Dr Dominoni＇s study what cause robins to sing so much
A The breeding season B The light in modern life
C The dangerous environment D The noise from heavy machinery
43What is the researchers＇ concern over the increase of birds＇ song output
A The environment might be polluted
B The birds＇ health might be damaged
C The industry cost might be increased
D The people＇s hearing might be affected
44What does the underlined word nocturnal in Paragraph 5 mean
A Active at night B Inactive at night
C Active during the day D Inactive during the day
45Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments
A Because there are fewer dangers
B Because there is more food to eat
C Because there is less light pollution
D Because there are more places to take shelter
解析
试题分析：文介绍项研究调查结果类制造光线问题越越鸟类知更鸟晚会唱歌极影响鸟健康
42B 细节理解题根文章第二段David Dominoni of Glasgow University said that light from street lamps take away signs and homes is affecting the birds＇ biological clock leading to them being wide awake知选择B
43B 细节理解题根文章Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy So by increasing their song output there might be some costs of energy知唱歌唱越会损耗更量选择B
44A 词义辨析题根文And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light Blackbirds and seagulls are also being知乌鸦海鸥情况样说两种鸟晚唱歌选择A指晚兴奋学科网
45A 细节理解题根文章段It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas知天敌安静方选择A指工业区天敌更少危险更少
考点定位考查说明文阅读
名师点睛篇文章考查科普说明文阅读科普说明文高考阅读理解中重点难点阅读类文章时考生会觉篇幅长生词逻辑性强长句话题陌生枯燥表达方式专业化求考生掌握相解题技巧力读类文章时弄清文章题文题造光影响鸟类生物钟晚歌唱影响鸟类健康设题时类文章常考词义辨析题求考生文具体现象中概括出生词词义
82015·四川E
No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo But a new study suggests they used a little rockn’roll Longago builders could have attached wooden pole s to the stones and rolled then across the sand the scientists say
Technically I think what they’re proposing is possible physicist Daniel Bonn said
People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks And there’s no obvious answer On average each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away
The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板) Then they would have dragged them along paths To make the work easier workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand
Evidence from the sand supports this idea Researchers found small amounts of fat as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths
However physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way who led the new study West said I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction I thought Why don’t they just try rolling the things’A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides he realized That he notes should make a block of stone a lot easier to roll than a square
So he tried it
He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30kilogram stone block That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel Then they placed the block on the ground
They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving
it along a slippery(滑)path
West hasn’t tested his idea on larger blocks but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding At least workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths
46It’s widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ______
A rolling them on roads
B pushing them over the sand
C sliding them on smooth paths
D dragging them on some poles
47The underlined part lubricated the paths in Paragraph 4 means____
A made the path wet
B made the path hard
C made the path wide
D made the path slippery
48What does the underlined word itin Paragraph 7 refer to
A Rolling the blocks with poles attached
B Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels
C Rolling poles to move the blocks
D Rolling the blocks with fat
49Why is rolling better than sliding according to West
A Because more force is needed for sliding
B Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle
C Because sliding on smooth road is more dangerous
D Because less preparation on path is needed for rolling
50What is the text mainly about
A An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site
B An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site
C An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site
D An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site
解析
试题分析：文讲述关金字塔建造专家着见解篇文章讲述两种法
46C 细节理解题根文章第四段The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths知选择C
47D 词义猜测题根第四段To make the work easier文either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle知样做路更加滑选择D
48A 词义猜测题考查指代词指代容指代词知容应该文根第六段容知选择A意杆绑石块然滚动石块
49D 细节理解题根文章段workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths知滚动石块需准备工作选择D
50D 旨意题根文章容知文章讲述种新石块移动金字塔址方法选择D
考点定位考查说明文阅读
名师点睛篇文章考查科普说明文阅读科普说明文高考阅读理解中重点难点阅读类文章时考生会觉篇幅长生词逻辑性强长句话题陌生枯燥表达方式专业化求考生掌握相解题技巧力设题时常会考查生词词义判断题求考生文理解中概括出生词词义代词指代判断题类试题常itthem等代词命题特色求考生推断指代象通常文出现
92015·天津B
Whether in the home or the workplace social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way said Cynthia Breazeal chief scientist at the robot company Jibo
While household robots today do the normal housework social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools For example these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user
The Jibo robot arranged to ship later this year is designed to be a personalized assistant You can talk to the robot ask it questions and make requests for it to perform different tasks The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market The company’s Oshbot robot is built to assist customers in a store which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for
The more interaction the robot has with humans the more it learns But Oshbot like other social robots is not intended to replace workers but to work alongside other employees We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us but with us said Breazeal
41 How are social robots different from household robots
A They can control their emotions B They are more like humans
C They do the normal housework D They respond to users more slowly
42 What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3
A Communicate with you and perform operations
B Answer your questions and make requests
C Take your family pictures and deliver milk
D Obey your orders and remind you to take pills
43 What can Oshbot work as
A A language teacher B A tour guide
C A shop assistant D A private nurse
44 We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will ______
A train employees B be our workmates
C improve technologies D take the place of workers
45 What does the passage mainly present
A A new design idea of household robots
B Marketing strategies for social robots
C Information on household robots
D An introduction to social robots
解析
试题分析：文章意：文章介绍社会机器功作
41 B细节理解题根文章第二段While household robots today do the normal housework social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools知社会机器更纯粹工具选B
42 D 细节理解题根文章第二段his action to keep his balance against the strong winds made for some heart－stopping(令担忧)moments for the audience知选D
43 C 细节理解题根第三段You can talk to the robot ask it questions and make requests for it to perform different tasksIt can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos知机器解答问题提醒家庭成员服药拍片选C
44 B 推理判断题根段Breazeal 话We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us but with us推断出社会机器起做事情选B
45 D 旨意题根全文容知文章介绍社会机器功作选D
考点定位科技类短文阅读
名师点睛文篇科技类短文阅读整体难度中等偏易数考查细节理解题需通关键词定位出答案倒数第二题需稍加推理判断出答案题文章旨意考查考生做题时尤注意切切偏概全干扰选择项回原文原句反复斟酌
102015·浙江C
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and starswe would go in darkness happilythe midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动) species on this planet Insteadwe are diurnal creatures with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light This is a basic evolutionary fact even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling itwith light
The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences called light pollution whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting designwhich allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the skyIIIdesigned lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels and light rhythms — to which many forms of life including ourselves have adapted Wherever human light spills into the natural world some aspect or life is affected
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth is wholly beyond our experience beyond memory almost
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country when nothing could be further form the truth Among mammals alone the number of nocturnal species is astonishing Light is a powerful biological force and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁) The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds beingcapturedby searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms Migrating at night birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings
Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times righter than normal throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures we do need darkness Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare to our internal clockwork as light itself
Living in a glare of our makingwe have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe to forget the scale of our being which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead
50 According to the passage human being
A prefer to live in the darkness
B are used to living in the day light
C were curious about the midnight world
D had to stay at home with the light of the moon
51 What does it(Paragraph 1) most probably refer to
A The night B The moon C The sky D The planet
52 The writer mentions birds and frogs to
A provide examples of animal protection
B show how light pollution affects animals
C compare the living habits of both species
D explain why the number of certain species has declined
53 It is implied in the last paragraph that
A light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals
B light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages
C human beings cannot go to the outer space
D human beings should reflect on their position in the universe
54 What might be the best title for the passage
A The Magic light B The Orange Haze
C The Disappearing Night D The Rhythms of Nature
解析
试题分析：文章介绍光污染动物类影响呼吁反思行
50 B 细节理解题 根第段第三行 with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light眼睛适应太阳光线 知道答案中adapted to used to 义意惯
51 A 猜词题种指代题目答案接根种原出答案night 夜晚句话句意：唯方法解释夜晚做什：设计光光充满星空
52 B 写作目题 根第二段第句话The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences 项工程带处时带坏处句Wherever human light spills into the natural world some aspect of life is affected 句意光洒什方生活会受影响 答案show how light pollution affects animals说明光污染影响动物
53 D 推理题段意思 Living in a glare of our making we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe to forget the scale of our being which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead生活刺眼世界已远离进化文化遗产：星星昼夜节律光非常真实意义光污染宇宙中失真失正测量银河系银河深夜工具 根语意难出答案D human beings should reflect on their position in the universe类应该反思行题易错选B选Bsome of 表达扩说法偏概全
54 C 标题题根文章出现lightnight 知道答案C选A形容词Magic意思奇幻单词具褒义意思C选项disappearing 消失符合文语境反思
考点定位篇夹叙夹议文章
名师点睛种文章定读懂作者观点什？留意作者法词文章形容词支持反尤读懂第段容开头陈述作者观点方第段If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and starswe would go in darkness happilythe midnight world as
visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动) species on this planet Insteadwe are diurnal creatures with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light果类真家里月亮星星光会黑暗中快乐午夜世界见夜间量星球物种相反日行动物眼睛适应太阳光线
112015·安徽C
As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information are people remember less If you know your computer will save information why store it in your own personal memory your brain Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how
In a recent study Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments She and her research team wanted to know the Internet is changing memory In the first experiment they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer The first group of people understood thatthe computer would save the information The second group understood that the computer would not save it Later the second group remembered the information better People in the first group knew they could find the information again so they did not try to remember it
In another experiment the researchers gave people facts to remember and told them where to find the information on the Internet The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夹) Surprisingly people later remember the folder location (位置) better than the facts When people use the Internet they do not remember the information Rather they remember how to find it This is called transactive memory (交互记忆)
According to Sparrow we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet Instead computer users are developing stronger transactive memories that is people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date This doesn＇t mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing
64 The passage begins with two questions to ______
A introduce the main topic B show the author＇s altitude
C describe how to use the Interne D explain how to store information
65 What can we learn about the first experiment
A Sparrow＇s team typed the information into a computer
B The two groups remembered the information equally well
C The first group did not try to remember the formation
D The second group did not understand the information
66 In transactive memory people ______
A keep the information in mind B change the quantity of information
C organize information like a computer D remember how to find the information
67 What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow＇s research
A Weare using memory differently B We arebecoming more intelligent
C We have poorer memories than before D We need a better way to access information
答案
64 A
65 C
66 D
67 A
考点定位心理类短文阅读
名师点睛般说举例目引出讨话题例子面找总结性话语Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how举例意图三道题属细节理解题直接文章找提示性语句道题定难度需进行推理排
122015·湖南B
In its early history Chicago had floods frequently especially in the spring making the streets so muddy that people
horses and carts got stuck An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street Asked if he needs help he replies No thanks I＇ve got a good horse under me
The city planner decided to build an underground drainage (排水) system but there simply wasn＇t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city
An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced me the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt This raised the level of the city＇s streets by as much as 12 feet
This of course created a new problem dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago Building owners were faced with a choice either change the first floors of their buildings into basements and the second stories into main floors or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily But what about large heavy structures like Tremont Hotel which was a sixstory brick building
That＇s where George Pullman came in He had developed some housemoving skills successfully To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building＇s foundation One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews At Pullman＇s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time thereby raising the building slowly and evenly Astonishingly the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation and many of its guests didn＇t even notice anything was happening Some people like to say that every problem has a solution But in Chicago＇s early history every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem Now that Chicago＇s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River the city＇s next step was to clean the polluted river
61The author mentions the joke to show ______
A horses were fairly useful in Chicago
B Chicago＇s streets were extremely muddy
C Chicago was very dangerous in the spring
D the Chicago people were particularly humorous
62The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to_______
A get rid of the street dirt
B lower the Chicago River
C fight against heavy floods
D build the pipes above ground
63The underlined word hoist in Paragraph 4 means _______
A change B lift
C repair D decorate
64What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel
A It went on smoothly as intended
B It interrupted the business of the hotel
C It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews
D It separated the building from its foundation
65The passage is mainly about the early Chicago＇s ______
A popular life styles and their influences
B environmental disasters and their causes
C engineering problems and their solutions
D successful businessmen and their achievements
答案
61．B
62．D
63．B
64．A
65．C
解析
试题分析：文讲述芝加哥城问题改造方案
61．B细节推理题根文章第段第句话：In early history Chicago had floors frequently especially in the spring making the streets so muddy that people horses and carts got stuck知芝加哥洪水常泛滥导致街总泥泞堪行马车全部堵路作者提玩笑突出芝加哥特点选B
62．D细节理解题根第三段第句话：An engineer named Eill Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover thenwith dirt知Eill Chesbrough首认
应该埋排水道选D
63．B细节推理题根文：Small woodframe building could be lifted fairly easily知种方法建筑升高选B
64．A细节推理题根倒数第二段中倒数第二句话：At Pullman’s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time thereby raising the building slowly and evenly(Pullman指导时抬起手中千斤顶建筑慢慢整抬起)知A项正确 选A
65．C旨意题文章第段提出芝加哥城存问题接段落讨解决问题方法段讲方法然解决前问题会出新问题解决文章致讲述建造问题解决办法选C
考点定位科普类短文阅读
名师点睛篇科普类文章考查文理解文章细节握明白作者构思文章中出想法观点文章总结例段：Some people like to say that every problem has a solution But in Chicago＇s early history every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem Now that Chicago＇s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River the city＇s next step was to clean the polluted river知作者觉解决办法会解决原问题产生出新问题文章总结
132015·新课标全国IIB
Your house may have an effect on your figure Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off you can make your environment work for you instead of against you Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan
Open the curtains and turn up the lights Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating for people are often less selfconscious(难情) when they’re in poorly lit places – and so more likely to eat lots of food If your home doesn’t have enough window light get more lamps and flood the place with brightness
Mind the colors Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites In one study people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing while cold colors make us less hungry So when it’s time to repaint go blue
Don’t forget the clock – or the radio People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals Begin keeping track of the time and try to make dinner last at 30 minutes And while you’re at it actually sit down to eat If you need some help slowing down turning on relaxing
music It makes you less likely to rush through a meal
Downsize the dishes Big serving bowls and plants can easily makes us fat We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12inch plate instead of a 10inch plate When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short wide glass than a tall skinny glass
25 The text is especially helpful for those who care about ____
A their home comforts
B their body shape
C house buying
D healthy diets
26 A home environment in blue can help people ____
A digest food better
B reduce food intake
C burn more calories
D regain their appetites
27 What are people advised to do at mealtimes
A Eat quickly
B Play fast music
C Use smaller spoons
D Turn down the lights
28What can be a suitable title for the text
A Is Your House Making You Fat
B Ways of Serving Dinner
C Effects of SelfConsciousness
D Is Your Home Environment Relaxing
答案
25 B
26 B
27C
28A
解析
试题分析：家房子身材影响长胖变瘦关键设计家里建议4条：1房间明亮2冷色系会减少食欲3放舒缓音乐餐4 碗碟
25 B推理判断题根全文第段Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan知家设计成减肥计划部分篇文章体型更帮助选B
26B 细节理解题根第三段第二句话In one study people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room知蓝色房间吃食物相黄色者红色房间少33暖色胃口开冷色感觉饿选B
27C 推理判断题题考查考生否理解4条建议第4段People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals说明吃慢吃少吃快A错If you need some help slowing down turning on relaxing music说明放舒缓音乐吃慢反快B错第二段Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating知房间暗会增加饮食D错段When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent勺勺吃饭相差14选C
28A旨意题根文章开头Your house may have an effect on your figure Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off you can make your environment work for you instead of against you知家居环境变胖会变瘦文非常适合想减肥士阅读选A更概括全文
考点定位科普类短文阅读
名师点睛文结构清楚题句Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan第段抓住理清文章脉络接4条建议段条题目中第三题考查文章全面解求理解四选项意思做时应该练文章结构分析
142015·新课标全国ID[源Z_xx_kCom]
Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope This evening as on every Thursday night psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes coffee drinking and the talking cure Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings It isn’t always easy They customers some thirty Parisians who pay just under 2 (plus drinks) per session care quick to intellectualize (高谈阔)slow to open up and connect You are forbidden to say one feels’ or people think’ Lehane told them Say I think’ Think me’
A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed It couldn’t seem more unFrench But Lehanne’s psychology café is about more than knowing oneself It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes Over the years Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle longer working hours a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home Dozens of new theme cafes appear to
change the situation Cafes focused around psychology history and engineering are catching on filling tables well into the evening
The city’s psychology cafes which offer great comfort are among the most popular places Middleaged homemakers retirees and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love anger and dreams with a psychologist And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel There’s a strong need in Paris for communication says Maurice Frisch a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church People have few real friends And they need to open up Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France If people had normal lives these cafes wouldn’t exist she says If life weren’t a battle people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak But them it wouldn’t be France
32What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope[源ZxxkCom]
A Learn a new subject
B Keep in touch with friends
C Show off their knowledge
D Express their true feelings
33 How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes
A They are less frequently visited
B They stay open for longer hours
C They have bigger night crowds
D They start to serve fast food
34 What are theme cafes expected to do
A Create more jobs
B Supply better drinks
C Save the cafe business
D Serve the neighborhood
35 Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris
A They bring people true friendship
B They give people spiritual support
C They help people realize their dreams
D They offer a platform for business links
答案
32 D
33 A
34 C
35 B
解析
试题分析：文章讲述法国精神咖啡馆（psychology cafes）社会意义功特色法国越越受欢迎
32 D细节理解题根文章第段第三句Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings知La Chope咖啡馆鼓励表达真正情感选D
33 A 细节理解题根文章第二段Over the years Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestylelonger working hours a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home知改变更时间呆家里更年轻代选A
34 C 推理判断题根第二段Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation出答案选C
35 B 推理判断题根文章段第句话If people had normal lives these cafes would’t exist she saysIf life weren’t a battle people wouln’t need a special place just to speak But them it wouldn’t be France知心理咖啡馆巴黎受欢迎原予精神支持选B学科网
考点定位社会类短文阅读
名师点睛篇社会类短文阅读难度中等偏学生易读懂第3233题均考查细节理解题问题设计较简单考生需通关键词定位出答案中第3435题需原文容基础作出推理判断出正确答案考生做类阅读时注意前间联系选择答案时切偏概全
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12015·湖北卷D
The oddness of life in space never quite goes away Here are some examples
First consider something as simple as sleep Its position presents its own challenges The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag If you leave your arms out they float free in zero gravity often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer I’m an inside guy Mike Hopkins says who returned from a sixmonth tour on the International Space Station I like to be wrapped up
On the station the ordinary becomes strange The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars It also has no seat With no gravity it’s just as easy to pedal violently You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long Without gravity to help circulate air the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形）cloud around you head You can end up with what astronauts call a carbondioxide headache
Leroy Chiao 54 an American retired astronaut after four flights describes what happens even before you float out of your seatYour inner ear thinks your’re falling Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear and space sickness disappears
Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous For instance astronauts lose bone mass That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home and more importantly how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a roundtrip to Mars
63What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space
A Deciding on a proper sleep position
B Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag
C Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly
D Finding a right time to go to sleep
64The astronauts will suffer from a carbondioxide headache when _____
A the y circle around on their bikes[源学*科*网]
B they use microcomputers without a stop
C they exercise in one place for a long time
D they watch a movie while pedaling
65Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____
A their senses stop working
B they have to stand up straight
C they float out of their seats unexpectedly
D whether they are able to go back to the station
66One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____
A how much exercise they do on the station
B how they can remain healthy for long in space
C whether they can recover after returning home
D whether they are able to go back to the station
解析
试题分析：篇说明文文通举例说明太空生活奇妙：太空睡觉时宇航员说挑战恰睡眠姿势宇航员方运动久会出现碳毒性头痛宇航员脑接收矛盾信息时会感恶心告诉美国国家宇航局宇航员担心宇航员回家修养期太空长久保持健康
63A细节理解题根第二段第二句First consider something as simple as sleep Its position presents its own challenges知太空睡觉时宇航员说挑战恰睡眠姿势选A项
64 C细节理解题根第三段中But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbondioxide headache知宇航员方运动久会出现碳毒性头痛选C项
65 D细节理解题根第四段中Your inner ear thinks you’re failing Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight That can be annoyingthat’s why some people feel sick知宇航员脑接收矛盾信息时会感恶心选D项
66B细节理解题根段倒数第二句The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things … and more importantly
how maintain strength and fitness…知美国国家宇航局宇航员担心太空长久保持健康选B项
考点定位说明文阅读
名师点睛科普类说明文历高考阅读理解命题重点文章逻辑性强条理清楚考查学生语篇整体握领悟力特定细节认读处理力考生应注意：1时读科普知识类文章学科普知识积累常见科普词汇根提高科普英语阅读力2熟悉科普类文章结构特点科普类文章般标题（高考题中般出标题）导语背景体结尾五部分构成导语般位整篇文章首段背景交事实起体导语概括事实进行详细叙述部分命题重点考生应该重点握结尾中心思想概括导语相呼应命题者常设计道推理判断题3 进行推理判断时考生定阅读材料提供科学事实时出结应符合基科普常识
22015·北京卷C[源学+科+网]
Life in the Clear
Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3300 feet—as far as most light can reach Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch Sonke Johnsen a scientist in biology says These animals live through their life alone They never touch anything unless they’re eating it or unless something is eating them
And they are as clear as glass How does an animal become seethrough It’s trickier than you might think
The objects around you are visible because they interact with light Light typically travels in a straight line But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light bouncing it away from its original path Others absorb light stopping it dead in its tracks Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it so you can see it easily
But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light at least not very much Light can pass through it without bending or stopping That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrounding air or water You don’t see it you see the things behind it
To become transparent an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments so its tissues won’t absorb light According to Johnsen avoiding absorption is actually easy
The real challenge is preventing light from scattering
Animals are built of many different materialsskin fat and moreand light moves through each at a different speed Every time light moves into a material with a new speed it bends and scatters Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat Without much tissue to scatter light it is easier to be see—through Others build a large clear mass of nonliving jellylie(果冻状)material and spread themselves over it
Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does They need to look uniform But how they’re doing it is still unknown One thing is clear for these larger animals staying transparent is an active process When they die they turn a nontransparent milky white
63 According to Paragraph 1 transparent animals_______
A stay in groups B can be easily damaged
C appear only in deep ocean D are beautiful creatures
64 The underlined word dead in Paragraph 3 means__________
A silently B gradually
C regularly D completely
65 One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________[源Z#xx#kCom]
A change the direction of light travel
B gather materials to scatter light
C avoid the absorption of light
D grow bigger to stop light
66 The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________
A move more slowly in deep water
B stay seethrough even after death
C produce more tissues for their survival
D take effective action to reduce light spreading
解析
试题分析：文章解释生活海洋透明生物特点透明原理形成机制
63B 细节理解题文章第段第三行：Mostof them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple
touch知B选项：透明动物容易受伤选B
64D 词义猜测题该词出现文章第三段第三行前文提：物体种光线进行散射外种光线吸收然吸收光传播程中完全阻止里dead完全意思选D
65C 推理判断题根第五段第句To become transparent an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light知想变透明避免散射吸收光线中方法C选项避免光线吸收选C
66D 推理判断题根段第句中make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does推断出D正确答案中slowdown应reduce选D
考点定位科技类说明文
名师点睛做科技类说明文时考生应：理解语篇旨义理解文中具体信息根文提供线索推测生词词义根文中事实线索作出简单判断推理次出现新型科技类说明文年科技类说明文阅读难点专业类词汇年新型耳机问题设置难度属文章难题目难题目理解文章做题难题
32015·江苏B
In the United States alone over 100 million cellphones are thrown away each year Cellphones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole
Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste the concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in Socalled ewaste than in naturally occurring minerals
Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment
Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material up to 100 times more than the material contained in the finished products Consider again the cellphone and imagine the mines that produced those metals the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well
The US Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that the production distribution and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas release Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start — for instance buying reusable products and recycling
In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive (动机) for reducing waste If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products would they reduce the packaging in the first place
Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money Why they ask should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your television
From the governments’ point of view a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and taxpayers back to the producers
58By mentioning the Swiss study the author intends to tell us that _________
A the weight of egoods is rather small
B Ewaste deserves to be made good use of
C natural minerals contain more precious metals
D the percentage of precious metals is heavy in ewaste
59The responsibility of ewaste treatment should be extended _________
A from producers to governments
B from governments to producers
C from individuals to distributors
D from distributors to governments
60 What does the passage mainly talk about
A The increase in ewaste
B The creation of ewaste
C The seriousness of ewaste
D The management of ewaste
解析
考点定位科普说明文阅读
名师点睛科普类文章逻辑性强条理清楚考查学生语篇整体握领悟力特定细节理解推理力文章选材时代气息浓厚济科技发展变化密切相关考生应注意：1时读科普知识类文章学科普知识积累常见科普词汇根提高科普英语阅读力2熟悉科普类文章结构特点科普类文章般标题（高考题中般出标题）导语背景体结尾五部分构成导语般位整篇文章首段背景交事实起体导语概括事实进行详细叙述部分命题重点考生应该重点握结尾中心思想概括导语相呼应命题者常设计道推理判断题3 进行推理判断时考生定阅读材料提供科学事实时出结应符合基科普常识
4C
Suppose you become a leader in an organization It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities To do so it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved For example people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness to expand their range of experiences and to strengthen social relationships If volunteer positions do not meet these needs people may not wish to participate To select volunteers you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract
People also volunteer because they are required to do so To increase levels of community service some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs Unfortunately these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (eg I volunteer because it’s important to me) to an external factor (eg I volunteer because I’m required to do so) When that happens people become less likely to volunteer in the future People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must
Once people begin to volunteer what leads them to remain in their positions over time To answer this question researchers have conducted followup studies in which they track volunteers over time For instance one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions Although this result may not surprise you it leads to important practical advice The researchers note that attention should be given to training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view volunteer as an important social role It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am Consistent with the researchers’ expectations they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer These results once again lead to concrete advice Once an individual begins volunteering continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity Items like Tshirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity
61People volunteer mainly out of ______
A academic requirements B social expectations
C financial rewards D internal needs
62What can we learn from the Florida study
A Followup studies should last for one year B Volunteers should get mentally prepared
C Strategy training is a must in research D Volunteers are provided with concrete advice
63What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work
A Individual differences in role identity B Publicly identifiable volunteer Tshirts
C Role identity as a volunteer D Practical advice from researchers
64What is the best title of the passage
A How to Get People to Volunteer B How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest D How to Organize Volunteer Activities
解析
试题分析：文篇议文文章分析讲述志愿者什发服务社会通3实验研究志愿者意图
61 D细节理解题根文章第二段容知做志愿者工作原：to express personal values related to unselfishness to expand their range of experiences and to strengthen social relationships结合If volunteer positions do not meet these needs people may not wish to participate 知答案D项（满足需求）
62．B推理判断题根第四段句中training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience知志愿者应该心理做充分准备选B项
63C细节理解题根第五段第二句中those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work知志愿者身份认会激励继续事志愿者工作选C项
64A标题纳题文章首段提出假设：假名组织领导想志愿者帮助指出前必须弄清志愿者什发服务社会通3实验研究志愿者意图A项（事志愿者服务）文章佳标题
考点定位议文阅读
名师点睛议说理类文章具特点：1．般提出问题分析问题解决问题方法写作作者般日常生活中热点问题社会重问题读者息息相关问题入手提出问题然分析利弊举例说明推理判断分析问题阐述观点提出办法解决问题2．作者观点情感核心细节推理等方面进行考查3．文章题般生活中热点问题重问题生活息息相关问题等考生应注意抓住作者提出观点出例证出结时理清作诸事例理间观点结间联系握文章结构
52015·广东C
Daniel Anderson a famous psychologist believes it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family We tend to blame TV he says for problems it doesn’t really cause overlooking
our own roles in shaping children’s minds
One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to understand the world While watching TV children do not merely absorb words and images (影) Instead they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see Actually children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows Furthermore as many teachers agree children understand far more when parents watch TV with them explaining new words and ideas Yet most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room
Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment But according to Anderson the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability TV doesn’t take the place of reading for most children it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation such as listening to the radio and playing sports Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading A child’s reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads Anderson says
Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy televisionwatching lowers IQ (智商) scores and affects school performance But here too Anderson notes that no studies have proved it In fact research suggests that it’s the other way around If you’re smart young you’ll watch less TV when you’re older Anderson says Yet people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers
For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children However by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences
36 By watching TV children learn _________
A images through words
B more than explicit meanings
C more about images than words
D little about people’s psychology
37 An educational program is best watched by a child _________
A on his own
B with other kids
C with his parents
D with his teachers
38 Which of the following is most related to children’s reading ability
A Radiolistening
B Televisionwatching
C Parents’ reading list
D Parents’ educational background
39 Anderson believed that _________
A the more a child watches TV the smarter he is
B the younger a child is the more he watches TV
C the smarter a child is the less likely he gets addicted to TV
D the less a child watches TV the better he performs at school
40 What is the main purpose of the passage
A To advise on the educational use of TV
B To describe TV’s harmful effects on children
C To explain traditional views on TV influences
D To present Anderson’s unconventional ideas
解析
试题分析：文叙述著名心理学家Daniel Anderson孩子电视法破认电视孩子想法认孩子电视知学显现出东西父母陪孩子电视孩子学更知识孩子电视没代孩子阅读没影响孩子智商
36 B细节理解题根第二段Instead they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see知孩子通电视学显性隐藏意义仅仅学隐藏意思选B
37 C推理判断题根第二段Furthermore as many teachers agree children understand far more when parents watch TV with them孩子父母陪着电视理解更推断教育节目父母陪着孩子选C
38 D细节理解题根第三段Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading知父母教育背景孩子阅读强影响选D
39 C细节理解题根第四段If you’re smart young you’ll watch less TV when you’re older知果时越聪明长电视越越少选C
40 D推理判断题根段Anderson suggests that television cannot condemned without considering other influencesAnderson认应该常规考虑电视影响谴责电视推断篇文章目呈现Anderson破常规想法选D
考点定位教育类短文阅读
名师点睛文侧重考查学生细节理解力问题设置巧妙根题干求学生阅读文中找答案尤第40题充分考查学生语篇理解力时篇短文提出种常规样法电视孩子处
62015·陕西C
The production of coffee beans is a huge profitable business but unfortunately fullsun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage The change in how coffee is grown from shadegrown production to fullsun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance
On a local level the damage of the forest required by fullsun fields affects the area’s birds and animals The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other special(物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits Fullsun coffee growers destroy this forest home As a result many special are quickly dying out
On a more global level the destruction of the rainforest for fullsun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life Medical research often makes use of the forests＇ plant and animal life and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases In addition new coffeegrowing techniques are poisoning the water locally and eventually the world＇s groundwater
Both locally and globally the continued spread of fullsun coffee plantations (种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world＇s climate and studies show that loss of oxygengiving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming Moreover the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性) soil conditions
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects many aspects of life from the local environment to the global ecology But consumers do have a choice They can purchase shadegrown coffee whenever possible although at a higher cost The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee
54 What can we learn about fullsun coffee production from Paragraph 4
A It limits the spread of new growing techniques
B It leads to air pollution and global warming
C It slows down the loss of shade trees
D It improves local soil conditions
55 The purpose of the text is to
A entertain B advertise C instruct D persuade
56 Where does this text probably come from
A An agricultural magazine
B A medical journal
C An engineering textbook
D A tourist guide
57Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text
解析
试题分析：文章介绍阳光充足咖啡生产环境生态带种种危害呼吁购买种咖啡买环境利产品
54细节理解题根文章第四段句子：The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world＇s climate and studies show that loss of oxygengiving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming知阳光充足咖啡生产会带空气污染全球气温变暖选B
55写作意图题根文章段句子：But consumers do have a choice They can purchase shadegrown coffee whenever possible although at a higher cost知作者意图劝说购买阴凉处种植咖啡样环境处选D
56推理判断题文章介绍阳光充足咖啡生产会带破坏应该出农业杂志选A
57文章结构题文章第段介绍阳光充足咖啡生产话题二三四段介绍阳光充足咖啡生产带破坏第五段说服购买环境利阴凉处种植咖啡总分总结构选A
考点定位环保类阅读理解
名师点睛篇文章容学生非常熟悉篇幅适中考查较全面抓住旨理解细节题需适推理：判断文章出处作者意图文章结构某句子体现文章整体握
72015·四川D
Their cheery song brightens many a winter＇s day But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much Robins are singing all nightas well as during the day Britishbased researchers say
David Dominoni of Glasgow University said that light from street lamps takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds＇ biological clocks leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep
Dr Dominoni who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns said lack of sleep could put the birds’ health at risk His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at night in the lab it leads to some genes being active at the wrong time of day And the more birds are exposed to light the more active they are at night
He told people at a conference There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy So by increasing their song output there might be some costs of energy
And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal Dr Dominoni said In Glasgow where I live gulls are a serious problem I have people coming to me saying `You are the bird expert Can you help us kill these gulls＇During the breeding(繁殖)season between April and June they are very active at night and very noisy and people can＇t sleep
Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution other research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise
However some birds thrive(兴旺)in noisy environments A study from California Polytechnic University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas
42According to Dr Dominoni＇s study what cause robins to sing so much
A The breeding season B The light in modern life
C The dangerous environment D The noise from heavy machinery
43What is the researchers＇ concern over the increase of birds＇ song output
A The environment might be polluted
B The birds＇ health might be damaged
C The industry cost might be increased
D The people＇s hearing might be affected
44What does the underlined word nocturnal in Paragraph 5 mean
A Active at night B Inactive at night
C Active during the day D Inactive during the day
45Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments
A Because there are fewer dangers
B Because there is more food to eat
C Because there is less light pollution
D Because there are more places to take shelter
解析
试题分析：文介绍项研究调查结果类制造光线问题越越鸟类知更鸟晚会唱歌极影响鸟健康
42B 细节理解题根文章第二段David Dominoni of Glasgow University said that light from street lamps take away signs and homes is affecting the birds＇ biological clock leading to them being wide awake知选择B
43B 细节理解题根文章Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy So by increasing their song output there might be some costs of energy知唱歌唱越会损耗更量选择B
44A 词义辨析题根文And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light Blackbirds and seagulls are also being知乌鸦海鸥情况样说两种鸟晚唱歌选择A指晚兴奋学科网
45A 细节理解题根文章段It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas知天敌安静方选择A指工业区天敌更少危险更少
考点定位考查说明文阅读
名师点睛篇文章考查科普说明文阅读科普说明文高考阅读理解中重点难点阅读类文章时考生会觉篇幅长生词逻辑性强长句话题陌生枯燥表达方式专业化求考生掌握相解题技巧力读类文章时弄清文章题文题造光影响鸟类生物钟晚歌唱影响鸟类健康设题时类文章常考词义辨析题求考生文具体现象中概括出生词词义
82015·四川E
No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo But a new study suggests they used a little rockn’roll Longago builders could have attached wooden pole s to the stones and rolled then across the sand the scientists say
Technically I think what they’re proposing is possible physicist Daniel Bonn said
People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks And there’s no obvious answer On average each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away
The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板) Then they would have dragged them along paths To make the work easier workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand
Evidence from the sand supports this idea Researchers found small amounts of fat as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths
However physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way who led the new study West said I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction I thought Why don’t they just try rolling the things’A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides he realized That he notes should make a block of stone a lot easier to roll than a square
So he tried it
He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30kilogram stone block That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel Then they placed the block on the ground
They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving
it along a slippery(滑)path
West hasn’t tested his idea on larger blocks but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding At least workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths
46It’s widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ______
A rolling them on roads
B pushing them over the sand
C sliding them on smooth paths
D dragging them on some poles
47The underlined part lubricated the paths in Paragraph 4 means____
A made the path wet
B made the path hard
C made the path wide
D made the path slippery
48What does the underlined word itin Paragraph 7 refer to
A Rolling the blocks with poles attached
B Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels
C Rolling poles to move the blocks
D Rolling the blocks with fat
49Why is rolling better than sliding according to West
A Because more force is needed for sliding
B Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle
C Because sliding on smooth road is more dangerous
D Because less preparation on path is needed for rolling
50What is the text mainly about
A An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site
B An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site
C An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site
D An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site
解析
试题分析：文讲述关金字塔建造专家着见解篇文章讲述两种法
46C 细节理解题根文章第四段The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths知选择C
47D 词义猜测题根第四段To make the work easier文either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle知样做路更加滑选择D
48A 词义猜测题考查指代词指代容指代词知容应该文根第六段容知选择A意杆绑石块然滚动石块
49D 细节理解题根文章段workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths知滚动石块需准备工作选择D
50D 旨意题根文章容知文章讲述种新石块移动金字塔址方法选择D
考点定位考查说明文阅读
名师点睛篇文章考查科普说明文阅读科普说明文高考阅读理解中重点难点阅读类文章时考生会觉篇幅长生词逻辑性强长句话题陌生枯燥表达方式专业化求考生掌握相解题技巧力设题时常会考查生词词义判断题求考生文理解中概括出生词词义代词指代判断题类试题常itthem等代词命题特色求考生推断指代象通常文出现
92015·天津B
Whether in the home or the workplace social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way said Cynthia Breazeal chief scientist at the robot company Jibo
While household robots today do the normal housework social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools For example these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user
The Jibo robot arranged to ship later this year is designed to be a personalized assistant You can talk to the robot ask it questions and make requests for it to perform different tasks The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market The company’s Oshbot robot is built to assist customers in a store which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for
The more interaction the robot has with humans the more it learns But Oshbot like other social robots is not intended to replace workers but to work alongside other employees We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us but with us said Breazeal
41 How are social robots different from household robots
A They can control their emotions B They are more like humans
C They do the normal housework D They respond to users more slowly
42 What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3
A Communicate with you and perform operations
B Answer your questions and make requests
C Take your family pictures and deliver milk
D Obey your orders and remind you to take pills
43 What can Oshbot work as
A A language teacher B A tour guide
C A shop assistant D A private nurse
44 We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will ______
A train employees B be our workmates
C improve technologies D take the place of workers
45 What does the passage mainly present
A A new design idea of household robots
B Marketing strategies for social robots
C Information on household robots
D An introduction to social robots
解析
试题分析：文章意：文章介绍社会机器功作
41 B细节理解题根文章第二段While household robots today do the normal housework social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools知社会机器更纯粹工具选B
42 D 细节理解题根文章第二段his action to keep his balance against the strong winds made for some heart－stopping(令担忧)moments for the audience知选D
43 C 细节理解题根第三段You can talk to the robot ask it questions and make requests for it to perform different tasksIt can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos知机器解答问题提醒家庭成员服药拍片选C
44 B 推理判断题根段Breazeal 话We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us but with us推断出社会机器起做事情选B
45 D 旨意题根全文容知文章介绍社会机器功作选D
考点定位科技类短文阅读
名师点睛文篇科技类短文阅读整体难度中等偏易数考查细节理解题需通关键词定位出答案倒数第二题需稍加推理判断出答案题文章旨意考查考生做题时尤注意切切偏概全干扰选择项回原文原句反复斟酌
102015·浙江C
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and starswe would go in darkness happilythe midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动) species on this planet Insteadwe are diurnal creatures with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light This is a basic evolutionary fact even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling itwith light
The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences called light pollution whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting designwhich allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the skyIIIdesigned lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels and light rhythms — to which many forms of life including ourselves have adapted Wherever human light spills into the natural world some aspect or life is affected
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth is wholly beyond our experience beyond memory almost
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country when nothing could be further form the truth Among mammals alone the number of nocturnal species is astonishing Light is a powerful biological force and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁) The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds beingcapturedby searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms Migrating at night birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings
Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times righter than normal throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures we do need darkness Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare to our internal clockwork as light itself
Living in a glare of our makingwe have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe to forget the scale of our being which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead
50 According to the passage human being
A prefer to live in the darkness
B are used to living in the day light
C were curious about the midnight world
D had to stay at home with the light of the moon
51 What does it(Paragraph 1) most probably refer to
A The night B The moon C The sky D The planet
52 The writer mentions birds and frogs to
A provide examples of animal protection
B show how light pollution affects animals
C compare the living habits of both species
D explain why the number of certain species has declined
53 It is implied in the last paragraph that
A light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals
B light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages
C human beings cannot go to the outer space
D human beings should reflect on their position in the universe
54 What might be the best title for the passage
A The Magic light B The Orange Haze
C The Disappearing Night D The Rhythms of Nature
解析
试题分析：文章介绍光污染动物类影响呼吁反思行
50 B 细节理解题 根第段第三行 with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light眼睛适应太阳光线 知道答案中adapted to used to 义意惯
51 A 猜词题种指代题目答案接根种原出答案night 夜晚句话句意：唯方法解释夜晚做什：设计光光充满星空
52 B 写作目题 根第二段第句话The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences 项工程带处时带坏处句Wherever human light spills into the natural world some aspect of life is affected 句意光洒什方生活会受影响 答案show how light pollution affects animals说明光污染影响动物
53 D 推理题段意思 Living in a glare of our making we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe to forget the scale of our being which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead生活刺眼世界已远离进化文化遗产：星星昼夜节律光非常真实意义光污染宇宙中失真失正测量银河系银河深夜工具 根语意难出答案D human beings should reflect on their position in the universe类应该反思行题易错选B选Bsome of 表达扩说法偏概全
54 C 标题题根文章出现lightnight 知道答案C选A形容词Magic意思奇幻单词具褒义意思C选项disappearing 消失符合文语境反思
考点定位篇夹叙夹议文章
名师点睛种文章定读懂作者观点什？留意作者法词文章形容词支持反尤读懂第段容开头陈述作者观点方第段If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and starswe would go in darkness happilythe midnight world as
visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动) species on this planet Insteadwe are diurnal creatures with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light果类真家里月亮星星光会黑暗中快乐午夜世界见夜间量星球物种相反日行动物眼睛适应太阳光线
112015·安徽C
As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information are people remember less If you know your computer will save information why store it in your own personal memory your brain Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how
In a recent study Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments She and her research team wanted to know the Internet is changing memory In the first experiment they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer The first group of people understood thatthe computer would save the information The second group understood that the computer would not save it Later the second group remembered the information better People in the first group knew they could find the information again so they did not try to remember it
In another experiment the researchers gave people facts to remember and told them where to find the information on the Internet The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夹) Surprisingly people later remember the folder location (位置) better than the facts When people use the Internet they do not remember the information Rather they remember how to find it This is called transactive memory (交互记忆)
According to Sparrow we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet Instead computer users are developing stronger transactive memories that is people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date This doesn＇t mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing
64 The passage begins with two questions to ______
A introduce the main topic B show the author＇s altitude
C describe how to use the Interne D explain how to store information
65 What can we learn about the first experiment
A Sparrow＇s team typed the information into a computer
B The two groups remembered the information equally well
C The first group did not try to remember the formation
D The second group did not understand the information
66 In transactive memory people ______
A keep the information in mind B change the quantity of information
C organize information like a computer D remember how to find the information
67 What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow＇s research
A Weare using memory differently B We arebecoming more intelligent
C We have poorer memories than before D We need a better way to access information
答案
64 A
65 C
66 D
67 A
考点定位心理类短文阅读
名师点睛般说举例目引出讨话题例子面找总结性话语Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how举例意图三道题属细节理解题直接文章找提示性语句道题定难度需进行推理排
122015·湖南B
In its early history Chicago had floods frequently especially in the spring making the streets so muddy that people
horses and carts got stuck An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street Asked if he needs help he replies No thanks I＇ve got a good horse under me
The city planner decided to build an underground drainage (排水) system but there simply wasn＇t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city
An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced me the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt This raised the level of the city＇s streets by as much as 12 feet
This of course created a new problem dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago Building owners were faced with a choice either change the first floors of their buildings into basements and the second stories into main floors or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily But what about large heavy structures like Tremont Hotel which was a sixstory brick building
That＇s where George Pullman came in He had developed some housemoving skills successfully To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building＇s foundation One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews At Pullman＇s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time thereby raising the building slowly and evenly Astonishingly the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation and many of its guests didn＇t even notice anything was happening Some people like to say that every problem has a solution But in Chicago＇s early history every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem Now that Chicago＇s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River the city＇s next step was to clean the polluted river
61The author mentions the joke to show ______
A horses were fairly useful in Chicago
B Chicago＇s streets were extremely muddy
C Chicago was very dangerous in the spring
D the Chicago people were particularly humorous
62The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to_______
A get rid of the street dirt
B lower the Chicago River
C fight against heavy floods
D build the pipes above ground
63The underlined word hoist in Paragraph 4 means _______
A change B lift
C repair D decorate
64What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel
A It went on smoothly as intended
B It interrupted the business of the hotel
C It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews
D It separated the building from its foundation
65The passage is mainly about the early Chicago＇s ______
A popular life styles and their influences
B environmental disasters and their causes
C engineering problems and their solutions
D successful businessmen and their achievements
答案
61．B
62．D
63．B
64．A
65．C
解析
试题分析：文讲述芝加哥城问题改造方案
61．B细节推理题根文章第段第句话：In early history Chicago had floors frequently especially in the spring making the streets so muddy that people horses and carts got stuck知芝加哥洪水常泛滥导致街总泥泞堪行马车全部堵路作者提玩笑突出芝加哥特点选B
62．D细节理解题根第三段第句话：An engineer named Eill Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover thenwith dirt知Eill Chesbrough首认
应该埋排水道选D
63．B细节推理题根文：Small woodframe building could be lifted fairly easily知种方法建筑升高选B
64．A细节推理题根倒数第二段中倒数第二句话：At Pullman’s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time thereby raising the building slowly and evenly(Pullman指导时抬起手中千斤顶建筑慢慢整抬起)知A项正确 选A
65．C旨意题文章第段提出芝加哥城存问题接段落讨解决问题方法段讲方法然解决前问题会出新问题解决文章致讲述建造问题解决办法选C
考点定位科普类短文阅读
名师点睛篇科普类文章考查文理解文章细节握明白作者构思文章中出想法观点文章总结例段：Some people like to say that every problem has a solution But in Chicago＇s early history every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem Now that Chicago＇s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River the city＇s next step was to clean the polluted river知作者觉解决办法会解决原问题产生出新问题文章总结
132015·新课标全国IIB
Your house may have an effect on your figure Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off you can make your environment work for you instead of against you Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan
Open the curtains and turn up the lights Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating for people are often less selfconscious(难情) when they’re in poorly lit places – and so more likely to eat lots of food If your home doesn’t have enough window light get more lamps and flood the place with brightness
Mind the colors Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites In one study people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing while cold colors make us less hungry So when it’s time to repaint go blue
Don’t forget the clock – or the radio People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals Begin keeping track of the time and try to make dinner last at 30 minutes And while you’re at it actually sit down to eat If you need some help slowing down turning on relaxing
music It makes you less likely to rush through a meal
Downsize the dishes Big serving bowls and plants can easily makes us fat We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12inch plate instead of a 10inch plate When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short wide glass than a tall skinny glass
25 The text is especially helpful for those who care about ____
A their home comforts
B their body shape
C house buying
D healthy diets
26 A home environment in blue can help people ____
A digest food better
B reduce food intake
C burn more calories
D regain their appetites
27 What are people advised to do at mealtimes
A Eat quickly
B Play fast music
C Use smaller spoons
D Turn down the lights
28What can be a suitable title for the text
A Is Your House Making You Fat
B Ways of Serving Dinner
C Effects of SelfConsciousness
D Is Your Home Environment Relaxing
答案
25 B
26 B
27C
28A
解析
试题分析：家房子身材影响长胖变瘦关键设计家里建议4条：1房间明亮2冷色系会减少食欲3放舒缓音乐餐4 碗碟
25 B推理判断题根全文第段Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan知家设计成减肥计划部分篇文章体型更帮助选B
26B 细节理解题根第三段第二句话In one study people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room知蓝色房间吃食物相黄色者红色房间少33暖色胃口开冷色感觉饿选B
27C 推理判断题题考查考生否理解4条建议第4段People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals说明吃慢吃少吃快A错If you need some help slowing down turning on relaxing music说明放舒缓音乐吃慢反快B错第二段Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating知房间暗会增加饮食D错段When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent勺勺吃饭相差14选C
28A旨意题根文章开头Your house may have an effect on your figure Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off you can make your environment work for you instead of against you知家居环境变胖会变瘦文非常适合想减肥士阅读选A更概括全文
考点定位科普类短文阅读
名师点睛文结构清楚题句Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan第段抓住理清文章脉络接4条建议段条题目中第三题考查文章全面解求理解四选项意思做时应该练文章结构分析
142015·新课标全国ID[源Z_xx_kCom]
Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope This evening as on every Thursday night psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes coffee drinking and the talking cure Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings It isn’t always easy They customers some thirty Parisians who pay just under 2 (plus drinks) per session care quick to intellectualize (高谈阔)slow to open up and connect You are forbidden to say one feels’ or people think’ Lehane told them Say I think’ Think me’
A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed It couldn’t seem more unFrench But Lehanne’s psychology café is about more than knowing oneself It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes Over the years Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle longer working hours a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home Dozens of new theme cafes appear to
change the situation Cafes focused around psychology history and engineering are catching on filling tables well into the evening
The city’s psychology cafes which offer great comfort are among the most popular places Middleaged homemakers retirees and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love anger and dreams with a psychologist And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel There’s a strong need in Paris for communication says Maurice Frisch a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church People have few real friends And they need to open up Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France If people had normal lives these cafes wouldn’t exist she says If life weren’t a battle people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak But them it wouldn’t be France
32What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope[源ZxxkCom]
A Learn a new subject
B Keep in touch with friends
C Show off their knowledge
D Express their true feelings
33 How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes
A They are less frequently visited
B They stay open for longer hours
C They have bigger night crowds
D They start to serve fast food
34 What are theme cafes expected to do
A Create more jobs
B Supply better drinks
C Save the cafe business
D Serve the neighborhood
35 Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris
A They bring people true friendship
B They give people spiritual support
C They help people realize their dreams
D They offer a platform for business links
答案
32 D
33 A
34 C
35 B
解析
试题分析：文章讲述法国精神咖啡馆（psychology cafes）社会意义功特色法国越越受欢迎
32 D细节理解题根文章第段第三句Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings知La Chope咖啡馆鼓励表达真正情感选D
33 A 细节理解题根文章第二段Over the years Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestylelonger working hours a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home知改变更时间呆家里更年轻代选A
34 C 推理判断题根第二段Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation出答案选C
35 B 推理判断题根文章段第句话If people had normal lives these cafes would’t exist she saysIf life weren’t a battle people wouln’t need a special place just to speak But them it wouldn’t be France知心理咖啡馆巴黎受欢迎原予精神支持选B学科网
考点定位社会类短文阅读
名师点睛篇社会类短文阅读难度中等偏学生易读懂第3233题均考查细节理解题问题设计较简单考生需通关键词定位出答案中第3435题需原文容基础作出推理判断出正确答案考生做类阅读时注意前间联系选择答案时切偏概全
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