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    英语_高考英语语法精讲教程_162页


    第题 高中英语语法系统全解（）
    第章 动词时态（）
    英语中时间发生动作存状态动词形式表示做动词时态
    般时
    般时包括般现时般时般时般时
    A般现时
    1． 般现时构成
    般现时动词原形表示语第三称单数时动词面加ses
    They want good jobs
    想工作
    The coat matches the dress
    外衣裙子相配
    This work does not satisfy me
    项工作满意
    Do you understand
    懂
    2．般现时法
    ①般现时基法
    a 表示现惯性动作存状态
    He always takes a walk after supper
    晚饭总散散步
    Everyone is in high spirits now
    现家情绪高涨
    b 表示客观事实普遍真理
    The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
    太阳东方升起西方落
    Sound travels faster through water than it does through air
    声音水中传播速度空气中快

    Time and tide wait for no man
    时间等
    c 表示语特征力状态
    This cloth feels soft
    布摸软
    I love classical music
    喜欢古典音乐
    The President still seems able to find time to go fishing
    总统时间钓鱼
    d 表示计划安排发生动作
    The meeting begins at 700
    会议七点钟开始
    We leave here at 800 sharp
    八点整离开里
    e 时间条件步状语句中表示动作
    When you come next time bring me some magazines
    次时带杂志
    If time allows we shall go there tomorrow
    果时间允许话明天里
    Whether he agrees or not I will stay at home
    意否会家里
    ②般现时特殊法
    a 新闻标题图片说明中
    China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful
    中国宣布载航天飞行圆满成功
    Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow
    劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科
    b 体育运动表演等实况报道中
    Francis slips past passes the ball to Yao Ming who jumps catches and shoots it into the basket 弗朗西斯穿球传姚明姚明跳起接住球投进篮里

    Now look I press the button and turn on the machine
    现扭开台机器
    c 表示告诫劝说
    You mind your own business 闲事
    If he does that again he goes to prison
    果样话会进监狱
    d 表示现瞬间动作
    Here comes the bus
    汽车
    There goes the bell
    铃响

    B．般时
    1． 般时构成
    般时动词式表示
    His words fetched a laugh from all present
    话场笑
    I did not sleep well last night
    昨晚没睡
    Did you direct the tourist to the hotel
    告诉位游客旅馆路？
    2．般时法
    ①般时基法
    a 表示某特定时间发生动作存状态
    He suddenly fell ill yesterday
    昨天突然生病
    The engine stopped because the fuel was used up
    发动机燃料光停机
    注意：
    般时句子中通常表示时间状语

    误I visited the Palace Museum（没文情况应避免样说）
    正I visited the Palace Museum last year
    年参观宫博物院
    正I have visited the Palace Museum
    参观宫博物院
    b 表示常发生动作存状态
    I wrote home once a week at college
    学时周家里写封信
    He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood
    童年时养成广泛阅读惯
    提示：
    表示惯性动作式外used towould表示
    She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three
    高三时常学深夜
    He would sit for hours doing nothing
    常常坐钟头什事做
    c 表示连续发生系列动作
    She entered the room picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully
    走进房间起杂志认真翻阅起
    The students got up early in the morning did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air
    学生早起床做早操然室外朗读英语
    d 时间条件状语句中表示发生动作
    We would not leave until the teacher came back
    老师回会离开
    She told me she would not go if it rained the next day
    告诉果第二天雨话

    ②般时特殊法
    a 虚拟语气中表示现时间动作状态

    It＇s time we went
    该走时候
    I wish I were twenty years younger
    愿年轻20岁
    I would rather you didn＇t do anything for the time being
    宁愿暂时先采取什措施
    b 口语中般时显示委婉客气
    I wondered if you could give me a hand
    想请帮忙
    Might I come and see you tonight
    想晚？

    3．般现时般时较
    般现时现时间相联系般时说话现相联系
    His father is a film director
    父亲电影导演（现）
    His father was a film director
    父亲电影导演（现）
    How do you like the novel
    觉部说样？（说）
    How did you like the novel
    觉部说样？（已完说）

    C．般时
    1． 般时构成
    般时will shall + 动词原形构成shall限第称见英国英语现趋势第二三称单复数形式均will表示口语中shallwill常缩写成＇ll紧接语否定式shall not will not 常简略shan＇t won＇t
    I＇ll go and shut the door
    关门

    When will you know your exam results
    什时候知道考试结果？
    I can see you＇re busy so I won＇t stay long
    出忙会呆太久
    提示：you and Iboth of us等短语willshall
    You and I will arrive there next Monday
    周达里
    Both of us will graduate from middle school next year
    俩明年中学毕业

    2．般时法
    ①表示发生动作存状态
    I shall be free this afternoon
    天午空
    There＇ll be no chemistry classes tomorrow
    明天没化学课
    They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday
    海度假
    注意：
    口语中常will shall + be doing结构代will shall + 动词原形表示生动
    I＇ll be seeing a friend off at the airport
    机场朋友送行
    He＇ll be going with us tomorrow
    明天起
    ②表示反复发生动作
    My uncle will come to see me every Saturday
    叔叔星期六会
    The students will have five English classes per week this term
    学期学生周五节英语课
    ③表示意答应做某事

    That bag looks heavy I＇ll help you with it
    包起重帮提
    I won＇t tell anyone what happened I promise
    保证告诉发生事
    ④表示种倾推测
    Flowers will die without water
    没水花会枯死
    Water will change into ice at 0℃
    水零摄氏度会结冰
    This will be your sister I guess
    猜想姐姐

    3．般时常结构
    ①I expect I＇m sure I think I wonder + 宾语句中
    Don＇t worry about the exam I＇m sure you＇ll pass
    担心次考试确信会通
    I wonder what will happen
    知道会发生什事
    I don＇t think the test will be very difficult
    想次测验会太难
    ②祈句 + and + 陈述句中
    Work hard and you will succeed
    果努力会成功
    Go at once and you will see her
    马会见
    ③表示时间条件状语句连
    I＇ll let you know as soon as he arrives
    通知
    If you ask him he will help you
    果请会帮助

    We shall go unless it rains
    非雨否
    4．时间表达法
    ①be going to + 动词原形
    be going to+ 动词原形结构常口语中
    a 表示决定算做某事
    I＇m going to buy a new coat this winter
    年冬天算买件新衣
    Are you going to play basketball after class
    课篮球？
    He is going to be a doctor when he grows up
    长医生
    What are you going to do today
    天算做什？
    b 表示迹象发生什事
    Look at those black clouds It is going to rain
    瞧乌云天雨
    The car is going to turn over
    汽车翻
    There is going to be a snowstorm
    场暴风雪
    较：
    be going to + 动词原形will shall + 动词原形区
    1．be going to通常表示快发生事willshall表示久表示长远确定
    She is going to get better
    病（恢复健康迹象）
    She will get better
    病会（认终会恢复健康）
    2．will表示通常指事先计划意图时决定 be going to表示事先计划意图考虑

    — George phoned while you were out
    外出时候乔治电话
    — Ok I＇ll phone him back
    回电话（时决定）
    — Matthew phoned while you were out
    外出时候马修电话
    — Yes I know I＇m going to phone him back
    知道准备回电话（早安排）
    正式文体中will表示事先安排动作
    The meeting will begin at 1000 am
    会议10点开始
    Coffee will be served from 930 from today onwards
    天起930开始供应咖啡

    3．表示迹象显示发生某动作时be going towillshall
    I feel terrible I think I＇m going to be sick
    觉舒服想生病
    4．be going to 条件句表示时间will
    If you are going to attend the meeting you＇d better leave now
    果出席会议现动身
    ②be + 动词ing形式
    be + 动词ing形式表示根现计划安排预期会发生某事种安排容意改变结构中动词ing形式通常表示位置转移动词arrive come go leave move start stay get eat meet see off die等表示时间状语连果没时间状语表示动作发生意
    He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days
    天动身新疆
    I am dining out tonight
    晚出吃饭

    The plane is taking off soon
    飞机马起飞
    The old man is dying
    位老快死
    较：
    be + 动词ing形式be going to + 动词原形异
    1．表示计划发生动作时两者互换
    We are moving to a new flat tomorrow
    明天搬新房子里
    We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow
    明天搬新房子里
    2．表示客观素产生动作状态时be going to结构be + 动词ing形式
    You are going to fall if you climb that tree
    果爬树话会摔（说 You are falling if ）
    Be careful You are going to break that chair
    心会张椅子弄坏（说 You are breaking that chair）
    ③ be + 动词定式
    结构中be现式 (am is are) 式 (was were) 两种形式
    a 表示计划安排发生动作
    The highway is to be open to traffic in May
    条公路五月份通车
    Am I to take over his work
    接工作？
    b 条件句中强调计划安排发生动作
    If we are to take the 500 train we must leave now
    果坐5点火车话现出发
    c 表示命令吩咐等否定形式常表示禁止许
    You are to be back before 10 pm
    必须10点前回

    You are not to go out alone at night
    晚单独出
    较：
    be + 动词定式be going to+ 动词原形区
    1．be going to+ 动词原形侧重说话意图算be + 动词定式侧重受指示安排做事
    I＇m going to try my best to write this article well
    力篇文章写
    Am I to wait here till their arrival
    直等抵达？
    2．表示客观素受控制发生动作时be going to+ 动词原形be + 动词定式
    It＇s going to rain
    天雨（说It＇s to rain）
    Rachel is going to faint
    雷切尔晕倒
    ④　般现时
    般现时表示时间法：
    a 表示日历时刻表规定固定变较易变更时间发生动作
    Tomorrow is Friday
    明天星期五
    What time does the next train leave for Paris
    班开巴黎火车点出发？
    b 时间状语句条件状语句中般现时表示时间动作状态
    I＇ll give the book to you after I finish it
    完书
    If he arrives we must go and meet him at the railway station
    果火车站接
    c hope suppose等面宾语句中常般现时表示动作状态
    I hope all is well with him

    希切
    Suppse we go hiking tomorrow
    明天远足吧

    D．般时
    1．般时构成
    般时shouldwould + 动词原形构成
    He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris
    昨天问什时候动身巴黎
    They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier
    想知道样早点完成家庭作业
    2．般时法
    般时间出发点某时刻发生动作状态
    a 般时常间接引语中
    He said they would arrange a party
    说安排晚会
    I asked if he would come and fix my TV set
    问否帮修电视机
    b 般时表示非真实动作状态
    If I had a chance to study abroad I would study at Cambridge University
    果机会出国学话会剑桥学
    I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight
    晚起电影

    3．时间表达法
    a waswere going to +动词原形
    He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired
    说退休住农村
    They thought it was going to rain
    认天雨

    b waswere +动词ing形式
    Nobody knew whether the guests were coming
    没知道客否
    I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes
    告知火车分钟开
    c waswere +动词定式
    She said she was to clean the classroom after school
    说放学扫教室
    It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River
    报道长江建座桥
    提示：
    waswere going to +动词原形waswere + 动词定式完成式表示未实现时间动作
    Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall but it rained
    星期天想游览长城雨（没成）
    I was to have helped with the performance but I got flu the day before
    算帮忙演出前天感（没帮忙）
    d waswere about to do
    waswere about to do表示说话瞬间会发生动作
    I felt something terrible was about to happen
    觉怕事发生
    e waswere on the point of doing
    I＇m glad you have come I was on the point of calling you but you＇ve saved me the trouble now 高兴正准备电话现省麻烦
    提示：
    be about to dobe on the point of doing结构般表示时间状语连面接when引导分句
    I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain
    正动身天突然雨


    进行时
    二进行时
    进行时表示动作正进行动作暂时未完成进行时包括现进行时进行时进行时
    A．现进行时
    1．现进行时构成
    现进行时am is are +现分词构成
    I＇m reading the evening newspaper
    正晚报
    Now it isn＇t snowing outside
    现外面雪
    Are they playing soccer in the playground
    正操场踢足球？

    2．现进行时法
    ①现进行时基法
    a表示说话刻正进行动作
    通常表示刻时间状语（now at this moment）通LookListen两提示语表明时刻动作正进行
    She is making a fire now
    正生火
    Listen Mary is singing an English song in the classroom
    听玛丽正教室里唱英文歌
    b表示现时间段中正进行动作
    They are planting trees on the hill these days
    天正山种树
    I don＇t really work here I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives
    工作新秘书前帮帮忙罢

    c表示计划安排发生动作
    样动词通常arrive begin come do drive fly go leave stay等表示位置转移动词种法较生动种期感
    Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days
    天简贝蒂出度假
    Where are you staying in Guangzhou
    广州准备住里？
    ②现进行时特殊法
    a表示种重复动作带厌恶赞叹等感情色彩
    现进行时constantly always forever等状语连现动作披层感情色彩
    She＇s constantly complaining
    停抱怨
    My brother is always leaving things about
    弟弟总乱丢东西
    He is forever thinking of doing more for the students
    总想着学生做事情
    b表示某具体动作心理状态发展程
    The house is falling down
    房子正倒
    The weather is changing for the better
    天气慢慢转
    注意：
    时表示动作刚刚开始
    I＇m forgetting my English
    英语开始忘
    Food is costing more
    食品贵起
    c强调动作重复
    The train is arriving late almost every day this summer

    夏季火车天天晚点
    Someone is knocking at the door
    断敲门
    The boy is jumping with joy
    男孩高兴跳停
    d表示两动作动作
    He who helps others is helping himself
    帮帮
    If you insist on doing it you are doing a foolish thing
    果坚持做件事干傻事
    ebe动词进行时态
    be动词般进行时态时am is are + being +形容词结构表示暂时意
    The boy is being naughty孩子点淘气
    I don＇t think you are being fair
    认公
    He is being modest
    现谦虚
    较：
    You are not polite
    讲礼貌（贯）
    You are not being polite
    点礼貌（暂时现象）

    3．进行时态动词
    ①表示状态动词
    类动词seem look appear have belong to own hold等
    This backpack belongs to me
    背包
    He seems rather angry with you

    起生气
    ②表示知道信念理解推测怀疑希等含义动词
    类动词know remember understand see think believe suppose hope doubt等
    I don＇t think he will come tomorrow
    想明天会
    I still remember the days when we studied together
    记起学日子
    提示：
    时动词进行时态表示心理状态缓慢发展程
    She＇s understanding you better now
    越越解
    ③表示求心愿等意义动词
    类动词want wish need desire等
    Your clothes need washing
    衣服需洗
    How I wish I were a bird
    希鸟啊
    ④表示继续持续含义动词
    类动词continue keep last go on等
    She still continues in poor health
    然身体差
    Every day after finishing his homework he goes on to do some reading
    天做完作业会继续会书
    ⑤表示感觉动词
    类动词see hear smell taste feel等
    The apples taste good
    苹果尝起错
    This flower smells nice

    花闻香
    Your suggestion sounds reasonable
    建议听道理
    注意：
    果动词表示种意识行进行时态
    She is tasting the apple
    正尝苹果
    The dog is smelling the footprints
    狗正嗅脚印
    The bell is sounding for dinner
    晚饭铃响

    4．现进行时般现时较
    ①暂时性动作常性动作
    The computer is working perfectly
    计算机运转（暂时）
    The computer works perfectly
    计算机运转（直）
    ②持续性动作短暂性动作
    The bus is stopping
    车停（渐渐）
    The bus stops车停（迅速）
    ③暂时性动作永久性动作
    She is living in the country
    现住农村（暂时）
    She lives in the country
    住农村（永久）
    ④感情色彩没感情色彩
    He is doing well at school

    学校表现（赞扬）
    He does well at school
    学校表现（般事实）

    B进行时
    1进行时构成
    进行时was were +现分词构成
    I was doing my homework at this time yesterday
    昨天时候正做作业
    Were you expecting him yesterday
    昨天直等？
    They were not talking when I came in
    进时候没说话

    2进行时法
    ①进行时基法
    a表示某时刻正发生动作该动作动作时发生
    I was having supper at 700 yesterday evening
    昨天晚7点正吃晚饭
    She was playing the piano while I was reading the newspaper
    弹钢琴时报
    提示：
    句子意思清楚时两动词换成般时
    We listened closely while the teacher read the text
    老师读课文时仔细听着
    b表示段时间正进行动作
    We were talking about you the whole morning
    整午说
    He was watching TV at home from 300 to 500 yesterday afternoon

    昨天午3点5点直电视
    c表示计划安排发生事
    He told me that he was going soon
    告诉快走
    She said she was leaving for New York the next month
    说月动身纽约
    ②进行时特殊法
    a表示事发生背景
    It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front
    支医疗组前线行进时天正着雪
    Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking
    汤姆没注意时溜进房间
    b表示新动作刚刚开始
    进行时引出新动作种法颇点镜头转换
    Five minutes later he was standing at the door smoking
    5分钟已站门口抽着烟
    The baby was crying hard and suddenly the crying stopped
    婴声啼哭突然哭声停止
    c陈述原作口
    She went to the doctor yesterday She was having a lot of trouble with her heart
    昨天病患严重心脏病
    I haven＇t finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday
    作业没做完昨天直帮妈妈家干活
    dalways constantly等词连表示感情色彩
    The girl was always changing her mind
    女孩老改变意
    In the past he was constantly asking me for money
    总钱

    3．进行时般时区
    ①般时表示某动作已完成进行时表示动作持续未完成
    She wrote a letter to her friend last night
    昨晚朋友写封信（信写完）
    She was writing a letter to her friend last night
    昨晚直朋友写信（信定写完）
    ②般时表示做次动作进行时表示动作反复进行
    She waved to me
    挥挥手
    She was waving to me
    断挥手
    The boy jumped up and down
    男孩跳
    The boy was jumping up and down
    男孩停跳着
    C进行时
    1．进行时构成
    进行时shallwill + be +现分词构成
    Don＇t phone me between 800 and 1000 We＇ll be having classes then
    8点10点间电话时正课
    Will you be using your bicycle this evening
    晚行车？
    She won＇t be having a meeting in her office at 800 tomorrow
    明天8点开会
    2．进行时法
    ①进行时基法
    a表示某时间正进行动作
    I＇ll be taking my holiday soon

    久度假
    They will be meeting us at the station
    会车站接
    b口语中代willshall do
    I hope you will be coming on time
    希时
    I＇ll be seeing Mr Smith tomorrow
    明天见史密斯先生
    The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs
    部长国际事务发表演讲
    ②进行时特殊法
    a表示原结果猜测
    Please come tomorrow afternoon Tomorrow morning I＇ll be having a meeting
    请明天午吧明天午会（表原）
    Stop the child or he will be falling over
    抓住孩子会掉（表结果）
    You will be making a mistake
    会出错（表推测）
    b问句中表示委婉礼貌
    Will you be reading anything else
    点什？
    When shall we be meeting again
    什时候见面？
    c表示稍点安排
    The students aer studying Unit 3 this week and next week we＇ll be studying Unit 4
    星期学第三单元周学第四单元
    My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai
    务7月结束会回海
    完成时
    三完成时
    完成时表示动作完成未完成情况完成时包括现完成时完成时完成时

    A．现完成时
    1．现完成时构成
    现完成时构成形式have has +分词现完成时常称现联系明确时间状语连
    Someone has broken the window
    窗户破
    I haven＇t seen much of her lately
    常见
    How long have they been married
    结婚长时间？

    2．现完成时法
    ①表示结果现完成时
    现完成时着眼动作现产生结果影响现完成时已完成法表示动作程发生说话前已完成现联系种联系实际动作现影响产生结果
    I have bought a pen
    买支笔（结果：I have a pen now）
    The temperature has increased by 10℃
    温度升10摄氏度（结果：It is quite hot now）
    Air pollution has taken the lives of many people
    空气污染已夺生命（结果：Air pollution is very serious now）
    注意：
    现完成时文指时态必须呼应
    误I have bought a pen but I have lost it now（have bought表示现已笔面
    have lost矛盾）
    正I bought a pen but I have lost it now
    （）买支笔已丢
    误I have lost my pen but I have found it now（have lost强调现已没笔面have found意思突）
    正I lost my pen but I have found it now
    丢支笔现已找
    ②表示历现完成时
    强调某时刻说话时段时间中历
    Have you ever been to the Great Wall
    长城？
    I have visited Beijing at least ten times
    北京少访问十次
    She has never spent a holiday at the seaside
    未海滨度假
    ③表示延续现完成时
    现完成时未完成法表示动作状态某时开始持续现继续
    He＇s loved fishing for a long time
    爱钓鱼时已久（现爱钓鱼）
    I have lived here for more than thirty years
    已住三十年（许会继续住）
    注意：
    现完成时未完成法动态动词（持续动词）状态动词般适表示短暂动作位置转移动词：open break go come arrive leave等类动词表示未完成通常限否定结构
    I haven＇t seen a film for weeks
    已星期没电影
    She hasn＇t written to me since September

    9月份没写信呢

    3．现完成时时间状语
    ①现完成时已完成法连时间状语
    现完成时表示动作状态发生现时间前某未明确指出时间连时间状语现时间关明确表示时间状语
    a确定时间状语：already yet before recently lately等
    I＇ve seen the film before
    前部电影
    Have you been there lately
    里
    b频度时间状语：often sometimes ever never once rarely等
    We have never heard of that
    未听说事
    He has sometimes played tennis
    时网球
    Big Ben has rarely gone wrong
    钟少出差错
    c包含现时间时间状语：now just today this morning this week this year等
    I have just finished the letter now
    现刚写完信
    You have just missed the bus
    刚错公汽车
    Has he done much work today
    天做工作？
    较：alreadyyet法区
    already常肯定句置句中yet常否定句疑问句置句末
    already时疑问句中暗示惊讶心情
    She has already gone
    早走
    Have you eaten your dinner already
    已吃饭
    He has not come yet
    没
    ②现完成时未完成法连时间状语
    已完成法样表示具体时间状语未完成法连连指段时间状语具体表示某动作状态持续久
    a since +具体时间表示动作状态时开始
    Since then he has developed another bad habit
    养成坏惯
    He hasn＇t been home since he graduated
    毕业没回家
    b for +段时间表示动作状态持续久
    We have worked here for ages
    里工作久
    There has been no rain here for nearly two months
    里已两月没雨
    c until now up till now so far up to the moment
    目前止
    I have not seen him so far
    目前止没见
    Up to the present everything has been OK
    目前止切正常
    d induring the pastlast five years
    刚刚5年里
    He has been away from school during the last few weeks

    星期里没学校
    In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully 年中已家跨国公司做成生意
    e all the while all day直整天
    She has been busy all day
    忙整天

    4．现完成时般时区
    ①两者表示发生动作前者表示动作现影响者表示动作事实
    He locked the door
    锁门（现门开锁清楚）
    He has locked the door
    门锁（现门锁着）
    Who turned on the light
    谁开灯？（着眼开灯动作现灯开关）
    Who has turned on the light
    谁灯开？（着眼开灯结果现灯亮着）
    ②两者表示开始延续段时间动作现完成时表示该动作继续般时说明该动作现已终止
    He has lived in Beijing for four years
    北京住四年（现住）
    He lived in Beijing for four years
    北京住四年（现住）

    B．完成时
    完成时动作须某时间前发生发生

    1．完成时构成

    完成时had+分词构成
    Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake
    快意识犯严重错误
    The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous He had not flown before
    飞机坐旁边紧张前没飞机
    Had he gone home when you arrived时候已回家？

    2．完成时法
    ①已完成法
    表示某动作状态某时间前某动作前已完成句中常by引导时间状语before until when than等词引导含般时时间状语句
    By 500 yesterday morning we had done that work
    昨天早5点钟时已做完件工作
    He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office
    老师办公室回时刚教室扫完
    They came earlier than we had expected
    预料早
    I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university
    进学前已学5000单词
    It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months
    旱月昨天雨
    注意：
    包含beforeafter复合句中句动作句动作发生先序已非常明确般时代完成时
    The train (had) started before I reached the station
    达车站前列车已开
    After he (had) arrived in England Marx worked hard to improve his English

    马克思达英格兰努力提高英语水
    ②未完成法
    表示动作状态某时刻前已开始直持续时间持续
    Up to that time all had gone well
    直时切利
    John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage
    约翰简结婚前认识长时间
    She said she had made much progress since she came here
    说已取进步
    ③想象性法
    完成时时表示种未实现愿想法if引导事实相反条件句wish as if引导句中
    If she had worked hard she would have succeeded
    努力话会成功（事实没努力没成功）
    I wish I had gone with you to the concert
    起音乐会
    The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years
    两陌生交谈起年老朋友
    ④表示刚刚…………
    完成时常hardlyscarcelybarely when no sooner than 等结构中表示刚刚…………
    Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him
    刚开始演讲听众断
    No sooner had he arrived than he went away again
    刚走
    提示：
    intend mean hope want plan suppose expect think等动词完成时表示算做未做事
    I had meant to come but something happened

    原算事发生
    I had intended to call on you but was prevented from doing so
    算没成
    They had wanted to help but couldn＇t get here in time
    原想帮忙没时赶里

    3．完成时般时较
    般时表示时间动作状态完成时表示动作状态发生般时表示动作状态前表示更
    I returned the book that I had borrowed
    已书
    He didn＇t know a thing about the verb for he had not studied his lessons
    动词知没学功课
    I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came
    车站等20分钟车
    C．完成时
    1．完成时构成
    完成时构成shall will + have +分词构成
    Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter
    久会全然忘记件事
    He is somebody now He will not have remembered his old classmates
    现身份会记老学
    Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month月认识凯文该10年吧？

    2完成时法
    ①表示某时间前已完成动作某时间产生影响
    We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term
    学期末学完12单元
    By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom

    家前房子彻底扫遍
    Will you soon have finished laying the table
    会快摆放餐桌？
    注意：
    时间状语句中完成时现完成时代
    When I have finished that I shall have done all I am supposed to do
    等做完件事时做完该做事
    Please don＇t get off the bus until it has stopped
    请车停稳车
    ②表示推测
    You will have heard of this I guess
    想已听说件事
    I am sure he will have got the information
    相信定信息

    四完成进行时
    完成进行时完成时进行时结合包括现完成进行时完成进行时

    A 现完成进行时

    1．现完成进行时构成
    现完成进行时havehas been +现分词构成
    He is ill He＇s been lying in bed for three weeks
    病已卧床3星期
    Your eyes are red Have you been crying
    眼睛红刚刚哭？
    What have you been doing all this time
    半天干什着？


    2．现完成进行时法
    ①表示动作某时开始直延续现
    现完成进行时常all this time this week this month all night all the morning recently等状语sincefor引导状语连
    I have been reading Hemingway＇s Farewell to Arms recently
    直读海明威永武器
    She has been reciting the words all the morning
    整午背单词
    This is what I have been expecting since my childhood
    直期着事情
    ②表示动作刚刚结束
    My clothes are all wet I＇ve been working in the rain
    衣服全湿刚直雨中干活
    He is dead drunk He＇s been drinking with his friends
    烂醉泥刚直朋友喝酒
    ③表示期时断时续重复发生动作
    You＇ve been saying that for five years
    话已说五年
    He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher
    教直报刊杂志撰稿
    ④表达较重感情色彩
    What have you been doing to my dictionary
    字典弄成什样子
    Time has been flying so quickly
    时间真快啊
    Too much has been happening today
    天真事日子


    3． 现完成进行时现完成时较
    ①现完成进行时表示动作重复现完成时般表示重复性
    Have you been meeting him recently
    常见面？
    Have you met him recently
    见？
    ②现完成进行时时含感情色彩现完成时般铺直叙
    I have been waiting for you for two hours
    直等两时（表示满）
    I have waited for you for two hours
    等两时（说明事实）
    ③现完成进行时强调动作现完成时强调结果
    Who has been eating the oranges
    谁直吃桔子呀？（剩余）
    Who has eaten the oranges
    谁桔子吃光？（强调吃剩）

    B 完成进行时

    1完成进行时构成
    完成进行时had been +现分词构成
    She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam
    考试前直患重感
    Had they been expecting the news for some time
    期消息段时间吧？
    Rafael was scolded even though he hadn＇t been doing anything wrong
    拉斐尔没做什错事挨骂

    2完成进行时法

    ①表示某时间前直进行动作
    完成进行时表示动作某时间前开始直延续时间完成时样完成进行时必须时间前提
    I had been looking for it for days before I found it
    东西找天找着
    They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came
    等会车
    ②表示反复动作
    He had been mentioning your name to me
    次提名字
    You had been giving me everything
    真求必应
    ③完成进行时常间接引语中（详见第12章）
    The doctor asked what he had been eating
    医生问吃什
    I asked where they had been staying all those days
    问天
    ④完成进行时接具突然意when分句
    I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in
    刚分钟进
    She＇d only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her 温功课会妹妹断

    3．完成进行时完成时较
    She had cleaned the office so it was very tidy
    已扫办公室整洁（强调结果）
    She had been cleaning the office so we had to wait outside
    直扫办公室外面等着（强调动作直进行）

    第二章 动语态（）
    第二章 动语态（）
    语态动词种形式表示语谓语间关系英语两种语态：动语态(active voice) 动语态(passive voice)动语态表示语谓语动作执行者动语态表示语谓语动作承受者

    动语态构成
    动语态助动词be加物动词分词构成果必强调动作执行者动作执行者介词by引出短语表示助动词be语称数时态语气变化
    A 十种常见时态动语态
    1 般现时
    动语态：do
    动语态：amisare done
    We clean the classroom every day 天扫教室
    The classroom is cleaned by us every day 教室天扫
    Such songs are usually sung by girls 歌通常女孩子唱
    Russian is not taught in our school 学校教俄语
    Are many goods shipped abroad every day 天许货物运国外
    2 般时
    动语态：did
    动语态：waswere done
    We cleaned the classroom yesterday 昨天扫教室
    The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday 昨天教室扫
    The window was broken by my son 窗子子破
    Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山种许树？
    How much money was stolen in all 偷少钱？
    3 般时
    动语态：willshall do

    动语态：willshall be done
    We will clean the classroom soon 快扫教室
    The classroom will be cleaned soon 教室快扫
    The work will be done immediately 工作马做
    Will the school sports meeting be held next week？ 校运动会星期举行？
    When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet 什时候作关特网讲座？
    4 般时
    动语态：would do
    动语态：would be done
    We told him that we would clean the classroom soon 告诉马扫教室
    We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon 告诉教室快会扫
    He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city 说新贸易中心市中心建起
    She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care 问计划会会仔细考虑
    I wasn＇t told that I should be invited to the party 没告诉邀请出席晚会
    5 现进行时
    动语态：amisare doing
    动语态：amisare being done
    We are cleaning the classroom now 现正扫教室
    The classroom is being cleaned now 教室现正扫
    A hospital is being built in the centre of the town 镇中心正兴建家医院
    Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse 婴正护士？
    How is the new teaching method being tried there 里样试行种新教学方法？
    6 进行时
    动语态：waswere doing
    动语态：waswere being done
    We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday 昨天时候扫教室

    The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday 昨天时候教室正扫
    The teaching plan was being discussed at that time 时正讨教学计划
    Was the TV set being fixed this time yesterday 昨天时候电视机正修理？
    The house was being painted when we arrived at his home 家时家房子正粉刷
    7 现完成时
    动语态：hashave done
    动语态：hashave been done
    The classroom looks tidy We have cleaned it 教室起整洁已扫
    The classroom looks tidy It has been cleaned 教室起整洁已扫
    Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month 月电视中播放许外国影片
    The radio has not been turned on yet 收音机没开
    Has a new training centre been set up in our town 镇新培训中心建？
    8 完成时
    动语态：had done
    动语态：had been done
    The classroom looked tidy We had cleaned it 教室起整洁已扫
    The classroom looked tidy It had been cleaned 教室起整洁已扫
    His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month月末刚写说已翻译成英语
    She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss 告诉老板已解雇
    Her homework had not been finished when I got home 家时候作业没完成
    9 完成时
    动语态：willshall have done
    动语态：willshall have been done
    We will have cleaned the classroom by five o＇clock 五点前扫完教室
    The classroom will have been cleaned by five o＇clock 教室五点前扫完

    The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives 新书批书前登记完毕
    How many expressways will have been completed by the end of next year 明年年底建成少条高速公路？
    Before you return my work will have been done 回前工作会做完
    10 完成时
    动语态：would have done
    动语态：would have been done
    I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500 说五点前扫完教室
    I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 500 说教室五点前扫完
    The headmaster said the article would have been translated by the end of next month 校长说文章月底翻译
    The day was drawing near when the dam would have been completed 坝完工日子远
    He told me that preparations would have been finished by 600 告诉准备工作六点前完成

    B get+分词结构
    动语态常be +分词构成外get+分词结构种结构口语中强调动作结果
    The boy got hurt when he was riding to school 孩子骑车学时受伤
    Did your letter get answered 收回信？
    注意：
    get+分词结构时动作执行者（by短语）般表示出
    Finally his bike got repaired 行车修理
    As I passed by my skirt got caught on a nail 时候裙子钉子挂住

    C．seemappear +分词结构
    时seemappear +分词构成动语态

    She seemed annoyed by his words 似话搞恼火
    The house appears deserted 房子没居住
    提示：
    be+分词结构中begetseem appear等词代
    误She got born in a small village
    正She was born in a small village 出生村庄
    误The old man got offered a large sum of money
    正The old man was offered a large sum of money 位老获笔钱
    误Colin got caught cheating in the exam
    正Colin were caught cheating in the exam 科林考试作弊抓住

    D．动语态中常介词
    1．by表示动作执行者施加者
    By whom is the book written 书谁写？
    The children were driven indoors by the rain 孩子雨赶进室
    2．with表示某种工具
    The wolf was killed with a gun 狼枪死
    The field was spread with wild flowers 田野里野花遍
    3．from表示源某种物质（出原材料）
    Good wine is made from grain 酒粮食制成
    4．of表示某种材料制成（出原材料）
    The table is made of wood 张桌子木头做
    5．介词
    You are wanted on the phone 电话找
    He is known to everybody 家认识
    She was caught in the rain 遭雨淋
    注意：
    动作执行者介词by引出短语表示动语态句子中by短语总表示动作执行者
    A policeman is known by the clothes he wears 警察通服装辨认出（by表示方式）

    He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner 邀请吃晚饭受宠惊（by表示原）
    The snow was piled high by the gate 门口雪堆积高（by表示点）
    二动语态法
    英语中数情况动语态较简练力动语态特殊途表达思想描述事物需通常列情况动语态：
    A 知道必说出动作执行者
    How is this word pronounced 单词发音？
    Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves 科学家说力移动时做功
    A greater number of magic English books will be published next year 明年更魔法英语书出版
    After war everything had been destroyed 战争结束切毁坏
    B 强调动作承受者
    If you break the school rules you will be punished 果违反校规受惩罚（强调you）
    A new Hope School will be opened in our village 家乡开办新希学校（强调a new Hope School）
    She is liked by everybody 家喜欢
    Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class 李选班长
    C 动作执行者生命事物
    The bridge was washed away by the flood 桥洪水走
    We were shocked by the news of his death 听死讯极震惊
    Many accidents were caused by careless driving 许事开车心造成
    D 修辞需句子更加简练匀称
    He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience 出现舞台受观众热烈鼓掌
    The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received 位老教授作关美国历史讲座受家热烈欢迎

    I was shown round the school campus by Sean who had entered the school just a year before 肖恩带参观校园年刚进学校
    E 表示委婉礼貌避免提动作执行者说话者
    You＇ve been told many times not to make the same mistake 已次告知犯样错误
    Everybody is expected to obey the following rules 希家遵守规定
    The control room may not be entered without permission 非许勿入控制室
    F 科技文献中客观描述事情程
    The film is coated with lightsensitive chemicals which are changed by the different shades and colours of light 胶卷涂层感光化学物质物质光色度颜色改变
    G 新闻报道中体现新闻客观性
    The westeast gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4 a big event in the nation＇s west development campaign 西气东输工程7月4日全线开工国家西部开发战略件事
    H．动词惯常动语态
    He was born in this city 出生城市
    The school is situated in the suburbs 学校位郊外
    注意：
    动语态中by短语通常省果by短语句子重点者没by短语全句意思完整时保留by短语
    The vegetables didn＇t taste very good They had been cooked too long 蔬菜味道烧时间太长（需动作执行者）
    He arrived at the airport where he was met by his friend 达机场受朋友迎接（没by his friend句子意思完整）
    Everybody was cast down by such news as that 家种消息搞沮丧（需by短语）



    第二章 动语态（二）

    三动语态变动语态

    中国思维着眼点动作施动者英美思维着眼点动作承受者
    中国常样说：I expect you to be there on time 希准时里
    英美常样说：You are expected to be there on time 希准时里
    英语中动语态汉语中原英语句子动语态结构变成动语态方式相

    A 语 + 谓语 + 宾语
    语 + 谓语 + 宾语结构中宾语变动语态时宾语变语：
    They will discuss the plan at the meeting 会议讨问题
    The plan will be discussed at the meeting 问题会议讨
    In the past the king possessed great wealth 国王拥巨财富
    n In the past great wealth was possessed by the king 巨财富国王拥

    B 语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
    句型中谓语动词两宾语变成动语态时般通常指间接宾语转化成语时指物间接宾语转化成语：
    We gave the student some books 学生书
    The student was given some books 学生书
    Some books were given to the student 书学生
    His father bought him a computer last week 周父亲买台电脑
    He was bought a computer by his father last week 周父亲买台电脑
    A computer was bought for him by his father last week 周父亲买台电脑
    注意：直接宾语作动语态语时通常间接宾语前加适介词(to for of等)加强间接宾语语气

    They awarded him the Nobel Prize 授予诺贝尔奖
    The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him 诺贝尔奖授予
    The host had caught us some fish 捉鱼
    n Some fish had been caught for us by the host 捉鱼（for省）
    n
    C 语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
    句型中谓语动词宾语宾语补足语变成动语态时宾语转化成语宾语补足语变语补足语：
    All the villagers painted the houses white 村民房子涂成白色
    The houses were painted white by all the villagers 房子村民涂成白色
    They kept us waiting for a long time 等长时间
    We were kept waiting for a long time 等长时间
    We regarded him as the best doctor in town 认城里医生
    He was regarded as the best doctor in town 认城里医生
    注意：
    役动词感官动词make see hear watch notice observe listen to等动结构中带to动词定式作宾语补足语变动结构时定式应加to
    We heard him say goodbye to his friends 听见朋友道
    n He was heard to say goodbye to his friends 听朋友道
    n
    D 含情态动词动句变动句
    含情态动词谓语变成动语态时情态动词+ be done构成
    情态动词
    cancould
    maymight
    must
    havehad to

    willwould
    shallshould
    ought to
    动形式
    cancould do
    maymight do
    must do
    havehad to do
    willwould do
    shallshould do
    ought to do
    动形式
    cancould be done
    maymight be done
    must be done
    havehad to be done
    willwould be done
    shallshould be done
    ought to be done
    The machine must be operated with care 机器必须心操作
    Such a sentence ought not to be used here 句子应该里
    What＇s done cannot be undone 覆水难收
    People had to be reminded of the danger that night 天晚必须提醒心危险

    E 含be going to dobe to do等结构动句变动句
    含be going to do be to do 等结构谓语动词变成动语态时分be going to + be donebe to + be done两种结构中be般现时般时两种形式
    The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting 问题会讨
    This new film is to be shown on TV next week 部新片周电视放映


    F．含宾语句动句变动句
    带宾语句句子变成动语态时通常it作动句形式语宾语句保留变
    They said that he had gone abroad to study English 说出国学英语
    It was said that he had gone abroad to study English 说出国学英语
    We haven＇t decided when we should go camping 未决定什时候野营
    It hasn＇t been decided when we should go camping 什时候野营尚未决定
    提示：
    带宾语句句子变成动语态时简练句语变动句语句谓语部分变定式短语
    We believed that he would succeed 相信会成功
    He was believed to succeed 相信会成功
    Father expected that I should become an engineer 父亲希成工程师
    I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer （父亲）希成工程师
    G．祈句动语态
    肯定祈句动语态结构：Let + 宾语 + be + 分词否定祈句动语态结构：Don＇t + let + 宾语 + be + 分词（Let + 宾语 + not + be + 分词）
    Move the desks into the corridor
    Let the desks be moved into the corridor 课桌搬走廊
    Don＇t trust her
    Don＇t let her be trusted
    Let her not be trusted 相信
    H 动词短语构成动语态
    般情况物动词宾语物动词宾语物动词动语态物动词没动语态物动词面介词副词变成动词短语相物动词动语态
    The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well
    The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital 病医院里护士料周

    They have put off the meeting till next Saturday
    The meeting has been put off till next Saturday 会议已推迟周六
    注意：
    动语态时千万遗漏句末介词副词
    Such a bad habit should be got rid of 样坏惯应该改掉
    All the important matters have now been attended to 重事情处理
    I 双重动结构
    双重动结构指句中谓语动词定式均动结构句子语谓语动词承受者时定式动作承受者
    They asked us to discuss the problem at once
    We were asked to discuss the problem at once
    The problem was asked to be discussed at once 问题求立刻讨（双重动）
    She offered to buy a recorder for me
    A recorder was offered to be bought for me 提出帮买台录音机（双重动）
    The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away
    The desk was ordered to be taken away 课桌求搬走（双重动）
    J．列句子变成动语态时withby
    Smoke filled the meeting room 烟充满会议室
    The meeting room was filled with smoke 会议室里充满烟
    A cloth covered the table 块布桌子罩起
    The table was covered with a cloth 桌子铺着块布
    K．变动语态结构
    1．受动词限制
    ①表示状态物动词动语态
    某表示状态物动词have own cost lack want (缺乏) become (适合) fit resemble fail last flee benefit hold等作谓语时变动句
    She resembles her mother 妈妈
    He lacks selfconfidence 缺乏信

    This hall can hold 2000 people 厅容纳两千
    ②物动词have表示吃饭患病明白知道等意思时没动语态形式
    Would you have a cup of tea 喝杯茶？
    She had a bad cold yesterday and now she is feeling much better 昨天重感现
    ③动词gettake表示懂知道owe表示欠cost表示失(生命健康等)意思时动词没相应动语态
    Do you get me 明白意思？
    How do you take this passage 段话理解？
    I owe 50 pounds to you 欠五十英镑
    His careless driving cost his life 粗心驾驶丧命
    2．受宾语限制
    ①宾语相互代词反身代词具类似相互代词关系时动词动语态形式
    They simply cannot contain themselves for joy 简直法抑制心喜悦
    He absented himself from a meeting yesterday 昨天缺席会议
    For years the two sisters looked after one another 年两姐妹互相顾
    ②宾语前带语形容词性物代词时谓语动词通常转换动语态
    I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive 活着简直相信眼睛
    The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words 医生摇摇头句话没说出
    注意：
    动词宾语身体部分般变动语态例外
    He fixed his eyes on the oil painting 注视着幅油画
    His eyes were fixed on the oil painting 两眼注视着幅油画
    ③宾语起状语作表示数量重量程度时动语态
    This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars 种字典价值十美元
    The case weighs twenty kilos 箱子重二十公斤
    ④宾语源宾语时通常转换成动语态

    He laughed a hearty laugh 衷笑笑
    She dreamt a sweet dream 做美梦
    ⑤果宾语动词定式动词ing形式时谓语动词般变换成动语态
    He admitted having done wrong 承认做错
    He has decided to go and study abroad 已决定出国留学
    ⑥果enter leave reach宾语点国家机关等改动语态
    He left the army in 1998 1998年退伍
    She entered the hall at once 立刻进入厅
    ⑦外拆开短语动词take place lose heart belong to consist of change colour等改动语态
    The book belongs to me 书
    She caught a very bad cold 患重感
    必背：常见变动语态动宾词组
    catch a cold 感
    eat one＇s words 食言
    lose heart 丧失信心
    lose patience 失耐心
    make a face 做鬼脸
    make up one＇s mind 决心
    make bed 铺床
    make room for ……腾出方
    keep watch 守
    keep silence 保持安静
    speak one＇s mind 表明见解
    take place 发生
    take one＇s time 容迫着急
    take office 职
    take one＇s leave 请假
    take notes 作笔记
    take up arms 起武器

    take one＇s place 位
    ⑧含would rather情态动词dare句子改动语态
    I would rather do it now 宁现干件事
    He dare not do it 敢干件事

    四动语态系表结构
    谓系表结构指连系动词+作表语动词ed形式结构动语态形式完全样应时应注意区
    A 动语态中分词动词强调动作系表结构中分词相形容词强调状态前者通常by+by+抽象名词表动作执行者者般
    The gate to the garden was locked by the girl 花园门女孩锁（动结构）
    The gate to the garden was locked 花园门锁（系表结构）
    The tree was blown down by the high winds 棵树风吹倒（动结构）
    The tree was blown down when we saw it 棵树时已吹倒（系表结构）
    注意：
    少数连系动词be + 作表语动词ed形式带by短语
    The old man was surrounded by small children 老孩子团团围住（动语态）
    Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains 桂林周围山（系表结构）
    We were held up by fog 雾受阻（动语态）
    The tree is known by its fruit 果子知道什树（系表结构）
    B 系表结构般般现时般时等少数种时态动语态种时态
    The composition is well written 篇作文写（系表结构）
    The composition is being written 篇作文正写（动语态）
    C 系表结构中分词very too so修饰动语态中分词须much修饰
    The boy was too frightened to move 孩子吓动敢动（系表结构）
    He was very excited激动（系表结构）
    He was much excited by the news 听消息激动（动结构）

    D be + 物动词分词通常系表结构
    Her money is all gone 钱花光
    The honoured guests are arrived 贵宾
    The moon is risen 月亮升起
    She is grown up 长
    The leaves are fallen 树叶落
    We are prepared for the worst 已准备应付坏情况
    E 表示充满意思be + 分词 + with结构系表结构
    The mountain is covered with snow all the year round 座山终年积雪覆盖
    The classroom was crowded with pupils 教室里挤满学生
    The lake is dotted with fishing boats 湖里渔帆点点
    The floor was piled with old books 板堆满旧书
    F remain feel lie stand become grow 等词 + 分词结构系表结构
    The matter remained unsettled 件事悬未决
    She felt disappointed 感失
    The road became crowded 道路拥挤
    G 句中时间状语点状语时般动语态反系表结构
    The bank is closed 银行现关门（系表结构）
    The bank is usually closed at six 银行通常六点关门（动语态）
    He is married 结婚（系表结构）
    五动形式表示动意义
    英语中结构形式动表达意义动
    A．某物动词动意义
    英语中般物动词动语态物动词种结构时候某物动词动形式含动意义
    When did the accident occur 事什时候发生？
    Icecream always goes well in hot weather 冰淇淋暑天销路
    Does life exist on the moon 月球存着生命？
    B．表示开始结束意思动词
    Class begins at eight 八点钟开始课

    The meeting ended up with warm applause 会议热烈掌声中结束
    C．表示运转意义动词
    The machine runs well 机器运转良
    His voice records well 音录
    D．read write translate等动词表示行方式状语连时
    动词read write translate act add wash wear cook lock sell tear cut keep feel burn strike last等常表示行方式状语连表示动意义动词物动词物动词语时物动词语物时物动词动形式表示动意义
    The book sells well 书销路
    My pen writes smoothly 笔写
    The play reads more easily than acts 剧易读易演
    提示：
    动词常情态动词（半否定式）连表示动
    His car can＇t move 车开
    E．表示状态特征连系动词动意义
    表示状态特征连系动词look smell taste sound prove appear turn out等动形式表示动意义
    Good medicine tastes bitter 良药苦口
    What he said proved to be correct 话证明正确
    The flowers smell sweet 花闻起香
    Your sentence doesn＇t sound right 话听起头
    F．动词进行时态表示动动作
    The meat is cooking 肉正烧
    The book is printing 书正印刷中
    G．作表语定式结构动意义动
    She is to blame 应该受责备
    The house is to let 房出租

    六动形式表示动意义

    英语动形式表示动意义见状态动语态句中般说种情况
    A．反身动词动形式表示动意义
    反身动词（物动词+反身代词）作谓语时宾语反身代词表示动作返回执行者身语动作执行者动作承受者反身动词具特点动结构中动作承受者动作执行者句中表现出动意义
    He seats himself at the back of the classroom 坐教室面
    He is seated at the back of the classroom 坐教室面
    He lost himself in the forest
    He was lost in the forest 森林中迷路
    He dressed himself in a dark blue suit
    He was dressed in a dark blue suit 穿着套深蓝色衣服
    注意：
    介词短语作定语表语时动含义
    The tall building under repair is an office building
    正修建座高楼座办公楼
    The result is nnow under consideration
    结果现正考虑中
    介词短语冠词时表示动意义冠词表示动意义
    The children are in the charge of this nurse
    孩子位护士
    This nurse is in charge og the children
    位护士负责孩子
    B．引起……感情等动词动形式表动意义
    The teacher is satisfied with what he said 老师说感满意
    We are opposed to unjust wars 反非正义战争
    We are prepared to accept his proposal 准备采纳建议
    He was tired with playing all day 玩整天感疲倦
    C．某表示定位移位动词
    The earth is tilted a little 球点倾斜
    Hundreds of soldiers were stationed around the prison 数百士兵驻扎监狱周围

    The village is located at the foot of a hill 村庄坐落山脚
    D．物动词ed形式be连表示动意义
    Spring is come 春天
    The moon was set and it was very dark 月亮落天黑
    He is advanced in years 年纪
    E．表示终止动词ed形式
    He is done with it 做完件事
    My fever is gone but I still have a cough 烧已退点咳嗽
    F．惯法
    He was graduated from Beijing University 毕业北
    You are mistaken 弄错
    He is retired 退休
    G．动祈句
    Do be seated 请坐
    Be prepared please 请准备
    Get washed 洗吧
    Be concerned more about the wellbeing of the masses 关心群众生活
    He was married in Beijing 北京结婚（动语态）
    虚拟语气
    第三章虚拟语气
    虚拟语气（the subjunctive mood）称假设语气谓语动词种形式表示说话叙述容事实相反现实中存实现性

    动词语气
    语气区讲话某行事情法态度英语中语气(mood)三种分陈述语气祈语气虚拟语气

    1陈述语气
    陈述语气般叙述事实事实提出询问陈述句疑问句某感叹句

    Where there is a will there＇s a way志者事竟成
    Can you help me carry the box upstairs帮箱子搬楼？
    How I missed the life in the countryside想念乡村生活啊

    2祈语气
    祈语气表示说话方提出请求达命令
    Come this way please请边走
    Don＇t make any noise will you吵行？
    Do be careful when crossing the street马路时定心

    3虚拟语气
    虚拟语气表示动作状态客观存事实说话观愿假设推测等
    If I were a bird I could fly in the air果鸟空中飞行
    I wish it were spring all the year round愿四季春
    May good luck be yours祝运

    二条件句中虚拟语气

    英语中条件句两类类真实条件句类非真实条件句果假设情况发生真实条件句果假设情况存发生虚拟条件句

    A．真实条件句
    真实条件句表示假设发生实现句句谓语动词陈述语气
    If he doesn＇t come at 8 we won＇t wait for him果八点等
    If a flood happened in the past there was usually a great loss of life and property
    发生洪水话常生命财产损失
    We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow果明天雨里
    I＇ll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean果保持车子干净行车

    B．非真实条件句
    含非真实条件句复合句中句句谓语动词虚拟语气构成三种形式：
    现事实相反 if条件句谓语：were did
    句谓：would (couldshouldmight) + do
    事实相反 if条件句谓语：had done
    句谓：would(couldshouldmight) + have done
    事实相反 if条件句谓语：didwere
    句谓：should do would (couldshouldmight) + do were to do

    1．表示现事实相反条件
    条件句动词式（be动词were）句should（第称）would（全部称）+动词原形情态动词could might代should would表示情态
    If it were Sunday tomorrow I would go and see my friends明天星期天话朋友
    If I were you I should go and try试试
    If wishes were horses beggars might ride
    果幻想成马匹花子坐骑
    would go if they treated me like a slave奴隶走

    2．表示事实相反条件
    条件句动词完成时句should（第称）would（全部称）+have donecould might代should would

    If I had known your telephone number yesterday I would have telephoned you果昨天知道电话号码电话
    If it had not rained this morning I should have gone shopping天早没雨买东西
    The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs没修建水库洪水会民遭受巨损失

    3．表示太实现条件
    表示太实现条件句三种形式：
    ①weredid
    条件句动词式（be动词were）句should（第称）would（全部称）+动词原形could might代should would
    If he were here tomorrow I would speak to him明天果里话谈谈
    If you dropped the glass it would break杯子掉会碎
    If she had time she could help me时间会帮
    ②should do
    条件句中什称should do表示偶然实现性
    If it should rain the crops could be saved假雨庄稼救
    We would trust him if he should be honest果真诚实相信
    ③were to do
    条件句were + to do种形式较正式常出现书面语中假设成份实现性
    If I were to do the work I should do it in a different way做项工作会方式做
    If the headmaster were to come what would we say to him假校长说什呢？
    ：

    太实现三种非真实条件句中虚拟语气
    If it snowed tomorrow I would stay at home果明天雪话留家里
    （常形式）
    If it should snow tomorrow I would stay at home果明天雪话留家里
    （性较）
    If it were to snow tomorrow I would stay at home果明天雪话留家里（性）

    C．省略if条件句
    书面语中非真实条件句中were had should时省略ifwere had should放语前倒装结构
    Were it necessary I might go without delay果需话立（ If it were necessary）
    Had you taken my advice you wouldn＇t have failed in the exam听建议会考试格（ If you had taken my advice）
    Should I have time I would call on her时间（ If I should have time）

    D．错综条件句
    虚拟条件句中句句涉动作发生时间致时句句谓语形式应动作发生实际时间表达
    If you hadn＇t watched TV yesterday you wouldn＇t be so sleepy now果昨天电视现会困（句yesterday说明句now说明现）
    If they had left home early this morning they would arrive in half an hour果天早离开家话半时该（句说明句说明）
    If you hesitated this moment you might suffer in the future果刻犹豫决会吃苦头（句说明现句说明）

    注意：
    情况was代语第称第三称单数时were
    If were here tomorrow
    说成：If he was here tomorrow
    I wish I were a bird
    说成：I sish I was a bird
    倒装句型中werewas换
    Were I in your positionI would not do it果处位置会干件事

    E．含蓄条件句
    非真实条件句中条件句时表达出暗含文中种句子做含蓄条件句含蓄条件句体三种情况：

    1．条件暗含短语中
    He would not get such a result without your help没帮助会天成果(条件暗含介词短语without your help中)
    But for you I could not be recovered so soon会恢复快(条件暗含But for you中)
    This same thing happening in the past would lead to a disaster　样事发生会酿成祸(条件暗含分词短语happening in the past中)
    He must have been there or he never could know the place so well　定否绝会方熟悉(暗含条件连词or)

    2．条件根文推理出
    It would do you no good会没处(条件if you should give up the job果放弃项工作话)

    They could have won　会赢(条件if they had been patient果耐心话)
    Such mistakes could have been avoided种错误完全避免（条件if you had been more careful果更加心点话）
    Why didn＇t you tell me about it I should have helped you什告诉？会帮助（条件if you had told me about it果时告诉话）
    Did you go to see him yesterday昨天？
    I would have but someone dropped over to my house for a visit原想家玩（条件if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit果没家玩话）

    3．条件形式表示
    She was ill otherwise she would have been present at the meeting病否话会出席会议（条件通连词otherwiseor表示出If she had not been ill）
    I told him to go there himself but perhaps I should have gone together with him里许应该道（连词but暗示条件）
    Suppose you were in my shoes what would you do假站立场会办？（supposesupposingproviding等词表示if）
    To talk with her you would know she could not hear well果交谈会知道听力（动词定式带假设意思相If you should talk with her）
    Left to himself he could not have finished the work放话完成工作（动词ed形式表示条件If he had been left to himself）
    提示：
    情况虚拟式已变成惯说法难找出暗含条件
    You wouldn＇t know　会知道
    I would like to go with you　愿意起
    三虚拟语气种句中法


    虚拟语气非真实条件句外部分语句宾语句表语句位语句定语句状语句中

    A．名词性句中虚拟语气
    句中动词名词形容词表示求建议命令愿等含义相关名词性句（语句宾语句表语句位语句）中谓语动词虚拟语气

    1．语句中虚拟语气
    语句通常It is +形容词名词动词ed形式+ that 结构语句中否虚拟语气取决形容词动词ed形式谓语动词常should +动词原形（美国英语常省略should动词原形）
    ①表示建议命令
    It is important that we (should) work out a study plan重制订出学计划
    It will be better that we (should) meet some other time时间见面
    It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English建议学生唱首英文歌曲
    It is demanded that he should leave at once求立刻离开
    ②表示惊讶
    It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings真奇怪竟缺点
    It is a pityshame that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital真惜应学校躺医院里
    It is natural that you should forget it first起先记住然

    必背：
    常见接含虚拟语气语句词

    形容词：important necessary urgent essential vital natural strange proper等
    动词ed形式：arranged suggested ordered required desired demanded proposed等
    It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer必程序输入电脑
    It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time奇怪竟然短时间学东西
    It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight希切晚前准备绪

    2．宾语句
    虚拟语气常表示求建议命令愿动词宾语句中
    常见宾语句中需should+动词原形动词：
    坚持：insist
    两命令：ordercommand
    三建议：suggestadvisepropose
    四求：demandrequireaskdesire
    ①suggest（建议） order(命令) propose(建议) insist（坚持做） command (命令)request（求）advise（建议）等动词宾语句中谓语动词should +动词原形（美国英语常省略should）
    The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator考官求学生计算器
    The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent工求增加百分十工资
    They requested that he (should) sing a song求唱首歌
    较：
    动词suggestinsist面宾语句应根情况选陈述语气虚拟语气
    suggest作建议解时虚拟语气作想起暗示解时陈述语气

    His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision沉默暗示赞决定（暗示）
    He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision建议坚持决定（建议）
    insist作坚决求解时虚拟语气作坚持认解时陈述语气
    He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people＇s health坚持认做早操健康益（强调）
    He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day坚持天做早操（求）
    ②动词wish宾语句中虚拟语气表示实现愿
    般时weredid 表示目前实现愿
    I wish I were a bird愿鸟
    I wish I knew the answer知道答案
    完成时 had done 表示实现愿
    I wish she had taken my advice时接受建议
    I wish that I had seen her yesterday真希昨天见
    时wouldcould do表示没握实现愿
    I wish you would stay an hour longer希呆时
    I wish it could stop raining愿雨停
    提示：
    wishhope汉语意思差容易出错wish般表示希愿表示实现愿接句时虚拟语气hope表示希指实现希接句时陈述语气
    The students hope that their football team will win the game学生希足球队获胜（实现）
    I wish I could see him now希现（实现）

    3．表语句位语句中虚拟语气

    表示建议劝告命令等含义名词表语句位语句中谓语动词should +动词原形结构
    My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible建议常练说英语
    The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only求作文必须单面誊写
    It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year愿家庭成员年团圆次
    The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable教育改革建议合理
    必背：
    表示建议劝告命令等含义名词常见
    advice 建议
    demand 求
    desire 愿
    decision决定
    idea 意见
    motion 提议
    order命令
    proposal提议
    requirement 求
    request 请求
    regulation规章
    suggestion 建议

    B．状语句中虚拟语气

    ①方式状语句
    as ifas though引导状语句陈述语气表示符合事实情况虚拟语气表示事实符事实相反情况

    a表示现事实相符般时
    The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child位老师位学生亲生孩子样（位学生亲生孩子）
    b表示事实相符完成时
    I felt as though we had known each other for years感觉认识年（实没认识年）
    c表示事实相符wouldmightcould
    It looks as if it might rain天雨（雨）
    ：
    He looks as if he is young样子年轻（年轻）
    He looks as if he were young样子年轻（实际年轻）

    ②目状语句
    ain case lest for fear that引导目状语句动词should +动词原形结构表示忧虑目
    Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget请明天提醒件事免忘记
    She emphasized it again and again lest he (should) forget强调点免忘记
    We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there
    should be any misunderstanding
    开会面面谈件事免发生误会
    bin order thatso that引导目状语句中can(could)may(might)
    I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget电话号码记免忘记
    They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time提前完成工作常更加努力

    We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself真实情况告诉作出判断

    ③步状语句
    步状语句指事实时句谓语动词陈述语气句容表示现假设情况句谓语动词虚拟语气
    Though he (should) fail there would still be hope失败线希
    I should say the same thing even if he were here里说
    Whether he (should) succeed or fail we shall have to do our part成功失败做事
    However hard it might rain rains we shall go there together雨晚里
    No matter what his social position (might) be a man is equal in the eye of the law社会位法律面前等

    C．定语句中虚拟语气
    It is (high) time (that) 结构中定语句谓语动词式表示某该做某事时间
    It is time that the children went to bed孩子睡觉时间
    It is high time that we began the meeting正开会时间

    四句型中虚拟语气

    A．If only
    If only位句首引起感叹句虚拟语气动词般时表示目前愿完成时表示愿wouldcould表示
    If only he knew the answer知道答案（时表示现）
    If only I could speak several foreign languages讲种外语（wouldcould表示）

    If only you had told me the truth before 前告诉真相（完成时表示）
    注意：if onlywish法相表示意愿基相
    If only it would rain愿天点雨 How I wish it would rain
    If only I had known her earlier早点认识 I wish I had known her earlier
    B．would rather
    would rather would prefer would sooner等接句表示宁愿动词时表示时情况完成时表示情况
    I would rather you left today宁天走
    I would prefer he didn＇t stay here too long倒希呆太久
    I would rather I hadn＇t seen that film yesterday宁愿昨天没场电影
    提示：
    would rather两种法
    1．接带to定式
    I＇d rather play tennis than swim宁愿网球愿游泳
    I＇d rather not go to the movies宁愿电影
    Which would you rather have tea or coffee喜欢喝茶咖啡
    2．接连词that句
    I＇d rather you went home now希现回家
    I would rather my daughter attended a public school希女公立学校

    C．表示愿感叹句
    表示祝愿感叹句中动词原形表示愿
    Long live the People＇s Republic of China中华民国万岁
    May you be happy祝您快乐
    God bless you帝保佑
    Success attend you祝成功

    The Lord save us愿救

    D．情态动词虚拟语气
    部分情态动词形式（could might should would）非真实条件句结构中表示虚拟语气

    1．表示想猜测
    If I could speak French I would teach you果会说法语教（会教）
    If you phoned him right now you might get the matter settled果现电话问题解决
    There could be something wrong with the tape recorder台录音机出毛病
    He might have said so样说
    Could he have done such a foolish thing会做样傻事？

    2．表示委婉客气
    虚拟语气（could would might +动词原形）说话者口气变委婉客气
    You could answer this email for me回电子邮件
    Could you leave me your telephone number and address电话号码址留？
    Would you mind opening the window劳驾窗子开？
    You might as well put off the discussion till next week妨讨推迟星期

    较：
    would lide to do
    愿意想
    would lide to have done
    想

    I would like (to have) a word with you想谈谈(现想)
    I would like to have talked with you原想谈谈（没谈成）

    3．表示惋惜责备
    Given more time we could have done better果更时间够干更（没更时间）
    You could have got up a little earlier完全早点起（实际没早起）
    It was cold yesterday I should have worn a heavy coat昨天冷该穿件厚外套（没穿）
    This wall shouldn＇t have been pained blue墙应该漆成蓝色（已漆）
    提示：
    代英语显著变化虚拟语气越越少许该虚拟语气方陈述语气代
    He suggested that I went to the hospital at once建议立刻医院（原应should go）
    We shall write down the address lest we forget址记免忘记（原应should forget）
    Imagine you are an astronaut设想宇航员（原应were）

    情态动词
    第四章 情态动词（）
    情态动词表示说话动作状态种观点态度需猜测意愿怀疑等情态动词词义完全谓辅助性动词句中单独充谓语

    情态动词特征形式

    A情态动词种形式见表：

    情态动词
    may
    might
    can
    could
    must
    have to
    ought to
    will
    would
    shall
    should
    need
    dare
    used to

    否定式
    may not
    might not
    cannotcan not
    could not
    must not
    do not have to
    ought not to
    will not
    would not
    shall not
    should not
    need not
    dare not

    used not to
    did not use to

    简略否定式
    mayn＇t（老式英语现常见）
    mightn＇t
    can＇t
    couldn＇t
    mustn＇t
    don＇t have to
    oughtn＇t to（否定句中to省略）
    won＇t
    wouldn＇t
    shan＇t（英国英语）
    shouldn＇t
    needn＇t
    daren＇t
    usedn＇t to
    didn＇t use to

    B．情态动词ought to used to等外面接带to定式

    1．情态动词+do
    You shouldn＇t be so careless该样粗心意
    Jessica told him yesterday she might not go on the trip
    杰西卡昨天告诉旅行
    Difficulties can and must be overcome
    困难够必须克服


    2．情态动词+be doing
    She must be listening to pop music
    肯定听流行音乐
    You should be reviewing your lessons
    应该复功课
    My mother maymight be cooking now
    妈妈正做饭

    3．情态动词+have done
    They might have visited the Great Wall
    参观长城
    He must have got up very early to catch the train
    定起早赶火车
    You ought to have come earlier
    该早点

    4．情态动词+be done
    This word can also be used as a verb
    词作动词
    Something must be done to stop pollution
    必须采取措施制止污染
    The work ought to have been finished long ago
    工作早该完成

    C情态动词第三称单数般现时没词形变化
    You ought to wear a raincoat
    应该穿件雨衣
    She ought to wear a raincoat
    应该穿件雨衣
    Plants must have oxygen in order to live

    存活植物必须氧气
    A plant must have oxygen in order to live
    存活植物必须氧气

    D情态动词时态区分时间标志场合中情态动词现式式表示现时间时间时间
    I＇m afraid it might rain tonight
    晚雨
    Could I borrow your thermos
    暖水瓶？
    It＇s a nice day today We could go for a walk
    天天气错出散散步

    E情态动词互相排斥般允许两意义相情态动词连
    误Soldiers must have to obey orders
    正Soldiers have to obey orders
    军必须服命令
    正Soldiers must obey orders
    军必须服命令
    误Can I be able to borrow two books at a time
    正Can I borrow two books at a time
    次两书？
    正Will I be able to borrow two books at a time
    次两书？
    情态动词意义法

    A maymight

    1．表示请求许常译

    口语中can could代may正式场合may表示允许时might代might表示时表示口气较婉转
    You may take this seat if you like
    果喜欢坐位置
    MayCan Could Might I have a talk with you
    谈谈？
    MayMight I come into the room to see my mother
    进房间母亲？
    No you mustn＇t She needs to have a good rest
    进需休息
    提示：
    May I 问句常见肯定回答否定回答
    肯定回答
    Yes please
    Certainly
    Yes of course
    Sure
    Go ahead please

    否定回答
    No you can＇t（常见）
    No you mustn＇t（具强烈禁止意思）
    Please don＇t You＇d better not
    I don＇t think you can
    I＇m sorry it＇s not allowed

    2．表示推测译许
    Your math teacher maymight be in his office 数学老师办公室里（般情况might表示性）
    The light isn＇t on It maymight be broken

    盏灯没亮坏
    There may might be some ink left in the bottle
    瓶子里许剩点墨水
    注意：
    may表示推测般疑问句疑问句中通常can代
    Can he be at home
    家？
    Can it be true
    真？
    It may be or may not be


    3．目状语句中构成谓语
    He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time
    想坐出租车样时达里
    I arrived at the airport earlier in order that I might meet him
    早早机场接

    4．时祈句表示祝愿
    May you succeed
    祝成功
    May you be happy
    祝快乐
    May that day come soon
    希天早日

    B cancould
    1．表示力译会
    I can swim会游泳
    Emily can dance well and her mother could dance well when she was young

    艾米丽舞跳妈妈年轻时舞跳
    The cinema can seat 1000 people
    电影院容纳1000
    I could not read such an easy book when I was 7 years old
    七岁时连简单书懂

    2．表示允许许常口语中couldcan语气客气
    Could I use your dictionary
    字典？
    Yes go ahead
    吧（Yes you can说Yes you could）
    Could Can you tell me how to get to the zoo
    劳驾告诉动物园？
    He asked me whether he could take the book out of the reading room
    问书带出阅览室

    3．表示推测肯定句（can罕见）否定句疑问句更常见疑问句否定句种法中cancould没时态区表示性can表示推测性could
    Can he be ill at home
    会生病家？
    Can the story be true
    事会真？
    He cannot be at home
    家
    You mustn＇t smoke while you are walking around in the woods You could start a fire
    林子里走时定吸烟样会引起火灾


    4．表示惊异怀疑相信等态度否定句疑问句中
    How can you be so careless
    粗心？
    Where can could they have gone
    会里？
    He can＇tcouldn＇t be over sixty
    超60岁

    5．Could虚拟条件句中
    If I could fly I should be very happy
    果飞会高兴
    If you had followed my advice you could have finished it
    果时听早做完
    If you had tried harder you could have passed your exam
    果努力通考试

    ６．canbe able to区

    ①can表示力时be able to相许场合互相换叙述番努力完成事情前面特殊说明表示力时be able to
    正Can you speak any foreign languages
    会说外语？
    正Are you able to speak any foreign languages
    会说外语？
    误The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape
    正The fire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape
    火迅速蔓延整幢楼家逃出
    正The fire spread the building quickly but everybody managed to escape

    火迅速蔓延整幢楼家想法逃出

    ②be able tocan更形式
    No one could answer the question
    没回答问题（里couldwas able to代）
    When he grows up he will be able to support his family
    长养家
    Frank is ill He hasn＇t been able to go to school for one week
    弗兰克病已周没学
    I＇m sorry for not being able to help you in time
    起时帮忙

    ③could常动词see hear smell taste feel remember understand等连
    When we went into the house we could smell something burning
    走进屋子时闻什东西烧焦（was able to）
    She spoke in a very low voice but I could understand what she said
    然讲话声音低明白说话

    ④谈说话时发生动作canbe able to
    误Look I＇m able to swim
    正Look I can swim
    会游泳

    C．musthave to

    1．must表示做某动作必义务强调观法译必须应该
    Everyone must obey the rule
    必须遵守制度
    We must do everything step by step

    必须逐步做件事
    Teachers must be patient enough with their students
    老师必须学生足够耐心

    2．have to表示客观需促语做某事
    You can＇t turn right here You have to turn left
    里右拐必须左拐
    My eyesight is very poor I have to wear glasses for reading
    视力差书时戴眼镜
    You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence
    取驾前必须先通考试
    提示：
    口语中have got to代have to
    I＇ve got to work on Sunday
    星期天工作
    When has Ann got to go
    安必须什时候走？

    3．musthave to较
    musthave to表示必须意思时意义相法区
    ①must含说话者强烈决意（表示观法）have to表示外力环境惯然（表示客观必作解）
    I must study hard
    必须努力学（发心决定）
    I have to study hard
    努力学（外界素逼迫）
    You must stay for supper
    必须留吃晚饭（because I want you to）
    You have to stay for supper

    留吃晚饭（because there is nowhere else to go）
    ②must种形式have to种时态
    They had to put off the sports meet due to the bad weather
    坏天气推迟运动会
    These last two days he has had to take a rest at home
    两天必须直家休息
    ③must否定式have to否定式意思完全
    You must keep it a secret You mustn＇t tell anyone
    必须保密告诉（mustn＇t表示禁止）
    You don＇t have to tell me the secret必告诉秘密
    （don＇t have to意思没必 don＇t need to）

    4．must表示推测肯定程度may might could般肯定句
    ①must do (里do通常状态动词系动词)表示现状态推测
    He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy
    肯定懒课桌整洁
    Carol must get very bored with her job She does the same thing every day
    卡罗尔肯定工作厌烦天做样事
    ②must be doing表示现动作状态推测
    Put on more clothes You must be feeling cold with only a shirt on
    穿点衣服穿件衬衣肯定觉冷
    ③must have done表示动作状态推测
    The ground is wet It must have rained last night
    面湿昨晚肯定雨
    I didn＇t hear the phone I must have been asleep
    没听见电话铃响定睡着
    提示：
    must表示推测肯定句否定句疑问句can could代must
    He＇s just had his lunch He can＇t be hungry already

    刚吃午饭会饿
    They have just arrived here They can＇t know many people
    刚里认识
    Leslie walked past me without speaking He can＇tcouldn＇t have seen me
    莱斯利身边走没招呼肯定没见

    5．must表示根逻辑推理必然发生事译必然会总会
    We all must die
    会死
    Truth must be out
    真相必然会白
    Winter must be followed by spring
    冬天春天会远？

    6．must时表示偏偏意思
    Why must it rain today

    什偏偏天雨？
    When I was taking a nap a student must knock at the door
    正午睡时偏偏学生时候敲门
    D．willwould

    1willwould第二称疑问句表示请求建议等wouldwill委婉客气
    Will you have some tea
    喝点茶？
    Will you share your happiness with us
    欢乐享？
    Would you pass this book to the student in the last row

    请书传排学生？
    必背：
    WillWould you 表示请求建议答复
    肯定回答
    Yes please请
    Certainly然
    Sure然
    All right啊

    否定回答
    I＇m sorry I can＇t起行
    No thank you行
    No I won＇t行

    2．willwould表示意志愿决心种称陈述句
    I will do anything for you
    愿做事
    I will never tell you the secret
    永远会告诉秘密
    None is so blind as those who won＇t see
    愿眼睛瞎
    They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed
    进衣着破旧

    3．willwould表示某种倾惯性动作will表示现惯动作would表示惯动作
    He will surf the Internet every night
    天晚网
    The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by

    男孩常常坐钟头着车辆行通
    He would be nervous when he met strangers
    遇见陌生时总紧张
    In class he would ask some silly questions and his classmates would laugh at him
    课总问蠢问题学总嘲笑

    4．will表示固执坚持时will＇ll简略形式非称语时表示物体固性质倾
    I will take the job and no one can stop me
    工作没阻止
    He won＇t do what he＇s told
    愿吩咐做
    The window won＇t open
    窗子开
    This glass will not crack under heavy pressure
    种玻璃重压会破碎

    5．will表示时间时条件状语句will表示意愿决心时条件状语句
    If you will read the book I＇ll lend it to you
    果愿意读书会
    If you will give up smoking your health will improve
    果愿意烟戒掉话健康状况会转

    6．willwould表示推猜测
    The patient took the sleeping pills an hour ago He will be asleep now
    病时前吃安眠药现应该睡着
    It would be about ten when he left home
    约十点钟离开家
    I thought he would have told you about it

    认已告知事
    It would be raining when she went home
    回家时正雨
    较：
    Would you like 表示邀请
    Do you like 表示惯
    ——Do you like going go the cinema
    喜欢电影？
    ——YesI go to the cinema a lot
    常电影
    ——Would you like to go to the cinema tonight
    天晚电影？
    ——YesI＇d love to
    非常乐意

    E．shallshould

    1．shall
    ①表示征询意见请求指示三称疑问句
    Shall I carry it for you
    帮搬？
    Shall we sing a song
    唱支歌？
    Shall they wait outside
    外面等？
    Shall the waiter bring meals to your room
    服务员饭送房间？
    提示：
    Shall I open the window

    开窗子？
    Will you open the window
    开窗子？
    Shall he open the window
    开窗子？
    ②表示说话意愿命令允诺警告决心等意思第二三称陈述句中
    You shall do as I say
    说做（命令）
    He shall be sorry for it one day I tell you
    告诉总天会悔（警告）
    You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing
    果直玩会考试中落
    Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan
    什阻止执行项计划（决心）
    He shall have the book when I finish reading
    完书（允诺）
    I shall do my homework after reading this story book
    读完事书做作业

    2．should
    ①表示义务意应该（某件事宜做）种称
    Children should obey their parents
    童应该服父母
    One shouldn＇t be selfish
    千万私
    Customers who get bad service should complain shouldn＇t they
    没满意服务顾客应该抱怨？
    ②常what how why等词连表示意外惊讶等情绪
    How should I know

    会知道呢
    Why should I fear
    什会害怕？
    What should she do but cry for help
    呼救外干什？
    I don＇t know why you should think I did it
    真知道什认件事干
    ③表示现情况某种推测译说应该
    It should be fine tomorrow
    明天天晴天
    He should be taking a bath now
    洗澡
    It＇s nearly seven o＇clock Jack should be here at any moment
    已快七点杰克时
    The film should be very good as it is starring firstclass actors
    部新电影流演员演估计拍
    ④表示现前动作责怪批评（应做事没做）
    The boys shouldn＇t be playing football They should be at school
    男孩子应该踢足球应该课
    You shouldn＇t have entered the teachers＇ office without permission
    没允许应该进老师办公室

    F．ought to
    1．表示义务意应该（责义务该做）口气should稍重
    We ought to defend our country
    应保卫国家（公民应义务）
    You ought to respect your parents
    应尊敬父母
    Oughtn＇t we to do everything possible to stop pollution

    难道应制止污染？
    2．表示推测暗含译应该会
    Prices ought to come down soon
    价格会快跌
    Han Mei ought to know his telephone number
    韩梅该知道电话号码
    There＇s a fine sunset it ought to be a fine day tomorrow
    天晚霞明天应该天
    3．ought toshould样表示现前应做事没做责怪批评
    You ought to be washing your clothes Why are you playing PingPong
    应该洗衣服（没洗）什乒乓球？
    You ought to have handed in the exercise last week
    周应交练（没交含责备意思）
    He ought to have asked me before he took my bike
    行车前应该讲声

    4．ought toshould较
    ought toshould含义较完全相ought to表示应该义务理推断角度讲should说话法角度讲
    You are her mother You ought to look after her
    母亲应（道义责should互换）
    We should encourage him for we are his classmates
    应该鼓励班学啊
    提示：
    表示义务时口语中had betterbe supposed to代shouldought to
    If you are not well you had better ask Alice to go instead
    果舒服艾丽丝代
    I＇m supposed to be there at 8 o＇clock

    应该八点里

    G．used to
    1．used to表示惯某时期状况现已存
    He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee
    总喝茶现喝咖啡（强调现喝茶）
    I know where there used to be a river here
    知道前里条河（现没河）
    When I was a child I didn＇t use to like tomatoes
    时候喜欢吃西红柿
    He is not what he used to be
    已原
    Where did you use to live before you came here
    前住什方？

    2．wouldused to法区
    ①used to表示现某时情况强调现已惯would表示情况现关
    When he was young he would smoke a lot
    年轻时总吸许烟（含现较现许抽许抽）
    He used to live in the country but now he lives in the city住乡现住城里
    ②used to表示惯动作状态would表示惯动作
    Kate used to be very thin
    前凯特非常瘦
    There used to be a building at the street corner but it has been pulled down
    街道拐角处座楼房现拆（would）
    ③used to泛指惯动作状态would表示惯动作时带特定时间状语

    误We would play hideandseek in the fields
    正We used to play hideandseek in the fields
    常田野里玩捉迷藏
    正Whenever we were in the country we would play hideandseek in the fields
    乡田野里玩捉迷藏
    H．dare
    dare作情态动词作行动词指勇气胆量译敢
    1．情态动词dare
    ①dare作情态动词时疑问句否定句般肯定句中
    I dare not daren＇t walk through the forest at night
    敢黑夜穿森林
    Dare you walk through the forest at night
    敢黑夜穿森林？
    Yes I dare
    敢
    No I daren＇t
    敢
    He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day
    雨天敢开太快
    He dared not do it last year
    年敢做事（dare时dared）

    ②表示怀疑名词性句中
    I wonder how he dare say such things
    真奇怪竟敢说出样话
    We don＇t know whether he dare climb the mountain

    知道否敢爬座山
    ③条件状语句中
    If the enemy dare enter the village we＇ll fight against them to the end
    果敌敢进入村里战斗底
    If you dare cheat in your exam I will give you some punishment
    果敢考试中作弊惩罚

    2．行动词dare
    ①dare作行动词肯定句中疑问句否定句中
    He will dare any danger
    敢面危险
    He dared me to jump over the stream
    激跳溪
    Did anyone dare to admit it
    敢承认？
    I have never dared (to) go back to take a look
    敢返回眼（否定句中to省略）
    ②行动词样dare句子中着语称数发生变化
    He doesn＇t dare to walk at night
    敢走夜路（作行动词）
    He daren＇t walk at night
    敢走夜路（作情态动词）
    Does he dare to walk at night
    敢走夜路？（作行动词）
    Dare he walk at night
    敢走夜路？（作情态动词）
    He didn＇t dare to walk at night fifteen years ago
    15年前敢走夜路（作行动词）
    He daren＇t walk (dared not walk) at night fifteen years ago

    15年前敢走夜路（作情态动词）
    Will you dare to do the same experiment tomorrow
    明天敢做样实验？（作行动词）
    Dare you do the same experiment tomorrow？
    明天敢做样实验？（作情态动词）
    必背：
    英语口语中dare常结构：
    ●I dare say
    想概许……
    I dare say things will improve
    想情况会转
    ●How dare you
    敢……？
    How dare you ask me such a question
    敢问样问题？
    ●I dare you
    谅敢……
    I dare you to tell your parents
    谅敢告诉父母

    I．need
    1．情态动词need
    needdare样作情态动词时否定句疑问句般肯定句中（肯定句中常must have to ought to should等情态动词取代）作情态动词词形need种形式
    You needn＇t return the book now You can keep it till next week if you like　现必书 果愿意周（needn＇t don＇t have to）
    Need I hand in my homework now
    现交家庭作业？
    Need he finish the article next week

    　星期完成篇文章？
    Yes he must
    　必须完成
    No he needn＇t
    需（ he doesn＇t have to）

    2．行动词need
    needdare样作行动词肯定句否定句疑问句中行动词need称数变化
    Plant needs water
    植物需水
    My shirt needs a button
    衬衫需枚钮扣
    My car needs repairing
    车该修理
    He has grown up We don＇t need to worry about him
    已长必担心
    You don＇t need to buy so many things for the picnic
    必次野餐买东西
    Patience is needed for that job
    干工作需耐心
    提示：
    Need作情态动态时肯定句中
    误She need do her homework by herself (need作情态动词时肯定句中)
    正She needs to do her homework by herself
    该独立完成家庭作业



    第四章 情态动词（二）
    情态动词+动词完成式

    情态动词+have done情态动词十分重结构种结构两法
    表示发生动作状态推测估计
    may might have done
    表示概已
    通常肯定句否定句
    might时疑问句
    can could have done
    表示已
    通常疑问句否定句
    could时肯定句
    must have done
    表示定已
    肯定句具较性
    should have done表示该性较
    表示发生动作遗憾责备
    might have done
    表示
    通常肯定句
    could have done
    表示
    通常肯定句
    should have done
    表示应该
    肯定句否定句疑问句
    ought to have done

    表示应该
    should have done
    needn＇t have done
    表示没必
    否定句

    A．may might have done
    1．表示事实肯定推测常译已
    They might have taken a later train许坐晚点火车
    He seems to know the city quite well He may have been there before似城市熟悉前
    2．表示应该做没做某事含轻微责备口吻遗憾
    You might have given him more help though you were busy应该更帮助然忙
    The proposal might have been refused建议该拒绝

    B．cancould have done

    1．表示事实推测常否定句疑问句
    He can＇t couldn＇t have watched TV yesterday for he knew they would have an exam昨天电视知道快考试
    I don＇t know why she didn＇t call me yesterday Can (Could) she have forgotten my telephone number知道昨天什没电话难道会电话号码忘？
    He didn＇t come to school yesterday Can he have been ill昨天没学校难道生病？

    2．could表示做未做事感惋惜遗憾译成……

    Why didn＇t Sophie apply for the job She could have got it什索菲申请项工作？
    Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York You could have stayed with Barbara 纽约时什住宾馆？完全芭芭拉住起
    Given more time we could have done the work better果更时间完全项工作干更

    C．must have done

    1．表示事实握推测具较性肯定句中否定句疑问句cancould have done
    His watch must have stopped表肯定停
    I rang your flat yesterday A man answered but I didn＇t recognize the voice昨天家电话位男士接电话没听出谁声音
    Oh it must have been my brother Peter 哦定哥哥彼

    2．虚拟语气中时表示事实相反
    You must have caught the bus if you had got up earlier 果早点起床话准赶班公汽车（事实没赶公汽车）
    He must have won the game if he had been careful enough果足够细心话准赢赛

    D．needn＇t have done
    责备表示没必做某事做
    The airport is close to us You needn＇t have hurried there early机场离没必早早赶里（早早）
    He is still young You needn＇t have sent him such an expensive present没必送昂贵礼物
    注意：

    表示必做没做意需didn＇t need to do
    It is not cold today I didn＇t need to take the thick sweaters out天天气冷没必厚毛衣出（实际没）

    E．shouldought to have done

    1．表示动作责备批评
    You should have gone over your lessons (In fact you didn＇t go over your lessons)应功课复（事实没）
    You shouldn＇t have watched TV last night (In fact you watched TV last night)昨天晚该电视（）
    You oughtn＇t to have entered the teachers＇ office without permission没允许该进老师办公室
    You oughtn＇t to have gone to the deserted place alone 该独荒凉

    2．表示期推测
    If the flight was on time you should ought to have arrived in Shanghai early this morning果航班准点话早海
    The building should ought to have been completed by the end of the week幢建筑物周末前应该完工

    F．would have done

    表示事实相反假设结果
    I would have been happy to see him but I didn＇t have time会高兴见面没时间见
    If your father had still been alive he would have felt very proud of you父亲果健话会骄傲
    动词定式
    第五章 动词定式（）

    动词定式动词种非谓语形式句中单独作谓语动词定式具动词性质宾语状语构成动词定式短语形式变化般式进行式完成式动式时动词定式具非动词性质相名词形容词副词句中担语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语

    动词定式特征种类

    动词定式定式符号to+动词原形构成某情况to省略

    A．定式般式
    定式般式表示动作通常谓语动作时时发生发生
    He appears to be very happy起高兴（时发生）
    To catch the train we＇d better hurry to the station by taxi赶火车赶紧出租车车站（to catch the train发生hurry to the station）

    B．定式进行式
    定式进行式表示正进行谓语动词时发生动作
    It happened to be raining when I got there达里时候天碰巧雨
    I＇m glad to be traveling with you高兴起旅游

    C．定式完成式
    定式完成式表示动作谓语表示动作前发生
    I＇m sorry to have lost your key抱歉钥匙弄丢
    I meant to have finished my work last night but I didn＇t feel very well想昨晚完成工作感觉身体舒服

    It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country说邀请国家件荣幸事情

    D．定式完成进行式
    定式完成进行式表示动作谓语前发生直进行着
    He was said to have been living in London for twenty years说伦敦直住20年
    I＇m sorry to have been interrupting you抱歉直扰
    较：
    定式时态意义
    He is said to be studying abroad说正国外读书（定式进行式表示动作正进行）
    He is said to have studied abroad说国外学（定式完成式表示动作已结束）

    E．定式动形式
    定式逻辑语定式表示动作承受者时定式般动形式定式动形式根谓语动作发生先关系般式完成时两种

    1．般式to be done
    These are the books to be given out to the students发学生书
    He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed求派需方
    2．完成式to have been done
    The novel is said to have been translated into many languages说部说已译成种语言
    He appeared to have been questioned for many times起已询问次


    F定式否定形式
    定式否定形式notnever加定式构成
    We decided not to go out because of the bad weather天气决定出
    Never to have made any mistake is impossible犯错
    注意：谓语动词否定定式否定意义
    I did not promise to wake him up没答应醒
    I promised not to wake him up答应醒
    动词定式法

    动词定式单独作谓语外担句子中句子成分

    A．动词定式作语
    定式具名词特征句子中充语
    1．定式短语句首作语
    To know oneself is difficult贵知明
    To say is one thing and to do is another说回事做回事
    To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get爱爱获幸福
    2．it作形式语
    情况通常it作形式语定式移谓语句子结构显稳
    It＇s rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer背着老师拒绝回答问题礼貌
    It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort想苦功学会外语
    It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time浪费时间真遗憾

    注意：
    语表语定式时形式语代动词定式
    To respect others is to be respected尊重尊重
    To become a slave is to give up one＇s freedom做奴隶等放弃

    B．动词定式作表语
    定式作表语说明语具体容表示目
    His wish is to become an astronaut 愿成名宇航员
    What he hoped was to be admitted into the university希学录取
    To live is to do something worthwhile活着做价值事情
    注意：
    作表语定式结构动意义动
    She is to blame应该受责备
    The house is to let房出租
    The result is not long to see结果久会

    C．动词定式作宾语
    定式充部分物动词宾语充butexcept等介词宾语形容词宾语
    1．作动词宾语
    ①定式充部分物动词宾语
    Father likes to listen to music in silence 父亲喜欢静静听音乐
    He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg 宁愿饿死愿乞讨
    I never thought to meet you here没想里遇见
    必背：
    接定式作宾语动词：
    afford负担起
    agree意
    aim……目标

    ask求
    attempt尝试
    begin开始
    care喜爱
    choose决定
    continue继续
    decide决定
    desire求
    determine决心
    expect期
    fail
    forget忘记
    hate愿
    hope希
    ntend算
    manage设法
    mean算
    offer表示愿意
    plan计划
    prefer宁愿
    pretend假装
    promise答应
    refuse拒绝
    remember记起
    try努力
    want想
    wish希
    ②feel find make think consider等动词果宾语带宾语补足语时常常it作形式宾语真实宾语放宾语补足语

    I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer发现计算机解出道题目
    She made it a rule to get up at five养成五点起床惯
    I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students觉邀请会面学生发言件光荣事情
    ③表示希算等动词（hope expect intend mean want等）式接动词定式完成式表示没实现动作
    I intended to have called on you but was prevented from doing so原想拜访没成
    I expected to have met him here last night昨天晚里见（没做）
    We meant to have stayed there a week原算呆星期
    I wanted to have dropped her a line but forgot to do so原想写封信忘记

    提示：
    表示原算原类动词完成时表达
    I had intended to call on you原想拜访
    I had expected to meet him here last night原昨天晚里见
    We had meant to stay there a week原算呆星期

    2．作介词宾语
    定式作介词butexcept宾语
    The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard老师努力学外未做评价
    He had no choice but to sit there as usual 没什选择常样坐
    There is nothing we can do but wait patiently 耐心等


    3．作形容词宾语
    定式作形容词宾语两种句型句子语定式逻辑语句子语定式逻辑宾语
    ①句子语定式逻辑语类形容词able afraid angry anxious careful clever content cruel determined disappointed eager foolish fortunate frightened happy impatient glad lucky naughty prepared proud ready slow shocked sorry surprised willing等
    I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse 遗憾情况况愈
    She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town满足镇里默默闻生活
    John was happy to be given the job约翰份工作高兴
    ②句子语定式逻辑宾语类形容词easy hard cheap expensive dangerous difficult funny fit impossible interesting nice pleasant simple strange useful等
    This problem is easy to solve问题容易解决
    The water is not fit to drink水适饮
    She is hard to get along with难相处
    注意：种结构中果定式物动词必须加结构含义需介词
    The river is dangerous to swim in条河里游泳危险
    A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on席梦思床垫睡舒服

    D．动词定式作宾语补足语
    定式语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语句型中充宾语补足语句型中宾语动词定式逻辑语

    1．表示感觉动词作宾语补足语定式带to类动词：see hear feel watch notice observe look at listen to等
    I heard them sing yesterday昨天听见唱歌

    Did you see him go out见出？
    I felt something crawl up my leg感什东西爬腿
    注意：转动语态时原带to定式变成带to定式noticewatch没动语态
    We saw the car stop
    n The car was seen to stop见辆车停
    n
    2．役动词作宾语补足语定式带to
    类动词：make let have等转动语态时通常带to定式（have没动语态）
    动词定式作宾语补足语时省to动词：
    感二听三四观
    感：feel 二听：hearlisten to 三：lethavemake 四观：observeseewatchlook at
    What would you have me do做什？
    She made him give up smoking戒烟
    Let him do whatever he wishes to do想干什干吧
    Though he had often made his little sister cry today he was made to cry by his little sister 然常弄哭妹妹天妹妹弄哭

    3．表示心理状态动词作宾语补足语类动词：consider think believe discover find imagine judge suppose prove等类动词定式通常to be+形容词名词结构think consider findto be常省略
    We consider him (to be) a good teacher认老师
    He proved that theory (to be) very important 证明理重
    I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her第次见时候认诚实

    4．表示情感状态动词作宾语补足语类动词：love like prefer hate want wish expect
    等
    I＇d prefer you to leave him alone希扰
    I don＇t want there to be any trouble想麻烦

    5．动词advise allow ask beg command tell invite force oblige get help encourage persuade permit remind request order warn cause等面接定式短语作宾语补足语
    We don＇t allow such things to happen again 容许种事情发生
    Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke数父母意禁止孩子抽烟
    She asked me to answer the phone in her absence请时候接电话
    Please remind me to leave her this note请提醒留张纸条
    She requested him to go with her邀请
    注意：hope demand suggest等动词面接定式作宾语补足语
    误I hope you to give me a hand
    正I hope you can give me a hand希帮
    正I wish you to give me a hand希帮
    误He demanded me to be present at the meeting
    正He demanded that we should be present at the meeting求出席会议
    正He required us to be present at the meeting求出席会议
    误Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone
    正Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone李先生建议独里

    6．动词定式作短语动词宾语补足语
    I＇m waiting for James to arrive正等着詹姆斯
    He＇s arranged for a car to pick them up at the station已安排辆汽车车站接

    The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定
    必背：
    带介词短语动词：
    call on号召
    arrange for 安排
    ong for盼
    wait for等
    depend on
    rely on 指
    E．动词定式作定语
    定式作定语通常放修饰名词代词修饰名词代词间谓关系动宾关系位关系修饰关系

    1．谓关系
    The future to greet us will be bright未会十分美
    He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave 总第离开
    The next train to arrive was from New York列站火车纽约开

    2．动宾关系
    On Sundays he always has a lot of letters to write星期天总许信写
    The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve老师留许道题解答
    He can find no one to make friends with找交朋友
    注意：动词定式修饰词间动宾关系果该定式物动词应必介词
    She has a child to take care of孩子
    There is nothing to worry about 没什担心
    He has no friend to depend on没朋友

    I＇ve got a lot of things to see to this morning 天午许事情处理

    3．位关系
    He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly没遵守诺言定期父母亲写信
    We students should have the courage to face any difficulty学生应该勇气面困难
    I have no wish to quarrel with you想吵架

    4．修饰关系
    Now it is time to begin our class现课时间
    I need somewhere to take a nap需方盹
    Is that the way to open the can开罐头方法？

    F．动词定式作状语
    定式作状语表示行目结果原条件等

    1．表示目
    I＇m saving up to buy a computer存钱买电脑
    To save the child he laid down his life救孩子献出生命
    注意：时强调突出种目in order (not) to doso as (not) to do结构（so as to do置句首）
    He shouted and waved in order to be noticed吸引注意嚷嚷挥手
    I＇ll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it电话号码记防忘记
    2．表示结果
    He got to the station only to find the train had gone赶车站发现火车已开走
    What have I said to make you so angry说什话气成样？

    After the meeting they parted never to see each other again散会分手没见面
    必背：定式表示结果常见列句型
    1）so as to do
    Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle行车？
    2）such as to do
    We are not such fools as to believe him没蠢竟会相信
    3）enough to do
    He didn＇t run fast enough to catch the train 跑够快没赶火车
    4）only to do
    He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet搬起石头砸脚
    5）too to do
    His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters视力太差字
    注意：tooto结构中形容词果eager pleased happy ready等动词定式表示结果没否定意思
    The boy was too eager to get a geography book男孩非常急切想理书
    He is too anxious to know the examination results急切想知道考试结果
    3．表示原
    I was a fool not to listen to you at that time 时听话真傻瓜
    She wept to find him in such a difficult situation处困难情形哭
    4．表示条件
    A man would be blind not to see that果点瞎子
    How can you catch the train to start so late晚动身赶火车？

    第五章 动词定式（二）


    动词定式种常见结构

    A．定式复合结构

    动词定式逻辑语（定式动作执行者）通常句子语宾语果定式逻辑语句子语时般for +名词（代词）+定式构成定式复合结构种复合结构句中做语宾语表语状语定语
    This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry 箱子男孩搬太重
    That＇s for you to decide决定
    He stood aside for me to pass站边通
    I have some books for you to read书送读

    B．be +定式结构
    be +定式结构表示发生动作常两种情况：
    1．表示命令指示
    The room is to be locked房间锁
    You are not to stand here站里
    2．表示计划安排
    We are to begin the work next month安排月开始项工作
    What＇s to be done next步该办？

    C．疑问词+定式结构
    疑问词who what which when where how why加动词定式构成定式短语句中作语宾语表语
    I don＇t know whether to go to the meeting or not知道开会
    The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers问题处理客丢弃垃圾

    When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet时参观宫博物院没决定

    D．withwithout +名词+定式结构
    withwithout +名词+定式结构句子中通常起状语作
    With so much work to do I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you工作做电影
    With him to stay in the house I feel quite safe住家里感十分安全
    Without anything to eat he died of hunger没东西吃饿死

    E．It is +形容词+ forof sb + to do结构
    It is +形容词+ of sb +定式结构中形容词表示物性格特征kind silly good unwise clever wrong right foolish stupid careless rude impolite bold thoughtful honest bad sensible naughty等It is +形容词+for sb +定式结构中形容词通常表示事物性质important possible impossible necessary difficult hard reasonable等
    It＇s kind of you to think so much of us 难着想( You are kind to think so much of us)
    How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase真心贵重花瓶破
    It is easy for me to see through his trick容易穿鬼戏(For me to see through his trick is easy)
    It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits难改掉坏惯
    较：
    It is good lf you to help me with my English 真帮助学英语（强调you特征＝You are good to help me）
    It is good for you to give up smoking 戒烟处（强调give up smoking行＝Fof you to give up smoking is good）


    F．分裂定式

    动词定式to do通常拆开偶尔定式符号to动词原形间插入副词构成分裂定式
    He was too ill to completely carry out that program病太重完成项目
    He has made up his mind to once more try this method 已定决心试试方法

    G．作独立成分定式
    定式短语作状语修饰整句子称插入语
    To be honest we are not sure to find the girl in the forest说老实话确保森林里找女孩
    To be frank I don＇t agree with what you said 坦率说意说话

    必背：作独立成分定式
    to tell you the truth说老实话
    to be frank 坦率说
    to begin with首先
    to be brief简言
    to make a long story short长话短说
    to be exact精确说
    to say nothing of姑说
    to conclude总言
    to be sure诚然固然
    to do him justice说句公道话
    so to speak说
    H．动式表示动含义定式
    动词定式句中究竟动动时较复杂面种情况：


    1．定式做置定语修饰名词代词构成逻辑动宾关系该句语构成逻辑谓关系时
    Do you have anything to say on this question针问题什说？
    He is a pleasant person to work with合作起令感愉快

    2．定式作形容词宾语句子语构成逻辑动宾关系时
    The book is difficult to understand书难理解
    The chair is comfortable to sit on椅子坐起舒服

    3．There be结构中说话考虑必须完成某件事时
    There is nothing to worry about没什担心
    There is nothing to fear没什害怕
    较：
    There is a lot of work to do许事情做（表示某必须做工作）
    There is a lot of work to be done许事情做（强调许事情必须做）
    She has two letters to type两封信（）
    She has two letters to be typed两封信（）
    I．表示虚拟语气定式完成式
    I hoped to have met him at the railway station but he didn＇t turn up希火车站接未露面
    We would love to have gone to the match but the tickets were all sold out原想场赛票已售完
    The plane was to have taken off at 9 but something went wrong飞机原计划九点起飞出现障


    J．感叹句
    定式感叹句含惊异满惋惜赞美等感情色彩
    To think that he should do this想想竟然干出等事（表示惊讶）
    Oh God to see her dance 哦天舞蹈（表示赞美）
    To think that all the money has been wasted想想钱浪费掉（表示满）
    关定式符号问题

    A．带to定式
    1．口语中动词原形comego接带to定式
    Go tell her告诉吧
    Come have a glass喝杯
    2．why引起问句中疑问词直接动词原形not+动词原形
    Why make so much noise 什发出噪音？
    Why not join us 什加入？

    3．had better had best would rather would ratherthan would sooner would soonerthan cannot but cannot choose but cannot help but等结构直接动词原形not +动词原形
    You＇d better listen to your teacher＇s opinion 听听老师意见
    We had best call for the doctor at once马请医生
    She can＇t do anything but ask silly questions直问愚蠢问题
    Rather than ride on a crowded bus he always prefers to ride a bicycle宁愿骑行车愿挤公汽车
    He cannot but move to another street because his building has to be pulled down soon搬条街住楼快推倒
    We cannot help but admire his courage 情禁钦佩勇气

    4．定式前行动词do表语句中定式介词exceptbut
    定式带to
    The only thing I could do was go home做唯件事回家
    They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come等医生

    5．两动词定式列时避免重复面定式符号to省略
    The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry姑娘知道哭笑
    Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 200 pm帮电话午两点开会？

    6．help带to定式带to定式
    Can I help (to) carry the box for you帮搬箱子？

    7．固定搭配中带to定式
    He let go the rope松开绳子
    I hear say there will be an earthquake soon听说久次震
    She made believe she was innocent假装清白

    8．感官动词see hear watch feel notice役动词make let have等作宾语补足语动词定式带to
    She watched the children cross the street着孩子穿马路
    They made the boy apologize to his friend for being so rude男孩粗鲁朋友道歉
    Don＇t forget to have him come earlier忘早点

    B．定式符号单独
    避免重复文中出现动词定式符号to代文中出现定式结构

    1．助动词情态动词be going to used to have to ought to be able to be about to等
    She must go but you don＇t have to 必须走没必
    Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor 认应该医生？
    Yes I think you ought to 想应该
    2．want decide like love hope wish mean refuse try等动词
    You may go with them if you hope to 果希话起
    Did you go to see the Great Wall 游览长城？
    I wanted to but I was too busy 想太忙
    3．做宾语补足语ask tell order advise persuade warn wish permit allow forbid等动词
    Don＇t do anything unless your father tells you to 非父亲做然做事情
    May I use your car 汽车？
    No I forbid you to 禁止
    4．话答语中happy glad eager anxious willing ready pleased afraid等形容词
    Will you lend me a hand 帮忙？
    I＇m willing to but I can＇t now 愿意现行
    Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow明天午参加生日聚会？
    I＇ll be glad to乐意
    提示：
    果动词定式to beto have般省
    Did you finish the work工作完成？
    No but I hoped to have没希已完成

    C．介词to定式符号to
    to定式符号接动词原形to介词接名词动词
    ing形式英语中常短语带to正确判断to定式符号介词千万混淆

    1．定式符号to
    He made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning坚持天早晨朗读半时英语
    These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match伙子极想足球赛
    必背：常见带定式符号to短语
    be supposed to do应该做某事
    be determined to do决心做某事
    fail to do未做某事
    go all out to do全力赴做某事
    have the nerve to do胆量做某事
    have a great mind to do想做某事
    make a point to do坚持做某事
    make up one＇s mind to do决定做某事
    take the trouble to do辞辛苦做某事
    prepare oneself to do思想准备做某事

    2．介词to
    If you stick to the truth you will have nothing to fear果坚持真理没什害怕
    You must get used to getting up early必须惯早起
    Isn＇t it time you got down to marking those papers难道没定心阅卷时间？

    必背：常见带介词to短语
    be used to惯

    be equal to胜
    be given to沉溺
    be opposed to反
    be related to……关
    devote oneself to献身
    get down to着手做
    give rise to引起
    lead to导致
    look forward to盼
    object to反
    pay attention to注意
    put one＇s mind to全神贯注
    stick to坚持第6章 动词ing形式

    动词ing形式包括传统语法动名词（gerund）现分词（present participle）两部分动词ing形式具动词特征时具名词形容词副词特征句中作语表语定语宾语宾语补足语状语

    动词ing形式特征种类

    动词定式样动词ing形式具动词特征时态语态变化带状语宾语等

    A动词ing形式般式
    1动词ing形式般式泛指动作没特时间意义
    Swimming is her favorite sport游泳喜欢体育运动
    Learning is important to modern life学现代生活重
    2动词ing形式般式表示谓语动词时发生动作

    They went out of the classroom talking and laughing说笑走出教室
    She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking倾听邻居讲话
    3动词ing形式般式时表示谓语动词动作前发生动作
    I remembered sending him an email last week 记星期发份电子邮件
    He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday建议星期天带女动物园

    B动词ing形式完成式
    动词ing形式完成式表示已完成动作动作发生完成谓语动词表示动作前
    Having lived in this city for three years she knows it very well城市生活3年里已熟悉
    I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture错振奋心演讲真遗憾
    注意：
    现代英语中作宾语ing形式完成式般式代
    I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture错振奋心演讲真遗憾(I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture)
    We remembered seeing the film记部电影(We remembered having seen the film )

    C动词ing形式动形式
    动词ing形式动形式表示逻辑语ing形式表示动作承受者
    1．般式动形式
    The question being discussed is very important 正讨问题重
    I can＇t stand being kept waiting 堪久候

    2．完成式动形式
    I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team听说选球队教练
    Having been shown the lab we were taken to see the school library带实验室带参观校图书馆
    D动词ing形式否定形式
    动词ing形式否定形式not加动词ing形式构成
    His not coming made everyone present very disappointed 没场失
    I＇m sorry for not being present at the meeting in time抱歉没时赴会
    Not knowing his address I could do nothing but stay at home and wait知道址家里等着
    Not having studied his lessons very hard he failed the examinations 没努力学功课考试格
    二动词ing形式法

    A．动词ing形式作语

    1．动词ing形式直接置句首作语
    Seeing is believing百闻见
    Collecting stamps is interesting集邮趣
    Learning about a language is easier than using it学关语言知识语言容易
    Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family邀请参加晚会家荣耀
    2．保持句子衡通常先行词it作形式语真正语放句末
    It is easy making plans but it is difficult carrying them制定计划容易实行难

    It is no use crying over spilt milk 作益悔没
    It＇s a waste of time arguing about it 争事浪费时间
    必背：动词ing形式作语常句型
    It＇s no good talking to him 谈话没
    It is useless telephoning him He is not willing to come电话没愿意
    It＇s worth making an effort 努力值
    There is no saying when it will stop raining 法断定场雨什时候会停
    There is no joking about such matters 种事开玩笑

    B．动词ing形式作表语
    动词ing形式作表语两种含义：
    1．表示语容什
    Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible工作量报告厅保持干净
    The real question is getting to know the needs of the students真正问题解学生需
    His hobby is collecting stamps爱集邮
    2．表示语具特征
    The problem is quite puzzling问题令困惑
    It was astonishing to see the animals and plants that are found nowhere else in the world 世界方找动植物真令惊讶
    The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting 宴会食物似诱
    较：
    般说动词ing形式表示般性惯性动作抽象性动作时间概念强动词定式表示动作具体次性动作特动作
    Smoking is forbidden here里禁止吸烟（泛指）

    It＇s not good for you to smoke so much吸烟身体（具体）
    They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold天冷时喜欢呆室（泛指）
    Would you prefer to stay at home this evening晚想家里？（具体

    C．动词ing形式作宾语
    动词ing形式作物动词宾语作介词宾语
    1．作动词宾语
    ing形式作宾语物动词分两类类ing形式作宾语类ing形式作宾语定式作宾语
    ①ing形式作宾语动词
    类动词ing形式作宾语定式作宾语
    Fancy meeting you here想见
    I suggest doing it in a different way 建议种方法做件事
    They didn＇t mind being treated like guests 作宾客
    They admitted smokinghaving smoked in the hall 承认厅里抽烟
    I regret sayinghaving said what I said悔说话
    He couldn＇t help laughing情禁笑起
    I can＇t imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you 想男孩说话没礼貌

    必背：
    接动词ing形式接定式作宾语动词
    admit承认
    appreciate感激
    avoid避免
    consider考虑
    delay耽搁
    dislike嫌恶

    enjoy喜欢
    escape避免
    excuse原谅
    fancy想
    feel like意欲
    finish完成
    forgive原谅
    give up放弃
    cannot help情禁
    imagine设想
    include包括
    keep保持
    mention提
    mind介意
    miss逃
    put off推迟
    practice练
    resist抵制
    risk险
    ②动词ing形式作宾语定式作宾语
    类动词然ing形式作宾语定式作宾语法相种情况：
    a动词attempt continue hate intend like love prefer等面接动词ing形式定式区
    They prefer spending to spend their summer vacation in Dalian更喜欢连度暑假
    I intend to buy buying an EnglishChinese dictionary想买英汉词典
    提示：应量避免接连出现两动词ing形式
    I am starting to learn Russian 开始学俄语

    避免说：I am starting learning Russian 开始学俄语
    b need require want作需解时面接ing形式动形式定式动形式意义差ing形式较普通
    Your composition needs correcting to be corrected作文需修改
    His coat wants cleaning to be cleaned 衣需洗
    The old woman requires looking after carefully to be looked after carefully老娘需细心料
    2．作介词宾语
    动词ing形式作介词宾语固定搭配关常见种搭配形式：
    ①动词+介词+ ing形式
    Jason aims at becoming an astronaut詹森立志宇航员
    I dream of being the best footballer in the school梦想成全校足球队员
    较：
    keep doing继续保持做某事（强调动作持续性）
    News lf successes keeps pouring in 捷报频传
    Keep on doing继续反复做某事（强调动作反复性）
    We will keep on trying andif we get anything donewill notify you
    继续努力结果通知
    Keep sb doing某直做某事（表示迫进行动作）
    I＇ll try not to keep you waiting量久等
    Keep sb from doing阻止某做某事（＝preventstop sb from doing）
    The stone walls keep the farmer＇s cows from joining his neighbor＇s cows
    石头墙农民家牛会混入邻居牛群中
    ②动词+名词+介词+ ing形式
    Please excuse me for being late起迟
    What prevented you from joining us last night昨天晚什事起
    Sandy wasted no time in getting to know the boss＇s daughter桑迪快开始老板女套

    ③名词+介词+ ing形式
    We like his way of teaching English喜欢教英语方式
    He has little hope of passing the examination没什希通考试
    I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners外国交谈方面没什困难
    ④形容词+介词+ ing形式
    I＇m tired of having the same food every day天天吃样东西感腻烦
    Peter is angry about not being invited to the party没邀请出席聚会彼生气
    Who＇s responsible for organizing this conference 谁负责组织次会？
    ⑤whathow about + ing形式
    What about going for a walk散步？
    How about playing a game of chess now现盘棋
    ⑥介词to +动词ing形式
    to介词定式符号中较容易混淆定式符号to接动词原形介词to需接ing形式
    You must get used to washing your face with cold water必须惯冷水洗脸
    John has admitted to breaking the window约翰已承认碎窗子
    I＇m looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation盼年暑假见
    He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind全类利益献出生
    However others strongly object to developing private cars然强烈反发展私汽车
    He is equal to doing this task胜项务
    The man took to drinking shortly after his wife died妻子死久开始嗜酒
    Isn＇t it time you got down to marking those papers难道没安心阅卷时D．动词ing形式作宾语补足语

    1．动词ing形式see hear notice watch feel smell look at listen to observe find等表示感官心理状态动词面作宾语补足语名词代词起构成复合宾语
    We heard the children shouting upstairs 听见孩子楼喊
    I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car车时候注意男银行里跑出
    I felt my heart beating violently 觉心猛烈跳动
    2．动词ing形式定式作宾语补语区
    see hear feel watch notice等感官动词动词ing形式构成复合宾语定式构成复合宾语两者间定区动词ing形式时表示动作正进行定式时表示动作发生动作全程结束
    He saw a girl getting on the car见女孩汽车(She was getting on the car)
    He saw a girl get on the car and drive off 见女孩车开走(She got on the car and drove off)
    Do you hear someone knocking at the door听见敲门？(Someone is knocking at the door)
    Do you hear someone knock at the door听见敲门？(Someone knocked at the door just now)

    提示：
    果宾语补足语系列动作通常定式表示动词ing形式
    I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette见走进房间坐点燃根香烟
    3．动词ing形式have get leave keep set catch等表示致动词作宾语补足语
    They should not leave us wondering what they will do next应该知道步做什

    I won＇t have you running about in the room允许房间里跑跑
    We kept the fire burning all night long 火整夜燃烧着

    E．动词ing形式作定语

    1．单动词ing形式作前置定语般两种含义
    ①说明修饰名词途性
    a reading room a room which is used for reading阅览室
    running shoes shoes for running跑鞋
    a working method a method of working工作方法
    必背：
    a sewing machine 缝纫机
    a swimming pool 游泳池
    a drawing board 画板
    a dining car 餐车
    a driving permit 驾驶许证
    a walking stick 手杖
    a singing competition 歌咏赛
    a waiting room 候车室
    ②表示修饰物动作状态意思接定语句表示正进行动作表示常性动作时状态
    developing countries countries that are developing发展中国家
    an ordinarylooking house a house that looks ordinary起普通房子
    a puzzling problem a problem that puzzles somebody困扰问题
    The working people are masters of our country劳动民国家
    Let sleeping dogs lie惹麻烦

    必背：
    a disappointing play令失戏剧

    an astonishing adventure惊险
    boiling water 正沸腾水
    a sleeping baby 熟睡婴
    a barking dog 狂吠狗
    the setting sun 落日
    the coming week 周
    failing sight 逐渐衰退视力

    2．作定语ing形式短语应放修饰词面
    The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory装着醋瓶子应送实验室
    They lived in a house facing south 住南房子里
    The book being discussed a lot will be published next month谈书月出版
    3．情况动词ing形式作定语必须定语句
    ①作定语ing形式表示动作句谓语动作时发生两者时发生话需定语句
    误The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture
    正The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture昨天教授作讲座
    ②ing形式完成式般作状语作定语
    误The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon
    正The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon震毁坏庙宇快修建
    间？F．动词ing形式作状语

    动词ing形式作状语修饰动词句中表示时间原结果条件步行方式伴情况等ing形式作时间原条件步状语时位句首作结果伴情况状语时常位句末

    1．表示时间相时间状语句
    Seeing those pictures she remembered her childhood画想起童年（ When she saw those pictures）
    Having made full preparations we are ready for the examination已作充分准备现应考（ After we have made full preparation）
    2．表示原相原状语句
    Not knowing his address I can＇t send this book to him知道址书送（ As I don＇t know his address）
    Being ill he didn＇t go to school yesterday生病昨天没学（ Since he was ill）
    3．表示结果相列谓语
    His father died leaving him a lot of money 父亲死留许钱（ and left him a lot of money）
    She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground breaking it into pieces非常生气玩具扔摔成碎片（ and broke it into pieces）
    4．表示条件相条件状语句
    Going straight down the road you will find the department store着条路直走会发现家百货商店（ If you go straight down the road）
    Working hard at your lessons you will succeed果努力学定成功（ If you work hard at your lessons）
    5．表示步相步状语句
    Knowing all this they made me pay for the damage知道切情况赔偿损失（ Although they knew all this）
    Working hard as he did he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car然努力干然挣够买车钱（ Though he worked hard as he did）
    6．表示行方式伴情况补充说明相列结构
    He lay on the grass staring at the sky for a long time躺草长时间着天空（ and stared at the sky for a long time）
    She came into the house carrying a lot of books捧着许书走进房间（
    and carried a lot of books）

    三动词ing形式逻辑语

    A．作语ing形式
    ing形式作语时逻辑语谈话双方言喻
    Reading aloud is very helpful朗读处（Reading aloud逻辑语泛指需表达出）
    提示：
    果作语ing形式需逻辑语时般物代词名词格（名词加＇s）
    His father＇s falling ill worried him greatly父亲生病着急（his fatherfalling ill逻辑语）
    Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us道工作鼓舞（youcoming to work with us逻辑语）

    B．作表语ing形式
    ing形式作表语时逻辑语句子中语作表语ing形式带逻辑语
    What worries me most is Julia＇s staying too late every night担心天天晚熬夜熬太迟（staying too late every night逻辑语Julia）
    The main problem is your not having practiced a lot问题缺乏量练（not having practiced a lot逻辑语you）

    C．作定语ing形式
    ing形式作定语时逻辑语修饰名词
    an interesting book意思书 a book that interests its readers
    a running stream条奔流溪 a stream that is running
    果ing形式逻辑语动作承受者ing形式动式

    The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance正北京召开会议非常重（逻辑语the meeting举行间关系动being held

    D．作宾语ing形式
    ing形式作宾语时逻辑语常句子中语明确动作执行者ing形式前加名词代词表示逻辑语
    I can＇t imagine John＇s giving a speech in front of so many people想约翰会前面发言(Johngiving a speech逻辑语)
    He was awakened by someone knocking at the door 某敲门声吵醒(someoneknocking at the door逻辑语)
    The boss understood himhis wanting to leave老板明白什离职（wanting to leave逻辑语）
    较：
    He insisted on doing it himself坚持做（doing it逻辑语句子语）
    He insisted on my doing it坚持做（doing it逻辑语）
    Would you mind opening the window请窗子开？（opening the window逻辑语）
    Would you mind my opening the window介意窗子开？（opening the window逻辑语）

    E．作宾语补足语ing形式
    动词ing形式作逻辑语时逻辑语前面宾语
    We often hear her singing this song常听见唱首歌（singing this song逻辑语）
    We often hear this song (being) sung常听见首歌唱（逻辑语this song宾语补足语唱关系动ing形式动式ed分词）


    F．作状语动词ing形式

    1．动词ing形式作状语时逻辑语般应句子语保持致
    Entering the classroom I found nobody in it走进教室发现里面没（entering逻辑语I相when I entered the classroom I found nobody in it）
    ing形式表示动作句中语发出承受误种着ing形式语法称垂悬分词
    误Looking out through the window the garden was beautiful（looking out through the window逻辑语the garden显然）
    正Looking out through the window we saw a beautiful garden窗户出见漂亮花园
    误Reading the evening newspaper a dog started barking（逻辑语dog会晚报）
    正I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking着晚报时候狗开始起
    2．句子中语保持致该ing形式必须逻辑语通常名词代词担
    The last bus having gone we had to walk home末班车已开走走回家（having gone逻辑语the last buswe）
    Time permitting the football match will be played on Friday天气允许话足球赛周五举行（permitting逻辑语timethe football match）
    注意：
    高中阶段固定ing形式短语generally speaking judging from considering talking of supposing等逻辑语句子语致种ing短语作插入语
    Generally speaking boys are more interested in science than girls 般说男孩女孩科学更感兴趣

    Judging from his accent he must come from Canada口音定加
    Considering how poor he was we decided to let him attend the concert for free考虑穷决定免费听音乐会
    Supposing it rains what will you do假雨会办呢？
    分词
    第7章 动词分词形式
    动词ed形式非谓语动词种具动词特点时具形容词副词句法功句中作表语定语状语宾语补足语等

    动词ed形式特征
    A．动词ed形式动词分词构成
    动词ed形式种形式传统语法中分词绝部分动词ed形式动词原形加ed构成动词ed形式规
    1． 规动词ed形式
    limit→limited（限制）
    pretend→pretended（假装）
    escape→escaped（逃脱）
    provide→provided（提供）
    refer→referred（提交）
    drag→dragged（拖）
    pray→prayed（祈祷）
    supply→supplied（供应）
    2．规动词ed形式
    cast→cast（投掷）
    spread→spread（传播）
    bite→bitten（咬）
    forgive→forgiven（原谅）
    spit→spat（ 吐）

    wear→worn（穿）
    fight→fought（搏斗）
    lose→lost（丢失）
    3．少数动词ed形式作定语时读音般分词
    learned a learned professor 位知识渊博教授
    aged an aged man 老
    beloved his beloved computer 心爱计算机

    B．动词ed形式否定形式
    动词ed形式否定形式notnever加动词ed形式构成
    Not allowed to go in he had to wait outside 允许进外面等着
    Never invited to his party she got angry with him 未邀请聚会生气
    C．动词ed形式特征
    动词ed形式动意思时表示完成动作
    1．动词ed形式表示已完成动作
    作形容词ed形式外动词ed形式带完成意义时带动意义
    Born and brought up in the countryside he was interested in biology 农村出生长生物感兴趣
    One of the glasses was found broken 发现中杯子破
    The books written by Lu Xun are popular with many Chinese people 鲁迅写书受许中国喜爱
    2．物动词ed形式般表示动意思
    Given more time I could have solved that riddle 充足时间猜出谜语（句子语I 动词give间动关系）
    When you speak English be sure to make yourself understood 说英语时候定懂意思（动词make宾语yourself宾语补足语understand间动关系）

    The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study 军队获验学帮助
    3．物动词ed形式表示完成意思带动含义
    an escaped prisoner 逃犯 （ a prisoner who has escaped）
    a retired worker 退休工 （ a worker who has retired）
    a newly arrived guest 新客 （ a guest who has just arrived）
    We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time应该时发达国家引进先进技术
    People should pay attention to the changed situation 应该注意变化形势
    二动词ed形式法

    动词ed形式句中起形容词副词作作定语表语状语补语

    A．动词ed形式作表语
    1．ed形式连系动词作表语说明语状态
    The students are fully prepared 学生已做充分准备
    When we got there the shop was closed 时商店已关门
    She felt satisfied with her performance on the highandlow bars 高低杠表现感满意
    The land remained unexploited 片土尚未开发
    Hearing the news he looked disappointed 听消息起非常失
    The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year 山顶终年积雪覆盖
    较：
    ed形式作表语动语态区开作表语ed形式表示状态动语态中ed形式表示动动作

    All the doors are locked 门锁着（ed形式作表语表示状态）
    All the doors were locked by the guard 门卫兵锁（动语态表示动作）
    Peter the Great is buried here 彼帝埋葬里（ed形式作表语表示状态
    Peter the Great was buried here in 1725 彼帝1725年埋葬里（动语态表示动作）
    2．动词ed形式ing形式作表语时区
    动词ed形式作表语表示语心理感觉处状态含动意思ing形式作 表语表示语具特征含动意思
    They were frightened to hear the frightening sound 听怕声音害怕
    At the sight of the moving scene all the people present were moved 动情景场感动
    提示：
    述动词ed形式（pleased tired excited disappointed等）已变成形容词very too等副词修饰（amused puzzled relaxed等）very too修饰much修饰
    These problems are very puzzling 问题令迷惑
    We are much puzzled by his failure to reply 回信百思解
    His speech was very moving 演讲非常感
    All the people present were moved to tears 场感动流泪
    B．动词ed形式作宾语补足语
    作宾语补足语动词前面宾语间动关系时般应动词ed形式作宾语补足语

    1．感觉动词see hear feel notice watch find作宾语补足语
    I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night 昨晚听第九交响乐演奏
    We found all the rivers seriously polluted 发现河流严重污染
    Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop 昨天商店里注意女孩偷东西抓住
    He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind 感觉衣领面拉
    2．役动词get have make leave keep等作宾语补足语
    ①动词ed形式作get宾语补足语
    Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital 丽丝医院坏牙拔
    I＇ll just get these dishes washed and then I＇ll come 先盘子洗然
    较：
    动词get接动词定式动词ing形式作宾语补足语宾语动关系
    I couldn誸 get the car to start this morning 早法汽车发动起
    He got his sister to help him with his clothes 姐姐帮洗衣服
    It is not hard to get him talking the problem is stopping him 说话难难说开止住
    Can you really get that old clock going again 真辆旧钟走起？
    ②动词ed形式作make宾语补足语
    He raised his voice in order to make himself heard 提高嗓门听清讲话
    You should make your views known to the public 应该公众知道观点

    注意：
    动词make宾语补足语带to动词定式动词ed形式动词ing形式
    误Can you make the students understanding the text
    正Can you make the students understand the text 学生理解篇课文？
    正Can you make the text understood by the students 学生理解篇课文？
    ③动词ed形式作keepleave宾语补足语
    They all went home leaving all the work undone 工作没完成回家
    The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night 侦探助手整夜反锁房间里
    3．动词ed形式with（without）结构中作介词宾语补足语
    With everything well arranged he left the office 切安排妥善离开办公室
    She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picturebooks 已回背包里塞满趣图书
    Without any grain left in the house the little girl had to go begging 家里没粮食女孩出讨饭
    Without any more time given we couldn＇t finish the task in three weeks 果时间话三星期完成务
    4．某动词（want need prefer would like等）作宾语补足语定式动形式省略to be成ed形式作宾语补足语
    I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately 希事立解决
    I＇d prefer this book translated by my sister 情愿妹妹翻译书
    We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday 需项工作周六前完成

    The peasants don＇t want good farmland (to be) built on 农民想农田建造房子
    C．动词ed形式作定语
    动词ed形式作定语修饰名词分前置置两类
    1．前置定语
    单动词ed形式作定语般放修饰名词前作前置定语
    A watched pot never boils 心急锅开
    All the broken doors and windows have been repaired 坏门窗修
    When we arrived we each were given a printed question paper 达时候发份印制试卷
    提示：
    表示强调单动词ed形式作置定语
    Money spent is more than money earned 入敷出
    2．置定语
    作置定语ed形式般带修饰语成分语法相定语句
    We have read many novels written by this author 读作家写许说（ that are written by this author）
    Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors 邀请招会贵宾半外国（ who had been invited to the reception）
    The meeting attended by one thousand students was a success 次会议获成功千名学生出席( which was attended by one thousand students)
    A woman dressed like a lawyer came in and took her seat as judge 律师装扮女走进作法官座( who was dressed like a lawyer)
    3．动词ed形式作定语ing形式作定语区

    动词ed形式作定语表示动作已完成动ing形式作定语表示动作正进行动
    the risen sun 升起太阳
    the rising sun 正升起太阳
    boiled water 开水
    boiling water 正沸腾水
    developed countries 发达国家
    developing countries 发展中国家
    fallen leaves 落叶
    falling leaves 正飘落叶子
    changed condition 改变情况
    changing condition 变化着情况
    动词ed形式作状语ing形式作状语样表示时间原条件步 方式伴情况等
    1．表示时间
    动词ed形式作状语表示时间相时间状语句
    Seen from the tower the city looks beautiful 塔城市显美丽（ When the city is seen from the tower）
    Shown the lab we were taken to see the library 带参观实验室带参观图书馆（ After we had been shown the lab）
    Completely examined by the doctors he went back to school right away 医生彻底检查立刻回学校( After he was completely examined)
    提示：
    时动词ed形式前加连词whenwhile强调时间概念
    When asked why she was late for class again she hung her head in shame 问什课迟时羞愧低头
    Once recovered he went all out to do his work 恢复健康全力赴干起工作

    Once started the clock will go half a month and keep good time旦钟发条会走半月走准
    2 表示原
    动词ed形式作状语表示原相原状语句
    Moved by the heroic deeds the children couldn＇t help crying 孩子英雄事迹感动情禁哭起（ Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ）
    Written in haste her letter is very hard to read 写快信难阅读（As it was written in haste ）
    Excited by the new discovery we decided to go out and celebrate 新发现激动万分决定出庆祝(Because we were excited by)
    注意：
    ed形式表示条件动词步意义更加明显加适连词
    Even if invitedI won＇tgo 受邀请
    Though beaten by the opposite teamthey did not lose heart 然手败便没丧失信心
    Unless invitedhe will not come back to the company 非邀请然会回公司
    3 表示条件
    动词ed形式作状语表示条件相条件状语句
    Heated water changes into steam 加热水变成蒸汽（ If water is heated）
    Given more time he would be able to do better 假时间会干更出色（ If he was given more time ）
    Compared with other professors she was an excellent speaker 教授相优秀演说家
    4 表示步
    动词ed形式作状语表示步相thoughalthough引导步状语句

    Exhausted by the running they went on running after the robber 已跑筋疲力继续追赶着强盗（ Although they were exhausted by the running ）
    Laughed at by many people he continued his research 许嘲笑继续研究（ Even if he was laughed by many people ）
    Questioned many times a day Andrew kept silent over the murder 天盘问次安德鲁然件谋杀案保持沉默
    提示：
    时动词ed形式作状语动词ing形式动式作状语没区互换
    Suddenly seized with a high fever he was unable to attend school 突然发热学
    Being suddenly seized with a high fever he was unable to attend school 突然发热学
    Brought up in the countryside he found it hard to get used to town life 农村长感难适应城市生活
    Having been brought up in the countryside he found it hard to get used to town life 农村长感难适应城市生活
    5．表示行方式伴情况补充说明
    动词ed形式作状语表示行方式伴情况补充说明时通常位句子面相列分句
    The teacher stood there surrounded by the students 老师站学生围住（ and he was surrounded by the students）
    He went into the office followed by some children 走进办公室面着孩子( and he was followed by some children)
    They turned around and stood in the middle of the room completely astonished 转身站房间中央完全惊呆
    She accepted the gift deeply moved 接受礼物深深感动

    注意：
    动词ed形式句中作语宾语
    误Invited to the state banquet is a great honour
    正To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour 邀请出席国宴极荣耀
    误I cannot stand laughed at
    正I cannot stand being laughed at 容忍嘲笑
    三动词ed形式逻辑语
    A．动词ed形式句中作状语表语时逻辑语般说句子语ed形式语间动关系
    Locked up he had no way to escape 锁起没办法逃跑
    Lost in thought he almost ran into the car in front of him 陷入沉思撞前面汽车
    She became discouraged at the news 听消息泄气
    Though it was 1000 am the door of the shop remained locked 已午10点商店门然锁着
    B．动词ed形式句中作定语时逻辑语修饰名词名词间动关系
    The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century 第批编写出作英语教材课16世纪出版
    The computer center opened last year is very popular among the students in this school 年开办计算机中心深受学校学生喜爱
    A lighted candle lit up the cellar 支点燃蜡烛亮室
    C．动词ed形式句中作宾语补语语补语时逻辑语句子语宾语间关系动关系
    Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain 薇薇恩手指卡行车链条里（trapped逻辑语句子宾语fingers）
    The valuable vase was found stolen 珍贵花瓶发现盗（stolen逻辑语句子语vase）

    We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down Thieves obviously had broken in 回家发现整幢房子翻乱七八糟 明显偷闯进
    D．动词ed形式时独立逻辑语常作状语（详见第8章 独立格结构）
    Everything done we went home 切事情做完回家
    All our money run out Henry had to find another job 钱完亨利找份工作
    He was lying on the grass his hands crossed under his head 躺草头枕着双手
    All things considered the planned trip will have to be called off 考虑情况原计划旅行取消
    E．动词ed形式作独立成分
    动词ed形式固定词组句中作独立成分受逻辑语限制
    Put frankly I don＇t agree with what he said 坦白说意说
    Given the general state of his health it may take him a while to recover from the operation 考虑般身体状况手术恢复需段时间

    D．动词ed形式作状语
    独立格结构
    第八章 独立格结构
    非谓语动词作状语时逻辑语应该句子语时非谓语动词带语结构语发生关系称独立格结构（Absolute Construction）实谓独立格结构非真正独立种属结构


    非谓语动词独立格结构

    独立格结构中非谓语动词前面名词代词存着逻辑谓关系
    Such an able man to help youyou will surely succeed sooner or later
    干帮迟早定会成功（such an able manto help you间存着谓关系）
    Since such an able man will help you you will surely succeed sooner or later
    He seating himself at the desk his mother began to tell him a story
    书桌旁坐母亲开始讲事（seating himself at the desk拥逻辑语he注意格）
    When he seated himself at the desk his mother began to tell him a story
    The key to the bike lost he had to walk to school
    丢行车钥匙步行学校（lost逻辑语the keylost完成式having been lost）
    Because the key to the bike had been lost he had to walk to school

    A． 定式独立格结构

    逻辑语+动词定式结构中动词定式前面名词代词存着逻辑谓关系种结构句列分句表达

    1．动词定式动形式
    独立格结构中动词定式前面名词代词存着逻辑谓关系
    His mother to come tonighthe is busy preparing the dinner
    母亲晚正忙着准备饭菜（ As his mother is to come tonight he is busy preparing the dinner）
    ——will you go to the comcert tonight 晚听音乐会？
    ——sorrySo many exerisebooks to checkI rially can＇t afford any time

    起作业批真抽出时间
    （＝Because I shall check so many exercisebooks tonightI really can＇t afford any time）
    The four of us agreed on a division of laboureach to translate a quarter of the book
    四意分工干翻译全书四分
    （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book）
    Many treesflowersand grass to be plantedour newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful 种许树花草新建学校更美(If many treesflowersand grass are plantedour newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful)

    B．ing形式独立格结构

    动词ing形式作状语时逻辑语般应句子语保持致
    Being ill he went home
    生病回家（ As he was very ill he went home）
    Seating himself at the desk he began to read a magazine
    课桌旁坐开始杂志（ When he had seated himself at the desk he began to read a magazine）
    1．表示时间ing形式作独立格结构
    Everyone being ready the teacher began his class
    准备老师开始课（相时间状语句When everyone was
    ready)
    The chairman began the meeting everyone being seated
    坐席开始开会（相时间状语句after everyone was seated）

    2．表示原ing形式作独立格结构
    The boy leading the way we had no trouble finding the strange cave男孩带路没困难找奇怪洞（相原状语句Because the boy led the way）
    Many eyes watching him he felt a bit nervous许眼睛着感点紧张（相原状语句As many eyes were watching him）
    必背：
    含being独立格结构
    It being National Day todaythe streets are very crowded天国庆节街拥挤
    As it is National Day today the streets are very crowded
    There being no further business to discuss we all went home没事讨回家
    As there was no further business to discuss we all went home
    3．表示条件ing形式作独立格结构
    Time permitting we will have a picnic next week
    时间允许话星期进行次野炊（相条件状语句If time
    permits)
    My health allowing I will work far into the night
    健康许话愿工作深夜（相条件状语句If my health allows）
    4．表示方式ing形式作独立格结构
    The students are walking in the school happily each wearing a card in front of his chest
    学生快乐学校里走着胸前带着张卡（相列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
    The boy lay on the grass his eyes looking at the sky
    男孩躺草眼睛着天空（相列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky
    ）

    C．ed形式独立格结构
    逻辑语+动词ing形式样果ed形式逻辑语句子语致话需ed形式独立格结构
    The book written in simple English English beginners were able to read it
    该书简单英语写英语初学者懂
    As the book was written in simple EnglishEnglish beginners were able to read it
    The workers worked still harder their living conditions greatly improved
    工生活条件提高工作更起劲
    As their living conditions were greatly improved the workers worked still harder
    He was listening attentively in class his eyes fixed on the blackboard
    课专心听讲眼睛紧盯着黑板
    He was listening attentively in class and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard
    The task completedhe had two months＇ leave
    务完成休两月假（When the task had been completedhe had two months＇ leave）
    较：
    动词定式表示动作没发生发生动词ed形式表示动作已结束动词ing形式表示动作正进行
    The manager looks worriedmany things to settle理着急事情处理（事情没处理理处理定式to settle）
    The manager looks relaxed many things settled许事情已处理理轻松（事情已处理动词ed形式settled表示动作已结束）
    The food being cooked the boy was watching TV孩边做饭边电视（两动作时进行）

    The food cooked the boy went to bed 饭做孩睡（两动作先饭已做孩睡觉）
    动词独立格结构

    逻辑语+being+独立格结构中逻辑语+动词ing形式种形式种结构中being省种省being结构称动词独立格结构

    A．逻辑语+名词
    Ten students entered for the competition the youngest a boy of 12
    十学生报名参加次竞赛年纪12岁男孩（the youngesta boy of 12间省being）
    注意：
    独立格结构中being列两种情况般省略There being +名词结构中二逻辑语代词情况
    There being no bus we had to walk home没公汽车走回家
    It being Sunday all the offices are closed 星期日办公室关门
    B．逻辑语+形容词
    He turned to me his eyes sleepy
    睡眼惺忪转（his eyessleepy间省being）
    He turned to me and his eyes were sleepy
    He stood there his mouth wide open
    站里嘴张（his mouthwide open间省being）
    He stood there and his mouth was wide open
    C．逻辑语+副词
    School over we all went home
    放学回家（schoolover间省being）
    School was over and we all went home
    He sat at his desk his shoes off

    坐课桌旁没穿鞋子（his shoesoff间省being）
    He sat at his desk and his shoes were off
    D．逻辑语+介词短语
    He is standing in front of the blackboard his back towards us
    站黑板面前背着
    He was standing in front of the blackboard and his back was towards us
    The new teacher came in a smile on her face
    新老师面带微笑走进
    The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face
    The teacher came into the classrooma rule in his hand
    老师走进教室手里着直尺
    The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand
    提示：
    逻辑语+介词短语构成独立格结构里果名词单数冠词时介词短语里限定词省略
    The music teacher stood at the door violin in hand
    音乐老师站门口手里着提琴（ The music teacher stood at the door a violin in his hand）

    二 withwithout 引导独立格结构

    介词withwithout +宾语+宾语补足语构成独立格结构面讨独立格结构种情况结构中体现
    A．with+名词代词+形容词
    He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open
    喜欢开着窗子睡觉
    He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open
    He stood in the rain with his clothes wet
    站雨中衣服湿透
    He stood in the rain and his clothes were wet

    注意：
    with+名词代词+形容词构成独立格结构中已形容词化ing形式ed形式
    With his son so disappointingthe old man felt unhappy
    子令失老感快乐
    With his father wellknown the boy didn誸want to study
    父亲出名子想读书
    B．with+名词代词+副词
    Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on
    灯开时学校更美
    Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on
    The boy was walking with his father ahead
    父亲前孩走着
    The boy was walking and his father was ahead
    C．with+名词代词+介词短语
    He stood at the door with a computer in his hand
    He stood at the door computer in hand
    站门口手里着部电脑
    He stood at the door and a computer was in his hand
    Vincent sat at the desk with a pen in his mouth
    Vincent sat at the desk pen in mouth
    文森特坐课桌前嘴里衔着支笔
    Vincent sat at the desk and he had a pen in his mouth
    D．with+名词代词+动词ed形式
    With his homework done Peter went out to play
    作业做彼出玩
    When his homework was done Peter went out to play
    With the signal given the train started
    信号发出火车开始起动
    After the signal was given the train started

    I wouldn誸dare go home without the job finished
    工作没完成敢回家
    I wouldn誸dare go home because the job was not finished
    E．with+名词代词+动词ing形式
    The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him
    孩子坐周围男子感高兴
    The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him
    The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was
    女孩盒子藏起没知道里
    The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was
    Without anyone noticing he slipped through the window趁没注意时候窗口溜走
    When no one was noticing he slipped through the window
    F．with+名词代词+动词定式
    The little boy looks sad with so much homework to do
    家庭作业做男孩开心
    The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do
    The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit
    名胜参观孩激动
    The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit
    提示：
    withwithout复合结构中数情况with省略without省略
    Without a word more spoken she left the meeting room
    没四 独立格结构句法功

    独立格结构句中充原状语时间状语条件状语伴状语外作定语形式独立格结构位句首句中句尾通常逗号句隔开
    A．作状语

    独立格结构作状语功相状语句列分句
    1．表示时间
    Night coming on we put ourselves up in a small hotel夜幕降家旅馆住
    （ When night came on we put ourselves up in a small hotel）
    All the guests seated they began their dinner
    客坐开始吃饭
    （ When all the guests were seated they began their dinner）
    With everything she needed bought Grace took a taxi home
    需买格雷斯回家
    （After everything she needed was bought Grace took a taxi home）
    2．表示原
    With a lot of difficult problems to settle the newlyelected president is having a hard time
    许难题解决新选总统日子
    （ As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle the newlyelected president is having a hard time）
    There being no means of transportation he had to walk home at midnight
    半夜没交通工具步行回家
    ( As there was no means of transportation he had to walk home at midnight)
    3．表示条件
    Weather permitting we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week
    果天气允许话星期举行年次运动会
    （ If weather permitswe will hold our yearly sports meeting next week）
    All the work done you can have a rest
    工作做休息
    （As long as all the work is done you can have a rest）
    Everything taken into consideration the plan seems to be more practical果方面考虑计划似更实际

    （ If everything is taken into consideration the plan seems to be more practical）
    提示：
    表示时间原条件独立格结构般放句首保留连词
    误When class being over the students left their classroom
    正Class (being) over the students left their classroom课学生离开教室
    误The moon appearing and they continued their way
    正The moon appearing they continued their way月亮出继续赶路
    4．表示伴情况补充说明
    The strange man was walking down the street with a stick in his hand
    奇怪男街走着手里着根手杖
    （ The strange man was walking down the street and he carried a stick in his hand）
    The murderer was brought in with his hands tied behind his back
    杀犯带进手捆背
    （The murderer was brought in and his hands were tied behind his back）
    Two hundred people died in the accident many of them children
    两百事中丧生中许童
    （Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children）
    B．作定语
    独立格结构作定语功相定语句
    He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled (with复合结构作定语修饰the student)
    许问题解决
    He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled
    You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off (with复合结构作定语修饰bottle)
    颈砍掉塑料瓶
    You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off
    He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides

    走条两边没路灯马路(without复合结构作定语修饰the road )
    He was walking along the road that didn誸have any street lights on its both sides
    提示：
    里讨连词连接两句子改独立格结构情况需提示连词方改独立格结构
    If you stand on the top of the mountainthe park looks more beautiful
    果站山顶公园更美（改独立格结构）
    If you check your test paper carefully some mistakes can be avoided
    果仔细检查试卷话错误避免（改独立格结构）
    说什话离开会议室（without省略）
    名词性句
    第九章 名词性句

    句句构成句子复合句名词性句复合句中起名词作包括语句宾语句表语句位语句四类句中分作语宾语表语位语

    引导名词性句关联词

    A．that
    连词that身没意义句中担句子成分宾语句中时省略
    I hear (that) he has joined the football club 听说已加入足球俱乐部
    That light travels in straight line is known to all 众周知光直线传播
    It so happens that I know the man 碰巧认识

    Is it certain that they will win 定会赢

    B．whetherif
    连词whetherif身意义（解释否）句中省略
    1．whether连接名词性句if引导宾语句
    I didn＇t know whether he would attend the concert 知道否参加音乐会（宾语句if代whether）
    The question is whether it s worth trying 问题值值试试（表语句if代whether）
    Whether she comes or not makes no difference 没关系（语句if代whether）
    He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not 必须回答否意事样问题（位语句if代whether）
    2．whether引导宾语句作介宾语if
    It all depends on whether they will support us 完全取决否支持(if)
    Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings 瑞恩担心否伤害感情
    3．if引导语句引导宾语句果if会引起歧义应避免ifwhether
    Please let me know if you want to join us 请告诉否想加入（if引导句成宾语句if表示否）
    Please let me know if you want to join us 果想加入话请告诉声（if引导句成条件状语句if表示果）
    Please let me know whether you want t join us 请告诉否想加入（避免引起歧义whether表示否）

    C．who whom whose what which
    连接代词who whom whose what which等句中起连接作时担语宾语定语表语等成分

    No one knows who he was waiting for 没知道时等谁
    We are worrying about what we should do next 正步该办烦恼
    Tell me whos house it is 告诉谁家
    Let me know which train you will be arriving on 告诉列火车达
    D．where when how why
    连接副词where when how why等句中连接词作状语
    I don＇t know where we are going to have the meeting知道开会
    She always thinks of how shecan work well 总想样工作做
    What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum 急知道什时候参观博物馆
    较：
    when引导时间状语句名词性句中时态
    Please lt me know when you arrive 时候请告诉声（when引导时间状语句句中般现时表示）
    Please let me know when you will arrive 请告诉什时候（when引导宾语句句中般时）

    E．whoever whomever whatever whichever whosever
    连接代词whoever anyone who 谁whatever anything that什whichever anything that whomever anyone whom （whoever宾格形式）
    Whoever comes to the club is welcome 谁参加俱乐部欢迎
    Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well值做值做
    They ate whatever they could find o the deserted island 荒岛找什吃什

    You may do whatever you will 做想做事
    I＇ll take whichever book interests me愿买感兴趣书
    Whosever book is overdue will be fined 谁书期未罚款
    较：
    连接代词whoever宾语句中作语whomever作宾语句中宾语
    You may offer he book to whoever wants it 书想（句中whomeverwhoever宾语句中作wants it语）
    You may offer the book to whomever you like书喜欢（whomever宾语句中作you like宾语）
    表语句

    表语句放连系动词充复合句中表语

    A．接表语句连系动词
    接表语句连系动词be look seem sound appear等
    China is no longer what she used to be 日中国中国
    The question remains whether they will be able to help us 问题否帮
    Itappears that he has a taste for music音乐定鉴赏力
    At that time it seemed as if I couldn＇ t think of the right word anyhow 时似想出恰字眼

    B．as as ifthough引导表语句
    He looked just as he had looked ten years before 起十年前样
    It sounds as ifsomeone is knocking at the door 听起敲门

    C．because why引导表语句

    I think it is because you are talking too much 想话说太
    That＇s because he didn＇t understand me 没理解（That＇s because
    三 位语句

    位语句前面名词作进步解释说明名词具体容位语句般that引导whether 连接代词连接副词引导

    A．位语句般名词fact hope idea news doubt suggestion information opinion decision discovery truth promise statement problem rule等面
    They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick 生病件事焦虑
    Where did you get the idea that I could not come 听说？
    I have no idea whether he＇ll come or not 知道否
    We haven＇t yet settled the question where we are going t spend our summer vacation 度暑假问题没决定
    It is a question how he did it 做事问题
    There is no doubt that we will win 毫疑问会赢
    注意：
    含位语句句谓语部分短时谓语动词提前位语句名词隔开避免头重脚轻现象
    Word came that Mr President would come and inspect ourschool himself 消息说总统先生亲视察学校

    B．虚拟语气位语句
    表示建议命令求名词位语句中谓语动词should+动词原形表示should省略
    This is our only request that this (hould) be settled as soon as possible 快解决问题唯请求

    He made the suggestion that we go by train 建议坐火车
    第10章 定语句
    第10章 定语句

    复合句中充定语句定语句定语句作相形容词修饰句中某名词代词整句称作形容词性句定语句修饰词先行词定语句般紧修饰先行词先行词定语句间起连接作词关系词关系词关系代词关系副词两种

    关系代词引导定语句

    引导定语句关系代词who whom whose which that等分代前面先行词定语句中作语宾语定语

    A．who
    指定语句中作语
    What was the name of the man who lent you the money
    钱什名字？（定语句修饰先行词the man）
    He who laughs lst laughs best
    谁笑谁笑（定语句修饰先行词he）
    The chairman of the meeting who spoke first sat on my right
    会议席坐右边先发言（定语句修饰先行词the chairman）

    B．whom
    指定语句中做宾语口语非正式文体中whom省略who代介词面非限制性定语句中whom
    There are some people (whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike

    喜欢讨厌（定语句分修饰先行词people others）
    The people whomwho I work with are all friendly
    起工作友（定语句修饰先行词the people）
    Mr Carter whom I spoke to on the phone last night is very interested in or plan
    昨晚电话里卡特先生交谈计划感兴趣（非限制性定语句中who代whom）
    Two men neither of whom I had ever seen before came into my office
    两办公室前未见（介词面who）

    C．whose
    通常指指物定语句中做定语面紧修饰名词
    There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget
    脸永远难忘怀（定语句修饰先行词people）
    I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air
    见树树叶空气污染发黑（定语句修饰行词trees）


    D．which
    1．指物定语句中做语宾语做宾语时常省略
    English is a language which is easy to learn
    英语门容易学语言（which定语句中作语省略）
    This is a folk song which is now very popular
    目前非常流行首民谣（which定语句中作语省略）
    The river which flows through London is the Thames
    流伦敦河泰晤士河（which定语句中作语省略）
    The children like cookies (which) my wife makes
    孩子喜欢夫做饼干(关系代词which作makes宾语省略)

    2．which引导非限制性定语句修饰前面整句相and this
    Jim passedhis driving test which surprised everybody
    吉姆通驾驶考试家感惊讶（定语句修饰整句the driving test）
    Sheila couldn＇t come to the party which was a pity
    希拉参加聚会真遗憾（定语句修饰整句the party）
    3．which非限制性定语句中时作定语
    John stayed here for a week dring which time we visited the West Lake together
    约翰里呆星期期间起游西湖
    It might snow this weekend in which case we won＇t go to Beijing
    周末雪种情况北京

    E．that
    指时相whowhom指物时相which定语句中作语宾语（做宾语时常省略）
    He is the man that lives next door
    住隔壁（定语句修饰先行词the man作语）
    I don＇t like stories that have unhappy endings
    喜欢结尾悲伤事（定语句修饰先行词stories作语）
    The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesn＇t fit her very well
    安买衣服太合身（定语句修饰先行词the dressthat作宾语省略）
    Is there anything (that) I can do for you
    效劳事？（定语句修饰先行词anythingthat作宾语省略）
    提示：
    口语中that时作关系副词相when介词+which结构
    We left the day (that) he arrived天走（thatwhen）

    He doesn＇t see things the way (that) we see them问题方法样（that代in which）
    Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car难想象开车速度快（that代at which）

    F．关系代词
    asbut作关系代词引导定语句

    1．as
    as限制性定语句非限制性定语句中作语宾语
    ①限制性定语句中assuc so the same修饰先行词
    Such men as heard him were deeply moved
    听说话会深受感动（as定语句中作heard语）
    I＇ve never heard such stories as he tells
    未听讲样事（as定语句中作tell宾语）
    He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift
    搬起搬起石头（as定语句中lift宾语）
    较：
    the same
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