初中英语语法总结
1宾语句：1句般现时句根实际情况适时态He says (that) he will have a walk soon
The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school
I want to know who came here late this morning
2句般时句时
He wondered if I would come She told me that her son had got well
She said that she liked watching TV We thought Jim was wrong
3句时态句表客观真理般现时
Mr Li said the moon is smaller than the earth
4宾语句引导词陈述句语序
Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan（will you）
Do you know which sweater she is wearing (is she)
2状语句：1句般时祈句含表情态动词等if(果) unless(非)when(…时候) as soon as(……)before after until till as(…时候)引导状语句般现时
You may take a rest when you finish doing your work
I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week
Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives
2句般时句时：
I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars
When he got to the park his classmates had left
My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street
3定语句：关系代词who指which指物that指指物whose 必须名词指指物关系词作语时省略作宾语时省略whom指作宾语关系副词where指里when指时
She is a girl whothat is beauti l and kindhearted
She is a girl (whowhomthat) I know very well
That boy whosehair is very long is my brother (属)
The girl whois tall is my sister I own a bike whoseprice is high
I bought a watch (whichthat) I paid 100 yuan for （指物）
I prefer a place whichthatis clean and quiet
I prefer a place whereI can live a quiet life （）
I shall never forget the day whena boy helped me find my dog
4wishhope1wish接to do sth sb to do sth that句
I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao
I wish youto join my party this Sunday
I wish (that) I could be a scientist
2hope接to do sth that句 接sb to do sth
I hope to receive a letter from you some day
I hope (that) everything goes well I hope you will get well soon
5thanks forthanks to Thanks for your helping me with the work
(表达方做某事感谢补充结果)
Thanks to your suggestion I didn’t make such mistakes
(表达感谢某方做利事出现面结果)
6感官动词法：see hear listen to watch notice feel等词接宾语接动词原形 动词ing 分表示全程正进行句中频率词时词常动词原形
I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep (正进行)
I heard someone knock at the door three times (听全程)
I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school (频率词)
词动语态面原动词原形改带to定式：
We saw him go into the restaurant with his wife →
He was seen to go into the restaurant with his wife
7感官动词法二：look sound smell taste feel系动词接形容词He looks It sounds good The flowers smell beauti l The sweets taste sweet The silk feels soft I felt tired
动词动语态The sweets are tasted sweet错误
注意：果加介词like 接形容词接名词代词：
He looks like his mother That sounds like a good idea
It smells like a flower It tastes like salt
8findthink部分法 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(代宾)
宾补情况：1名词短语John found his son a clever boy
2形容词短语Mrs Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy
3时宾补接带to定式I found it hard to fool the girl
9would likewantfeel like 1 would likewant类似：◇接名词短语：I would like want another three desks ◇接带to 定式：I would like want to go out for a walk ◇接sb然带to 定式 I would like you to give me a hand
2 feel like ◇接名词短语：Do you feel like some tea
◇接动词须动词ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk I don’t feel like drinking teafeel like常疑问句否定句中
10词序易错短语：1 形容词修饰定代词定副词形容词面Is there anything delicious in the fridge
Nothing serious There is something wrong with the computer
I want to go somewhere warm
2 else修饰疑问词定代词定副词放面
What else can you see in the picture Who else is in the room
Do you have anything else to say Where else can you see it
3 enough修饰形容词副词enough 放面
This sweater is cheap enough Nemo is old enough to work
He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog
11评价天气提问区：1What do you think of …
How do you like … …？(How…句中like动词) 2What’s the weather like in… How is the weather in……天气什样(What…句中like介词)
12take cost pay spend区：
1 It + take + sb + some time + to do sth
It took us half an hour to cut down the tree
2 物+cost+sb+钱 The bag cost me thirty yuan (cost cost cost)
costsb 译作价钱：The bag costs 30 Yuan
3 + pay +sb + 钱+ for sth I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike (pay paid paid) (pay加容视具体情况取舍)
4 + spend + 时间 钱 + on sth (in) doing sth
The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet
The girl always spends much money on her clothes
spend 时指度：spend holiday weekends winter
13双宾结构：pass give teach offer lend send sell call showbuy
ask tell build等加双宾结构接sb + sth
中pass give offer lend send sell show等接sth + to sb
buy build等接sth + for sb
外sth代词时双宾结构Please pass it to me
14部分词作连词介词：（连词接句子介词接名词代词）
Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher （连词）
Keep care l when listening to the teacher （介词）
类似while than before after as since until等
：I’ll wait until I hear from her （连词）
I’ll wait until next Friday （介词）
15动词ed动词ing作形容词法 1 动词ed作形容词：表示动已发生常作定语The boy named Peter is my friend
做彼男孩朋友划线部分起修饰作
He’s eating fried chicken 吃炸鸡There is no time left
I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun读部鲁迅写说
He lives in a house builttwenty years ago
2 动词ing作形容词：表示正进行功常作定语
the ing boy a running bus the rising sun a bus running on the road the boy ing in the corner (正进行)
a sitting room the sleeping car the bathing suit (功)
16动词ed动词ing作形容词法二：心理感受关ed修饰ing常修饰物I felt surprised at his words
How exciting the film is I want to go to a place which is relaxing
17动词ing带to定式作语：
To be a teacher is my dream Working hard brings you success
Taking care of our environment is very important
To plant trees makes me happy （谓语单数）
Reading books gives you knowledge (谓语单数)
Listening and writing are both difficult (谓语复数)
18later after ago before 1later…时间结构：时间段+later
常般时They went to Beijing five days later
(later单独句尾常时：I’ll see you later)
2after…时间结构：after+时间段常般时1相They went to Beijing after five days
(after加句子：I’ll send you an email after I get home He found out the information after he had searched the Internet for thirty minutes)
3ago…时间前结构：时间段+ago 般时The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago
(since +时间段+ago句现完成时)
4before 单独放句尾常现完成时：前
I have been to London before He has seen the film before
(时间段+before 常完成时译…时间前：
I had seen the film two weeks before We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before)
19四季：spring春summer夏autumn秋winter冬season季
20月：January 月February 二月March 三月April 四月
May 五月June 六月July 七月August 八月September 九
月October 十月November 十月December 十二月
21星期：Sunday 星期日Monday 星期Tuesday 星期二
Wednesday 星期三Thursday 星期四Friday 星期五
Saturday 星期六Sunday第天Saturday天
22：either 否定句末尾also 通常挨着动词少句尾too 通常句尾前常逗号as well 句尾
注意：三词否定句
23带to定式法：带to定式逻辑宾语前时to动词物动词物时需加介词The apples are too tall for the boy to reach The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in
24(a) little (a) few 1fewlittle没少否定词few加数名词复数 little加数名词2a few肯定词加数名词复数 a little点肯定词加数名词3外too very so等词few little only just still等词a few a little quite a few a little译
25物动词+副词：put onoffawayupdownout break offdown
turn onoffupdown get back use up give awayoutupback try outon ringcall up let down clean upout set up think up hand inout fix up work out dress uppick up help out
keep offoutdown cut down write down wake up(醒)
take offaway sell out look upover eat up throw awayoff
宾语名词时放中间边代词时放中间
26as……as法：1…样… His room is as big as mine
He runs as fast as I me 2as…as possiblesb can …
We went there as soon as possible快 Listen to the teacher as carefully you can 3短语意思：as soon as …样快……as much as…样达as long as…样长长达as well as…样…样as far as远达…说
27prefer法：prefer sthdoing sth to sthdoing sth起…更喜欢…
prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿…愿…
prefer to do sth prefer doing sth 更喜欢做某事
28 some any every法：1some某～～肯定陈述句中I have something to tell you Maybe somebody has taken it 疑问句中表示期方肯定回答表示请求建议 Why not ask somebody to help you Shall we give him something to eat What about some milk Could you please lend me some chairs 2any 疑问句中译某～～Do you have anything to say？Is anybody in the house？肯定句否定句中译～You may put the box anywhere in the room He is taller than any other student in the class We don’t have anything to eat this morning 3every～强调包括包括彼Is everybody here？NoTom and Lucy have asked for leave The glass was broken and the water went everywhere
29动词时态形式：八时态：般现时现进行时(amisare + ving)般时(willshallbe going to+动词原形)般时进行时(waswere +ving)现完成时(havehas + v 分词)完成时(had + v 分词)时(would + v 原形) 六形式：原形式分词第三称单数(加ses)现分词(ving)带to定式
30ifwhether区：if 果(引导条件状) 否(引导宾)
whether(引导步状) 否(引导宾)
译否时whether接or not 接带to定式
if 外if接any单词常接some单词
If you have any water please give me some
31：because 常why回答语气强
since 位置：Since…… Since it’s already late I must go now
for 位置：…for…语气弱I drove carefully for it’s snowing
as时指法基限制
32表推测：must may might can could can’t
must定性常肯定句
There is the door bell it must be Tom
may might许般肯定句 maymight性
She is coming to us She might be our new teacher
can couldcouldcan语气更委婉can否定
You could be right but I don’t think you are
The light in the office is off The teacher can’t be there now
33sosuch区：so副词形容词副词so tallslowly…
such形容词名词短语such bad weather good news…
such a beautiful girl an important lesson a heavy stone…
such kind boys new desks friendly people amazing movies…
名词前形容词many much few little时such so
so many flowers much rain few friends little water…
常so such …that…句型译…致…
34so两法：1so + be情态动词助动词+语…
文指物The twins are working so am I
I will stay up tonight and so will Peter
话形式：A I woke up late this morning B So did I
2so + 语 + be情态动词助动词确…文指物A We have lunch at school B So you do
：A Bruce can work out the problem B So he can
35neithernor法：neithernor+ be情态动词助动词+语
…文否定句She didn’t get well nor did her brother
话形式：A Jim hasn’t had breakfast B Neither have I
36keep make gethave法：
1keep + sbsth doing sth …直做… I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long keep + doing sth 坚持做某事
2make + sbsth do sth…做某事I’ll try to make you understand what I mean I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long
3get + sbsth to do sth…做某事He got Peter to buy him a pen
4have + 宾语+ 动词原形 ing 分词
Have him do it please做吧We had the machine working
台机器直工作着We had the machine repaired修理台机器（台机器修理）
5接形容词：keep safebusy keep the door closedopen
make us happy get the door closed have everything ready
37used短语：used to + 动原常常He used to smoke
be used to 译…接动原It is used to cut things
be used to 译惯…接动词ing名词代词
：He’s used to working late We are all used to following others
be used for + 目（名词动词ing）：
English is used for businessKnives are used for cutting things
38 throughpastacross 作介词穿前常位移动词
He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away
He went past me without saying any words
He swam across the river through部 past旁边 across表面
位移动词+ past 相动词pass 位移动词+across相cross
39the number of a number of 前者…数量者许
数名词复数前者作语谓语单数者作语谓语复数The number of the trees is two thousand 单数is
A number of trees have been cut down复数have
40延续性动词：How longsincefor(见84）untiltill等肯定句中句谓语延续性动词
How long may I keep this novel I’ve lived here since 2002
Let’s wait until he comes back 否定句中短暂性动词：
I haven’t seen you for a long time
41alleachbothnoneeitherneither
1All boysAll of the boys are from China all 接数复数谓语复数All of the water is polluted 接数谓语单数
2Each boyEach of the boys has a different bag each接名词单数接of + 限定词+复数谓语单数
3Both of the twins are clever 面谓语复数
4None of the students hashave been there before
none +of +限定词+复数 谓语单复数见88
5When shall we meet Saturday or Sunday
Either day is OK Either of the days is OK 谓语单数
6When shall we meet Saturday or Sunday
Sorry I have to look after my mother these two days That is neither time is OK neither of the days is OK 谓语单数
alleachnone分指三者更中 没botheitherneither两者中没
42计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词
The building is twenty meters tall The street is forty meters wide
The fish is five kilos heavy This baby is only six months old
计量表达面名词连字符单位复数
They dug an eightmeterdeep hole I bought a 10kiloheavy fish
It’s a piece of 2meterthick ice They built a 50meterwide street
It’s a twomonth holiday (处计量中形容词long省略)
43 Must I May I Need I … 法：1Must I …必须…？
A Must I finish the work B Yes you must No you needn’t
2May I ……？A May I go out for a walk now
B Yes you can No you mustn’tcan’t
3Need I…必…？
A Need I clean the house B Yes you must No you needn’t
44hundredthousandmillionbillion 前具体数字加sof 否加s 加of ：thousands of trees many millions of people
nine hundred people ten thousand students等前several常加sof：several million pounds
45反意疑问句(QT)部分法1something nothing anything everything作语QT语it
Something is wrong isn’t it Nothing is difficult is it
2I think Lucy can do well in the exam can’t she
I don’t think he will come here on time will he
QT结合think句定
3祈句QT般will you Let’s …shall we
Get up now will you Don’t be noisy will you
Be quiet will you Please don’t talk will you
Let us do it now will you Let’s do it now shall we
4There be句型QT语there
There is a man working in the field isn’tthere
There used to be a meeting on Friday didn’tthere
There won’t be a movie in the theatre willthere
46put on wear dress in 1put on穿接物表行短暂动词You should put on your coat when you leave
2wear穿穿着接物表状态延续性动词He always wears the yellow sweater in winter I like wearing beautiful clothes
3dress …穿衣接You can dress yourself baby
Lucy is dressing her little brother now
be dressed in常接具某种特征衣物
The lady is dressed in a white skirt white 直接加表颜色词
4in 穿着接具某种特征衣物表状态介词作谓语作状语The woman in a white skirt is my teacher
Do you know the girl in a red coat I’ve seen the boy in yellow
47虚拟语气部分法：非真实条件句中虚拟语气if 句中般时句动词wouldshould+动词原形表示现相反观设想表示说话实现性情况（注意：虚拟语气中be动词were）
If there were no air people would die (现事实相反)
If I got rich I would travel around the world (性)
48otherothersthe otherthe othersanother
1果特定指出泛指another 加数名词单数If you are still thirsty you may have another cup of tea （没特定指出杯茶泛指cup单数）
another+数字+数复数：The meeting will last another two hours We need another six desks
2果两两部分出范围中部分特指 (other前the)法：
第种说容两：
Mrs Green has two sons one is interested in math the other (one son) is good at science 两the other 加s 面名词省略 ：This pair of shoes is strange One is blue yet the other is green 双鞋子怪蓝色绿色
第二种两部分：种情况the other接数名词复数接名词the other加s Two fifths of the students in our class are boys the other students are girls the others are girls Two children went but the others stayed （孩子留）
3果没显示出两部分未出范围泛指加the
Lei Feng liked helping other people others
Have you any other questions
Alice didn’t like that dress so she asked to see some others
4other法：较级形式体现高级含义
He is taller than any other boy in his class (划线中boy单数)
He is taller than all the other boys in his class (划线中boy复数)
班里男孩高（班里男孩中高）
49how longhow oftenhow soonhow far 1how long 长度时间段提问How long is the river It’s 5000 kilometers long
How long have you lived there For five months Since 2002
2how often频率提问：never sometimes often usually always once a week twice a day three times a year every day等
How often do you watch TV Every two days Twice a week
次数how many times 提问：
How many times do you watch TV a week Twice only once
3how soon in + 时间段提问：
How soon will you return to Beijing In a week In two days
4how far时间段’s + walkridedrive计量表达提问
How far is it from your home to the school
Five minutes’ walk An hour’s ride Thirteen minutes’ drive
者说：It’s about 20 kilometers (far) away （问回答）
50分数表达：二分 half aan a half ：
half an hour a half hour半时 It’s half past seven(省略冠词)
情况中分子(基数词)超分母(序数词)需加s：
三分 a one third 三分二 two thirds
四分 aone fourth aone quarter
四分三 three fourthsthree quarters
五分 aone fifth 五分二 two fifths 类推
分数of短语作语谓语of名词定：
Two fifths of the students are on time (指名词复数时谓复) Two fifths of the land is polluted （指数时谓单）
51达：1get to + 点 get to ShanghaiLondonChina
接点副词时带to get therehomehere
2arrive in+点(BeijingZhengzhou)arrive at+点(schoolhospital) arrive作物动词单独：Please ring me up when you arrive
reach作物动词直接加点：reach BeijingEngland
常说reach hometherehere
52感叹句：What + 名词短语+语+谓语
What lazy boys (they are) What hard work What good news
What a good idea What bad weather (it is) What a pity
How +形容词 副词+ 语+ 谓语
How hard the work is How fast he runs How rude you are
How carefully they are listening How bad the weather is
53because instead out等加of区：
1because 接句子because of 接名词代词
He didn’t come because he was ill because of his illness
2instead副词单独句尾instead of 接名词代词
We didn’t have rice we had noodles instead instead of it
3out 副词单独接点先加of（作介词
…外加of 般求掌握)
He went out earlyHe went out of the house early
54too much too manymuch too
much too加形容词副词原级much too bigslowly等
too much太加数名词too much workrain等
too many太加数复数too many bookspeople等
55 alone lonely 1alone独单独含感情色彩
形容词系动词作表语：Jack is alone 杰克单身
The old woman is alone in the house 位老妇屋里
副词修饰动词：She lives alone 独居
Can you move the stone alone 独搬动块石头？
Dick is walking on the beach alone 狄克独海滩漫步
（注意：说very alone 说very much alone 特例）
2lonely 孤独寂寞带伤感色彩形容词
系动词作表语：The old man is lonely位老孤独
He has many relatives but he feels lonely 亲戚感孤独（lonely 心理感受关alone心理感受关）
名词前作定语：a lonely person位孤独
a lonely village偏僻村庄 （alone作定语）
56belong tobe This suit belongs to me Lucy my brother ()
This suit is mine Lucy’s my brother’s hers （某物某）
57by常见法：1通I study English by memorizing grammar You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary He travels by bike
2截止Will you finish the task by tomorrow
The train had left by the time he got there
3This novel was written by Lu Xun
4He passed by me without noticing me
5……旁边Sit by me They are playing by the river
58部分in短语：in English in a good way in a hurry
in pen ink (见105) in the day(见92) in different sizes
in different shapes in a difficult situation in good health
in a red coat in red(见46) in style in the open air(露天场)
59较级高级部分点：1规形式易错形式：
muchmany→more→most badbadlyill→worse→worst
far→fartherfurther→farthestfurthest little→less→least
few→fewer→fewest old→olderelder→oldesteldest
ly结尾形容词常ly换成lierliest
2常见较级高级句型：He runs faster than me (than)
He did better than any other student in the school (参48)
Tom is the cleverest boy in his class (某范围)
He is the taller of the two (boys) (两者句型中加the)
He is the tallest of the three (boys) (三者)
Which is better tea or milk (两者选择)
Which is the best tea milk or water (三者选择)
It’s the second longest river in China （序数词高级）
3越越…较级+and +较级
He cried harder and harder She is getting taller and taller
类似：bigger and bigger happier and happier fatter and fatter
stronger and stronger richer and richer worse and worse…
种情况：more and more beautiful slowly carefully …
4越… 越…the+较级分置两句开头倒装
The more difficult English is the harder you should study
The younger we are the more energy we have
The more you eat the fatter you will get
5越越…more and more +名词
More and more people are getting richer and richer
We need more and more desks paper trees water …
6…much + 形容词副词较级
This room is much bigger than that one
类似：much tallerfatteryoungerheavierfasterearlierbetter…
：much more carefuldifficulttiringsimilarmysterious…
7外…() …结构：数量+ more + 名词
one more towel three more suits many more tiles
much more truth some more meat a lot more wood
a little more experience once more one more time again
种结构时another + 数字 + 名词代：
five more trees another five trees (记住词位置)
60talk tell say speak 1talk作物动词
Don’t talk in class Shall we talk about our English study
He is talking with his teacher May I talk to you
(talk withto sb talk about sth)
2tell作物动词告诉讲常接双宾结构
Mr Li told us an interesting story Who told you the news
3say必须接容Please say it in English He said nothing
I disagree with you said Tom What will you say
say 接sb 需先加to I must say sorry to you
I overslept this morning he said to me
4speak说话物动词He spoke too fast for me to follow
接时先加介词to May I speak to Mr Smith
表说话力The baby can speak now
There is something wrong with his throat he can’t speak
演讲发言Who will speak in the meeting
说作物 动词
61sometimessome timessometimesome time
sometimes 时at times He is imes late for school
some times 次I have been to Nanjing some times
sometime 某时刻I bought it sometime last spring
We’ll meet again sometime next week
some time 段时间We have to stay here for some time
62need 法：1need情态动词（can等法类似need疑问句否定句中）：Need I go now (need 般疑问句开头) I needn’t tell you the answer (否定句中直接need加not) 情态动词时need时态变化
2need 行动词（want 等法类似）：
He needs a bike (直接加名词)
I need to go over my lessons (接带to定式)
Do you need to have a rest （般疑问句中do does did句首）
We don’t need to wait for her coming (否定句中dodoesdid提前)
注：need 接表动容时表达：
The TV needs to be repaired The TV needs repairing
63do with deal with 译处理付安排应付
What have you done with the milk what提问
How shall we deal with this problem how提问
面两句：Could you tell me what to do with the milk
Could you tell me how to deal with this problem
64原：常见：Either you or Lucyis wrong
There is a dog and two cats in the yard (there be句型)
Not only you but (also) Iam strict in the work
Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before
65谓致：OneNeither of you is right （单数谓语）
Tom with his friends has gone (语Tom 单数谓语)
This pair of shoes looks beautiful （语pair 单数谓语）
The shoes look beautiful （语pair 复数谓语）
Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it （单数谓语）
The old need to be looked after carefully The young are energetic
(the 加形容词表类谓语复数)
Mr and Mrs Green are from America 指格林夫妇 (复数谓语)
The teacher and writer is an able man指教师兼作家 单数谓语
Both you and I are excited about the news （复数谓语）
the number ofa number of参见39 （分数表达见50）
66quitesuchreally法：果出现定冠词时常放面
It’s quite an easy question He is quite a clever boy
It’s such an important lesson(见33) Lily is really a lazy girl
67部分what 提问句型：
What size do you want What will you do with the problem
What’s the population of China What day is it today
What’s the date today What’s the price of this one
68there be部分法：1There is only a student taking notes now
There is no need to open the box There are 20 trees to be planted
2常结构 there maywillmustis going toused to…be …
3there be中出现havehashad()词法见45
69常见表否定词短语no not hardly few little neither nor nothing nobody none nowhere等
时某句型中相否定without too…to…
without anything too tired to go any further
前缀dis un in缀less表否定
70常见接动词原形词短语 why not had better please would you please let make 情态动词等等
注意否定形式：had better would you please let直接加not + 动原please加don’t+动原
71常见接动词ing词短语：finish enjoy practice give up
end up put off consider keep feel like prefer…to…can’t help
be busy be worth take turns miss(错) spend have fun 介词等
72常见接带to定式词短语：want hope wish allow encourage ask tell pretend decide planinvite urge advisewarn seem in order () 疑问词等等 外it作形式语常带to定式 否定：词 + not + to do sth
73动语态(be +v分词)法：I did it →It was done
双宾He told us a story→We were told a story→A story was told to us She passed me a pen→I was passed a pen→A pen was passed to me 情态动词We can make a plan →A plan can be made
进行时态Tom is writing a letter→A letter is being written by Tom
完成时态：I have finished the work →The work has been finished
74名词属格作定语：1强调性时a man doctor two men doctors a woman teacher six women teachers 修饰词单数时性单数修饰词复数时性复数
2a girl actor four girl actors a boy player two boy players
a bus station some bus stations 复数变修饰词
3a boys’ team a gentlemen’s holiday the Teachers’ Day
the Children’s Day 复数 + ’s 作定语译……
4Father’s Day Mother’s Day 处单数 + ’s 作定语
（附：and连接名词属格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers 分两爸爸应分加’s
Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting 两爸爸两加’s）
75winbeat区：win加物：I’m sure Jim will win the match We won the first place in the sports meeting
beat加：I’m afraid they will beat us
I hope we can beat the boys’ team (男子队相)
76itthatone部分法：1it 指文某事物文This book is very useful I will take good care of it
it指文说事：My son has lost himself in the computer games I’m worried about it 2that文说类常指数名词The food in China is quite different from that in America The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu that指文说事：A I had an accident and broke my legs B I’m sorry to hear that 3one 指代文说某类数名词单数物This sweater is too expensive do you have another one(指毛衣文)
77atby the end of in the end 区：
1at the end of +时间点点…头…末尾
They will have a sports meeting at the end of March (加时间)
He put some books at the end of the bed (加点)
2by the end of +时间点截止…末
接时间点常完成时：They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month 接时间常般时：We shall finish the work by the end of next month
3in the end 加of 短语：They wanted to find a place to rest in in the end they saw a village
78have gone tohave been tohave been in 1have gone to+点已…（未回）I can’t find those children where are they
They have gone to the farm (农场)
2have been to+点…（原现已回）句尾常接次数点before句中常ever never等
She has been to Qingdao three times I have been to two big cities
Have you been to Dalian before I have neverever been to Dalian
I have never been there before (短语省略to)
3have been in+点已…（久）句尾常接for+时间段since +时间点般时句子
Peter has been in China for a long time
I’ve been here for 2 hourssince 2 hours ago (短语省略in)
79allwhole法：all (of) the land all (of) the class all (of) the students…all 定冠词the 前 the whole school the whole country the whole area…whole 定冠词the
80a bit a little区：作副词直接加形容词副词
I’m a bit a little hungry She feels a bit a little tired
作代词形容词接名词时：
I have only a little drink She ate a little bread and went out
(a little 直接加名词) 文：I have only a bit of drink
She ate a bit of bread and went out (a bit 先加of加名词)
81擅长擅长 …利…害：
擅长：be good at do well in
擅长：be bad in be poor in be weak in do badly in
…利：be good for …害：be bad for
82 表数量词短语部分法：1none all some most plenty of a lot of (lots of) 接数名词复数接数名词2many (a) few a number of several接数名词复数3much (a) little a bit of接数名词
83易错副词：1really修饰动词副词形容词常前面I really love reading I really miss you (修饰动词)
Tom speaks really quickly 汤姆说非常快（修饰副词）
It’s really kind of you 真 (修饰形容词)
2very much常修饰动词want miss hate love like dislike enjoy take after(长…) move(…感动) excite(…激动)等等常句尾Jack wants to go there very much 杰克想
I hate reciting the words very much 讨厌背单词
He enjoyed the film very much 喜欢部电影
He takes after his mother very much 长妈妈
(very much 修饰形容词副词：I’m happy very much He is lucky very much错误)
3very修饰形容词副词放前面：
She is very kind I am very happy Peter speaks very slowly
(very修饰动词：I very like English He very misses you等类似结构错误)
84常现完成时词短语：for（加时间段句中谓语延续性动词）since（加时间点般时句子句谓语延续性动词）How long（时间段forsince引导容提问句中谓语延续性动词）inall one’s life（某生）induring the pastlast+时间段 (…时间) so far（目前止）yet（句尾疑问句否定句中）already (句中句尾肯定陈述句中) everneverjustbefore(单独句子末尾常时态时间段加before 常完成时) recently等
85形容词副词区：1形容词修饰名词作定语（划线部分）：
She is a kind girl What bad weather I bought a new bike
形容词系动词作表语(划线部分)：
The girl is kind His face turned red It tastes sweet
2副词(划线部分)修饰动词形容词副词修饰整句子
He ran quickly Please speak loudly Tim lives alone 修饰动词
She is very angry He felt too tired I’m so lucky 修饰形容词
He got up quite early She did it very well 修饰副词
Unluckily I failed the English exam 修饰整句子
86everydayevery day everyday形容词接名词日常He is practicing everyday English every day副词作时间状语天We speak English every day
87everyoneevery one 1everyone家指接of短语Everyone is here except Tom
2every one指指物接of短语Every one of us has a dictionary Every one of the trees is tall
88noneno one 1no one没指接of短语
No one has been to Beihai Park No one told us about it
(面of短语none)
2none没没东西指指物指数名词指数名词常接of短语
None of the children hashave been to Beihai Park
（处指of短语no one）
A How many elephants did you see there B None
（话中none单独指物no one）
89交通工具表达1by bike car sea(ship) air(plane) (冠词)
2on a horseback his bike the plane a ship (冠词限定词)
3in hisa car (car前in) 4on foot 5动词短语 ride a bike a horse drive a car walk take a plane taxi bus fly
90kind of kinds of
1kind of 单独表示点接形容词副词：
He is kind of thin点瘦 I feel kind of hungry点饿
Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly 王叔叔说点快
2kind of前a this that等译种种种 加名词
That kind of question is difficult to answer 类问题难回答
3熟记短语：all kinds of种样many kinds of种类different kinds of种类 加名词 动词接语言Do you speak English
91rain snow wind常见修饰词：a strong wind阵强风
a heavy rain场雨heavy snow雪（名词短语）
blow hard猛烈吹snow heavily雪rain hardheavily雨（动词短语）
92day部分法：1on Teachers’ Day表节日周前on
2in the day daytime白天前加in 3in eight days八天in 4(in) those these days 现
5today nextlastthisthateveryall day等前面常加介词
样on SundayMondaySaturday介词on（时省略） nextlastthisthatevery等时加on
93名词部分法：1family家庭家庭成员指整体时表示单数谓语动词单数形式指成员时表示复数谓语复数形式：His family is going to move My family is large
（指整体谓语单数）
My familyare very well全家健康（指成员谓语复数）般区分谓语单复数形式类似：staff(职员)class team public(公众)government等
2名词表复数谓语复数people police cattle等：The police are searching for a man with a big nose
The cattle are eating grass in the field
3deer fishsheep等词单数复数形式相：
a deer(鹿) two deer(两鹿) a fish(条鱼) two fish(两条鱼)
a sheep(羊) some sheep(羊)
外fish表示种类时复数加es two fishes(两种鱼)
4名词单数变复数特殊形式：
man→men woman→women foot→feet tooth→teeth
mouse→mice child→children ox→oxen (公牛)
5名词通常复数形式：
scissors (剪刀) clothes(衣服) trousers (裤子) glasses(眼镜)
6名词数名词： It’s such great fun What fun
What good news I won’t do anything in such bad weather
Can you tell me some information I like music which is popular
类似：a piece of chalk much knowledge learn a little English等
94leave法：1leave指离开leave Zhengzhou离开郑州
leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan离开郑州武汉
leave for Wuhan动身武汉 (for接目出发)
2leave留忘记 I left my backpack at home
leave接点forget点Sorry I forgot the money
95 illsick区：1译生病ill系动词作表语： Her mother was ill in bed sick作表语（美语中）作定语：Her mother was sick in bed Jane is taking care of her sick mother (处定语ill 见文ill法)
2ill作定语译坏恶劣an ill person坏
sick作表语时常译恶心想吐
The boy always feels sick when he travels by car
96return法：1返回相go back get back come back ：Ann will visit you when he returns to London
（返回时物动词先加to加点外return已含back意思back）
2相give back：I have returned the dictionary
（时物动词直接加物接时方加to 样back ：You should return the piano to Dick on time）
97favourite own类似结构 形容词性物代词 + favorite +名词（某喜欢）者 + own + 名词(某)
：My favorite animal is dog He found hisown bike
98stop start(begin) forget(remember) likego on等动词：
1stop doing sth 停止正做某事stop to do sth 停做某事（stop做事）He was tired so he stopped working
He was tired so he stopped to have a rest 注意时两种形式会时出现：He was tired so he stopped working to have a rest
2startbegin doingto do 含义基相情况startbegin接to do ★start begin 已进行时态时：He is just beginning starting to write the letter ★语物时：The ice began started to melt ★动词想法感情关时：He began started to understand it
3forgetremember to do sth 忘记想起做事
forget remember doing sth 忘记想起已做事
4like doing sth (爱喜欢表示种惯)
Jack likes sleeping in the class
(班睡觉事杰克爱睡觉惯)
like to do sth(认明智正确喜欢)
She likes to help others （助件正确事喜欢）
I don’t like to play in the street (街玩明智喜欢)
时区明显接两形式He likes watching to watch TV
5go on doing sth继续做某事（文做事）go on to do sth接做件事（文做事）
99普通代词形式：
格 宾格形容词性物代词名词性物代词反身代词
(作语)(作宾语) (接名词) (接名词) (宾致)
I me my penhouse mine myself
you() you your bagcar yours yourself
he him his deskcoat his himself
she her her hairbooks hers herself
it it its tailface its itself
we us our teacherroom ours ourselves
you() you your classhometown yours yourselves
they them their schoolfathers theirs themselves
100基数词序数词：基数词表示物数量序数词表示物次序注意种形式：one→first two→second
three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth thirty等类推
外四十forty 字母u 第九ninth字母e
101room space place 1room房间（数）a room two rooms
空间（数）：指容纳东西目空间
Could you make room for me 空间？
Is there room for me in the car 车里位子？
2space空间普通语表示万物存处时间（time）相概念in the dark space黑暗宇宙空间（太空）
time and space时间空间
Is there any space for me in the car (处room含义相)
3place方（数）指某具体点
I want to live in a place which is warm in winter
Mount Chaya is a wonderful place 嵖岈山奇妙
102常见国籍语言应：
1China中国Chinese（复数形式）中国（）中文（）中国 a Chinese two Chinese两中国
Japan Japanese 类似
2England英国（原义：英格兰） ( Britain)
English（复数形式）英国（）英语（）英国
He is English(前冠词) He is an Englishman(前冠词)英国
注意复数：They are English They are Englishmen (变men)
3France法国 French(复数形式)法国() 法语() 法国
The lady is French (前冠词) The lady is a Frenchwoman(前冠词)
注意复数：The ladies are French The ladies are Frenchwomen
4Germany德国German德国() 德语() 德国
The boy is a German (前冠词) The boys are Germans(复数加s）
5America美国 American美国（） 美国
He is American(前常冠词）They are Americans(复数加s)
103易写错词形◆noise(名词)噪音 noisy(形容词) noisily(副词) ◆health(名词)健康 healthy(形容词) healthily(副词)
◆luck(名词)运气 lucky(形容词)幸运 luckily(副词)
◆succeed(动词)成功 success(名词) successful(形容词) successfully(副词) ◆save(动词)救节省存 safe(形容词)安全 safety(名词)安全安全场safely（副词 ）◆true（形容词）真 truly(副词)真正 truth(名词)真理事实◆terrible(形容词)难受怕 terribly(副词)
104 jobwork1job 数：I have a job as a teacher
Jobs are not easy to get He wants a job 2work 数
I cannot find work in this town Have you finished your work
105within表示：1with工具：write with a pen a pencil
a piece of chalk 2in写字材料：write in ink pen (前冠词)
106时刻表达：1分钟未半点720→seven twenty→twenty
past seven 202→two oh two→two past two 2分钟已半点545→five fortyfive→a quarter to six→fifteen to six 158→one fiftyeight→two to two 3刚半点930→nine thirty→half past nine 4刚整点1100→eleven o’clock
107be + 形 + of sb for sb区：1It’s kind of you to help me
解释：kind nice good clever foolishlazy等词表示特点性格句相说You are kind to help me 情况介词of 2It’s easy for you to do the work 解释：easydifficult necessary important dangerous interesting等词果句中反映特点性格句中说You are easy 做
项工作件事容易情况介词for ：It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain 爬山危险说危险for sb 某说意
108 take bring fetchcarry 译◆take走说话处带处 ◆bring带处带说话处◆fetch先东西然返回说话处◆carry搬扛没特定方性
109 条件祈 时条件句祈句相意思注意句子结构
If you work hard you will achieve your dream 相 Work hard and you will achieve…
If you don’t listen to me carefully you won’t understand it 相：Listen to me carefully or you won’t understand it
110 in on at + 时间：1in three days (…时间常般时) in September
in 1998 in the 1860s(十九世纪六十年代)
in the morning afternoon evening night
2on Christmas Eve on October 1st
on Sunday evenings on a cold morning
on Fridays on New Year’s Day
on the morning afternoon evening night of September 10th (morning afternoon evening nightearly late 修饰时介词in)
3at 600 at Christmas at noon at night
112 one daysomedaysome day区：
1one day某天天般时般时One day a stranger came to my house I will achieve my dream one day 2somedaysome day某天常般时one day互换I’m sure I can go to the Great Wall someday
113 missinglost 译丢失失踪
分动词现分词分词形式My pen is lost missing (表语)
I’ve found the missing lost book （定语）
114常见部分名词修饰词：1price(价格)常high low修饰 sell sth at a high low price 高 低价出售 The price of the shoes is high low 2number(数量)常big largesmall修饰 3quality(质量品质)常low poorhigh good修饰 4population(口)常big largesmall修饰
(词many much修饰)
11 现完成时句型
1）It is the first second time that…结构中句部分现完成时例：
It is the first time that I have visited the city 第次访问城市
This is the first time （that） I＇ve heard him sing 第次听唱歌
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late
2）This is +形容词高级+that…结构that 句现完成时例：
This is the best film that I＇ve （ever） seen 电影
典型例题
（1） Do you know our town at all No this is the first time I ___ here
A was B have been C came D am coming
答案B This is the first time 面加句应现完成时选B
（2） Have you ____ been to our town before No it＇s the first time I ___ here
A even come B even have come C ever come D ever have come
答案D ever意时反意词never两词常完成时
注意：非延续性动词否定形式表示延续时间状语连动作发生状态持续
（错）I have received his letter for a month
（）I haven＇t received his letter for almost a month
1112 较sincefor
Since 说明动作起始时间for说明动作延续时间长度例：
I have lived here for more than twenty years住二十年
I have lived here since I was born 出生起住
注意：非for 作时间状语句子现完成时
I worked here for more than twenty years （现已里工作）
I have worked here for many years（现里工作）
注意：句型转换方法容易排非延续动词forsince结构完成时中误
1）（） Tom has studied Russian for three years Tom began to study Russian three years ago and is still studying it now
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years Harry began to get married six years ago and is still getting married now
显然第二句应改 Harry got married six years ago Harry has been married for six years
1113 since四种法
1） since +时间点（具体年月日期钟点1980 last month half past
six）例：
I have been here since 1989 1989起直
2） since +段时间+ ago例：
I have been here since five months ago 已五月
3） since +句例：
Great changes have taken place since you left 走变化
Great changes have taken place since we were here 走变化
4） It is +段时间+ since句例：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student 考研究生两年
1114 延续动词瞬间动词
1） 完成时区
延续动词表示验历 瞬间动词表示行结果表示段时间状语连例：
He has completed the work 已完成项工作 （表结果）
I＇ve known him since then 时起认识（表历）
2） till until句差异
延续动词肯定句表示做……直…… 瞬间动词否定句表示…………例：
He didn＇t come back until ten o＇clock 10 点回
He slept until ten o＇clock 直睡10点
典型例题
1 You don＇t need to describe her I ___ her several times
A had met B have met C met D meet
答案B 首先题句强调现影响知道模样描述次several
times告知反复发生动作现完成时
2 I＇m sorry to keep you waiting
Oh not at all I ___here only a few minutes
A have been B had been C was D will be
答案A 等动作开始持续现应现完成时
17 完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a 状态完成：表示某事继续某时止直状态例：
They will have been married for 20 years by then 时结婚二十年
b 动作完成：表示某时动作前已完成动作获验例：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow 明天时已达海
1118 现进行时
现进行时基法：
a 表示现（指说话说话时）正发生事情例： We are waiting for you 正等
b 惯进行：表示长期重复性动作说话时动作未必正进行例：
Mr Green is writing another novel 写部说（说话时未写处写作状态）
c 表示渐变样动词：get grow become turn run go begin等例：
The leaves are turning red 叶子变红
It＇s getting warmer and warmer 天越越热
d always constantly forever 等词连表示反复发生动作持续存状态带说话观色彩例：
You are always changing your mind 老改变意
典型例题
My dictionary ___ I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it
A has lost don＇t find B is missing don＇t find C has lost haven＇t found D is missing haven＇t found
答案D 前句持续状态应进行时没找影响然存应完成时瞬间动词否定式时完成时
1119 进行时动词
1）表示事实状态动词have belong possess cost owe exist include
contain matter weigh measure continue等例：I have two brothers 两兄弟
This house belongs to my sister 房子姐
2）表示心理状态动词know realize think see believe suppose imagine agree recognize remember want need forget prefer mean understand love hate等例：I need your help 需帮助
He loves her very much 爱深
3）瞬间动词accept receive complete finish give allow decide refuse等例：
I accept your advice 接受劝告
4）系动词seem remain lie see hear smell feel taste get become turn等例：
You seem a little tired 点累
1120 进行时
1）概念：表示某时正进行状态动作
2）进行时法描述件事发生背景长动作延续时候短动作发生
3） 常时间状语this morning the whole morning all day yesterday from nine to ten last evening when while等例：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself 兄弟骑车时摔受伤
It was raining when they left the station 离开车站时正着雨
When I got to the top of the mountain the sun was shining 达山顶时阳光灿烂
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger
A made B is making C was making D makes
答案C
割伤手指已发生事情应时时when表时间时性玛丽做衣服时提供事情发生背景进行时
2） As she ___ the newspaper Granny ___ asleep
A readwas falling B was reading fell C was reading was falling D readfell
答案B句中as when while意……时描述件事发生背景时进行长动作发生时候短动作发生句意 报纸时奶奶睡着句中 fell（fall时）系动词形容词：fall sick
31称代词法
1）称代词格句子中作语语补语例：
John waited a while but eventually he went home
约翰等会回家
32 称代词宾格换
1) 宾格代格
a简短话中称代词单独not 宾语
I like English 喜欢英语
Me too 喜欢
Have more wine 点酒喝
Not me
b表示较非正式文体中常宾格代格 果较状语谓语保留语格
He is taller than Ime
He is taller than I am
2) 格代宾格
a 介词butexcept 时格代宾格
b 电话语中常格
I wish to speak to Mary 想玛丽通话
This is she 玛丽
注意：动词be to be 称代词视前面名词代词定
I thought it was she (格格)
I thought it to be her (宾格宾格)
I was taken to be she 成 (格格)
They took me to be her 成 (宾格宾格)
33 代词指代问题
1）定代词 anybodyeverybodynobodyanyone someone everyoneno one whoeverperson正式场合时he his him代
Nobody came did he 谁没
2）动物名词指代般itthey代时he she带亲切感情色彩
Give the cat some food She is hungry 猫吃饿
3）指代车国家船舶名词含感情色彩时常she
34 列称代词排列序
1) 单数称代词列作语时序：
第二称 －> 第三称 －> 第称
you －> heshe it > I
You he and I should return on time
2) 复数称代词作语时序：
第称 －> 第二称 －> 第三称
we －> you －> They
注意： 列情况中第称放前面
a 承认错误承担责时
It was I and John that made her angry
约翰惹生气
b 长辈晚辈长官属说话时长官第称 ：I and you try to finish it
c 列语第称第三称时
d 称代词名词定语句修饰时
物代词
1）物代词表示属作指代作例：
John had cut his finger apparently there was a broken glass on his desk
约翰割破手指显易见桌子破玻璃杯
物代词形容词性（my your等）名词性（mine yours等）两种形容词性物代词属限定词
名词性物代词法相省略中心名词 ＇s属格结构例：
Jack＇s cap 意 The cap is Jack＇s
His cap 意 The cap is his
复合句中果句句语相代词语句中名词语句中例：
When he arrived John went straight to the bank
约翰直接银行
双重格
物代词 a an this that these those some any several no each every such another which等词起前置修饰名词必须双重格
公式：
a an this that +名词+of +名词性物代词：
a friend of mine
each brother of his
37 反身代词
1） 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself）做宾语
a 动词需反身代词
absent bathe amuse blame dry cut enjoy hurt introduce behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night 昨晚玩开心
Please help yourself to some fish 请便吃点鱼
b 物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in be annoyed with help oneself to sth
I could not dress (myself) up at that time 时候扮
注：动词反身代词 get up sitdown stand up wake up等
Please sit down 请坐
3） 作表语 位语
be oneself I am not myself today 天舒服
The thing itself is not important 事情身重
4） 强调情况but except for 等介词宾语反身代词称代词宾格均：
No one but myself (me) is hurt
注意：
a 反身代词身单独作语
(错) Myself drove the car
() I myself drove the car 开车
b and or nor连接列语中第二语反身代词特myself 作语
Charles and myself saw it
5）第二称作宾语反身代词
You should be proud of yourself 应感骄傲
指示代词
1） 指示代词分单数（this that）复数（these those）两种形式作限定词做代词例：
单数 复数
限定词：This girl is Mary Those men are my teachers
代词： This is Mary Those are my teachers
315 oneanotherthe other
one… the other 两
some… the others 三
one… anotheranother…
some… othersothers…
others other peoplethings
the others the rest 剩余全部
1) 泛指another
2) 定范围两(物)onethe other
3) 定范围三者oneone (another)第三the othera third
4) 定范围部分物剩余全部the others
5) 泛指物时others定范围部分剩余部分全部时others
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1宾语句：1句般现时句根实际情况适时态He says (that) he will have a walk soon
The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school
I want to know who came here late this morning
2句般时句时
He wondered if I would come She told me that her son had got well
She said that she liked watching TV We thought Jim was wrong
3句时态句表客观真理般现时
Mr Li said the moon is smaller than the earth
4宾语句引导词陈述句语序
Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan（will you）
Do you know which sweater she is wearing (is she)
2状语句：1句般时祈句含表情态动词等if(果) unless(非)when(…时候) as soon as(……)before after until till as(…时候)引导状语句般现时
You may take a rest when you finish doing your work
I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week
Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives
2句般时句时：
I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars
When he got to the park his classmates had left
My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street
3定语句：关系代词who指which指物that指指物whose 必须名词指指物关系词作语时省略作宾语时省略whom指作宾语关系副词where指里when指时
She is a girl whothat is beauti l and kindhearted
She is a girl (whowhomthat) I know very well
That boy whosehair is very long is my brother (属)
The girl whois tall is my sister I own a bike whoseprice is high
I bought a watch (whichthat) I paid 100 yuan for （指物）
I prefer a place whichthatis clean and quiet
I prefer a place whereI can live a quiet life （）
I shall never forget the day whena boy helped me find my dog
4wishhope1wish接to do sth sb to do sth that句
I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao
I wish youto join my party this Sunday
I wish (that) I could be a scientist
2hope接to do sth that句 接sb to do sth
I hope to receive a letter from you some day
I hope (that) everything goes well I hope you will get well soon
5thanks forthanks to Thanks for your helping me with the work
(表达方做某事感谢补充结果)
Thanks to your suggestion I didn’t make such mistakes
(表达感谢某方做利事出现面结果)
6感官动词法：see hear listen to watch notice feel等词接宾语接动词原形 动词ing 分表示全程正进行句中频率词时词常动词原形
I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep (正进行)
I heard someone knock at the door three times (听全程)
I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school (频率词)
词动语态面原动词原形改带to定式：
We saw him go into the restaurant with his wife →
He was seen to go into the restaurant with his wife
7感官动词法二：look sound smell taste feel系动词接形容词He looks It sounds good The flowers smell beauti l The sweets taste sweet The silk feels soft I felt tired
动词动语态The sweets are tasted sweet错误
注意：果加介词like 接形容词接名词代词：
He looks like his mother That sounds like a good idea
It smells like a flower It tastes like salt
8findthink部分法 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(代宾)
宾补情况：1名词短语John found his son a clever boy
2形容词短语Mrs Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy
3时宾补接带to定式I found it hard to fool the girl
9would likewantfeel like 1 would likewant类似：◇接名词短语：I would like want another three desks ◇接带to 定式：I would like want to go out for a walk ◇接sb然带to 定式 I would like you to give me a hand
2 feel like ◇接名词短语：Do you feel like some tea
◇接动词须动词ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk I don’t feel like drinking teafeel like常疑问句否定句中
10词序易错短语：1 形容词修饰定代词定副词形容词面Is there anything delicious in the fridge
Nothing serious There is something wrong with the computer
I want to go somewhere warm
2 else修饰疑问词定代词定副词放面
What else can you see in the picture Who else is in the room
Do you have anything else to say Where else can you see it
3 enough修饰形容词副词enough 放面
This sweater is cheap enough Nemo is old enough to work
He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog
11评价天气提问区：1What do you think of …
How do you like … …？(How…句中like动词) 2What’s the weather like in… How is the weather in……天气什样(What…句中like介词)
12take cost pay spend区：
1 It + take + sb + some time + to do sth
It took us half an hour to cut down the tree
2 物+cost+sb+钱 The bag cost me thirty yuan (cost cost cost)
costsb 译作价钱：The bag costs 30 Yuan
3 + pay +sb + 钱+ for sth I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike (pay paid paid) (pay加容视具体情况取舍)
4 + spend + 时间 钱 + on sth (in) doing sth
The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet
The girl always spends much money on her clothes
spend 时指度：spend holiday weekends winter
13双宾结构：pass give teach offer lend send sell call showbuy
ask tell build等加双宾结构接sb + sth
中pass give offer lend send sell show等接sth + to sb
buy build等接sth + for sb
外sth代词时双宾结构Please pass it to me
14部分词作连词介词：（连词接句子介词接名词代词）
Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher （连词）
Keep care l when listening to the teacher （介词）
类似while than before after as since until等
：I’ll wait until I hear from her （连词）
I’ll wait until next Friday （介词）
15动词ed动词ing作形容词法 1 动词ed作形容词：表示动已发生常作定语The boy named Peter is my friend
做彼男孩朋友划线部分起修饰作
He’s eating fried chicken 吃炸鸡There is no time left
I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun读部鲁迅写说
He lives in a house builttwenty years ago
2 动词ing作形容词：表示正进行功常作定语
the ing boy a running bus the rising sun a bus running on the road the boy ing in the corner (正进行)
a sitting room the sleeping car the bathing suit (功)
16动词ed动词ing作形容词法二：心理感受关ed修饰ing常修饰物I felt surprised at his words
How exciting the film is I want to go to a place which is relaxing
17动词ing带to定式作语：
To be a teacher is my dream Working hard brings you success
Taking care of our environment is very important
To plant trees makes me happy （谓语单数）
Reading books gives you knowledge (谓语单数)
Listening and writing are both difficult (谓语复数)
18later after ago before 1later…时间结构：时间段+later
常般时They went to Beijing five days later
(later单独句尾常时：I’ll see you later)
2after…时间结构：after+时间段常般时1相They went to Beijing after five days
(after加句子：I’ll send you an email after I get home He found out the information after he had searched the Internet for thirty minutes)
3ago…时间前结构：时间段+ago 般时The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago
(since +时间段+ago句现完成时)
4before 单独放句尾常现完成时：前
I have been to London before He has seen the film before
(时间段+before 常完成时译…时间前：
I had seen the film two weeks before We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before)
19四季：spring春summer夏autumn秋winter冬season季
20月：January 月February 二月March 三月April 四月
May 五月June 六月July 七月August 八月September 九
月October 十月November 十月December 十二月
21星期：Sunday 星期日Monday 星期Tuesday 星期二
Wednesday 星期三Thursday 星期四Friday 星期五
Saturday 星期六Sunday第天Saturday天
22：either 否定句末尾also 通常挨着动词少句尾too 通常句尾前常逗号as well 句尾
注意：三词否定句
23带to定式法：带to定式逻辑宾语前时to动词物动词物时需加介词The apples are too tall for the boy to reach The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in
24(a) little (a) few 1fewlittle没少否定词few加数名词复数 little加数名词2a few肯定词加数名词复数 a little点肯定词加数名词3外too very so等词few little only just still等词a few a little quite a few a little译
25物动词+副词：put onoffawayupdownout break offdown
turn onoffupdown get back use up give awayoutupback try outon ringcall up let down clean upout set up think up hand inout fix up work out dress uppick up help out
keep offoutdown cut down write down wake up(醒)
take offaway sell out look upover eat up throw awayoff
宾语名词时放中间边代词时放中间
26as……as法：1…样… His room is as big as mine
He runs as fast as I me 2as…as possiblesb can …
We went there as soon as possible快 Listen to the teacher as carefully you can 3短语意思：as soon as …样快……as much as…样达as long as…样长长达as well as…样…样as far as远达…说
27prefer法：prefer sthdoing sth to sthdoing sth起…更喜欢…
prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿…愿…
prefer to do sth prefer doing sth 更喜欢做某事
28 some any every法：1some某～～肯定陈述句中I have something to tell you Maybe somebody has taken it 疑问句中表示期方肯定回答表示请求建议 Why not ask somebody to help you Shall we give him something to eat What about some milk Could you please lend me some chairs 2any 疑问句中译某～～Do you have anything to say？Is anybody in the house？肯定句否定句中译～You may put the box anywhere in the room He is taller than any other student in the class We don’t have anything to eat this morning 3every～强调包括包括彼Is everybody here？NoTom and Lucy have asked for leave The glass was broken and the water went everywhere
29动词时态形式：八时态：般现时现进行时(amisare + ving)般时(willshallbe going to+动词原形)般时进行时(waswere +ving)现完成时(havehas + v 分词)完成时(had + v 分词)时(would + v 原形) 六形式：原形式分词第三称单数(加ses)现分词(ving)带to定式
30ifwhether区：if 果(引导条件状) 否(引导宾)
whether(引导步状) 否(引导宾)
译否时whether接or not 接带to定式
if 外if接any单词常接some单词
If you have any water please give me some
31：because 常why回答语气强
since 位置：Since…… Since it’s already late I must go now
for 位置：…for…语气弱I drove carefully for it’s snowing
as时指法基限制
32表推测：must may might can could can’t
must定性常肯定句
There is the door bell it must be Tom
may might许般肯定句 maymight性
She is coming to us She might be our new teacher
can couldcouldcan语气更委婉can否定
You could be right but I don’t think you are
The light in the office is off The teacher can’t be there now
33sosuch区：so副词形容词副词so tallslowly…
such形容词名词短语such bad weather good news…
such a beautiful girl an important lesson a heavy stone…
such kind boys new desks friendly people amazing movies…
名词前形容词many much few little时such so
so many flowers much rain few friends little water…
常so such …that…句型译…致…
34so两法：1so + be情态动词助动词+语…
文指物The twins are working so am I
I will stay up tonight and so will Peter
话形式：A I woke up late this morning B So did I
2so + 语 + be情态动词助动词确…文指物A We have lunch at school B So you do
：A Bruce can work out the problem B So he can
35neithernor法：neithernor+ be情态动词助动词+语
…文否定句She didn’t get well nor did her brother
话形式：A Jim hasn’t had breakfast B Neither have I
36keep make gethave法：
1keep + sbsth doing sth …直做… I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long keep + doing sth 坚持做某事
2make + sbsth do sth…做某事I’ll try to make you understand what I mean I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long
3get + sbsth to do sth…做某事He got Peter to buy him a pen
4have + 宾语+ 动词原形 ing 分词
Have him do it please做吧We had the machine working
台机器直工作着We had the machine repaired修理台机器（台机器修理）
5接形容词：keep safebusy keep the door closedopen
make us happy get the door closed have everything ready
37used短语：used to + 动原常常He used to smoke
be used to 译…接动原It is used to cut things
be used to 译惯…接动词ing名词代词
：He’s used to working late We are all used to following others
be used for + 目（名词动词ing）：
English is used for businessKnives are used for cutting things
38 throughpastacross 作介词穿前常位移动词
He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away
He went past me without saying any words
He swam across the river through部 past旁边 across表面
位移动词+ past 相动词pass 位移动词+across相cross
39the number of a number of 前者…数量者许
数名词复数前者作语谓语单数者作语谓语复数The number of the trees is two thousand 单数is
A number of trees have been cut down复数have
40延续性动词：How longsincefor(见84）untiltill等肯定句中句谓语延续性动词
How long may I keep this novel I’ve lived here since 2002
Let’s wait until he comes back 否定句中短暂性动词：
I haven’t seen you for a long time
41alleachbothnoneeitherneither
1All boysAll of the boys are from China all 接数复数谓语复数All of the water is polluted 接数谓语单数
2Each boyEach of the boys has a different bag each接名词单数接of + 限定词+复数谓语单数
3Both of the twins are clever 面谓语复数
4None of the students hashave been there before
none +of +限定词+复数 谓语单复数见88
5When shall we meet Saturday or Sunday
Either day is OK Either of the days is OK 谓语单数
6When shall we meet Saturday or Sunday
Sorry I have to look after my mother these two days That is neither time is OK neither of the days is OK 谓语单数
alleachnone分指三者更中 没botheitherneither两者中没
42计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词
The building is twenty meters tall The street is forty meters wide
The fish is five kilos heavy This baby is only six months old
计量表达面名词连字符单位复数
They dug an eightmeterdeep hole I bought a 10kiloheavy fish
It’s a piece of 2meterthick ice They built a 50meterwide street
It’s a twomonth holiday (处计量中形容词long省略)
43 Must I May I Need I … 法：1Must I …必须…？
A Must I finish the work B Yes you must No you needn’t
2May I ……？A May I go out for a walk now
B Yes you can No you mustn’tcan’t
3Need I…必…？
A Need I clean the house B Yes you must No you needn’t
44hundredthousandmillionbillion 前具体数字加sof 否加s 加of ：thousands of trees many millions of people
nine hundred people ten thousand students等前several常加sof：several million pounds
45反意疑问句(QT)部分法1something nothing anything everything作语QT语it
Something is wrong isn’t it Nothing is difficult is it
2I think Lucy can do well in the exam can’t she
I don’t think he will come here on time will he
QT结合think句定
3祈句QT般will you Let’s …shall we
Get up now will you Don’t be noisy will you
Be quiet will you Please don’t talk will you
Let us do it now will you Let’s do it now shall we
4There be句型QT语there
There is a man working in the field isn’tthere
There used to be a meeting on Friday didn’tthere
There won’t be a movie in the theatre willthere
46put on wear dress in 1put on穿接物表行短暂动词You should put on your coat when you leave
2wear穿穿着接物表状态延续性动词He always wears the yellow sweater in winter I like wearing beautiful clothes
3dress …穿衣接You can dress yourself baby
Lucy is dressing her little brother now
be dressed in常接具某种特征衣物
The lady is dressed in a white skirt white 直接加表颜色词
4in 穿着接具某种特征衣物表状态介词作谓语作状语The woman in a white skirt is my teacher
Do you know the girl in a red coat I’ve seen the boy in yellow
47虚拟语气部分法：非真实条件句中虚拟语气if 句中般时句动词wouldshould+动词原形表示现相反观设想表示说话实现性情况（注意：虚拟语气中be动词were）
If there were no air people would die (现事实相反)
If I got rich I would travel around the world (性)
48otherothersthe otherthe othersanother
1果特定指出泛指another 加数名词单数If you are still thirsty you may have another cup of tea （没特定指出杯茶泛指cup单数）
another+数字+数复数：The meeting will last another two hours We need another six desks
2果两两部分出范围中部分特指 (other前the)法：
第种说容两：
Mrs Green has two sons one is interested in math the other (one son) is good at science 两the other 加s 面名词省略 ：This pair of shoes is strange One is blue yet the other is green 双鞋子怪蓝色绿色
第二种两部分：种情况the other接数名词复数接名词the other加s Two fifths of the students in our class are boys the other students are girls the others are girls Two children went but the others stayed （孩子留）
3果没显示出两部分未出范围泛指加the
Lei Feng liked helping other people others
Have you any other questions
Alice didn’t like that dress so she asked to see some others
4other法：较级形式体现高级含义
He is taller than any other boy in his class (划线中boy单数)
He is taller than all the other boys in his class (划线中boy复数)
班里男孩高（班里男孩中高）
49how longhow oftenhow soonhow far 1how long 长度时间段提问How long is the river It’s 5000 kilometers long
How long have you lived there For five months Since 2002
2how often频率提问：never sometimes often usually always once a week twice a day three times a year every day等
How often do you watch TV Every two days Twice a week
次数how many times 提问：
How many times do you watch TV a week Twice only once
3how soon in + 时间段提问：
How soon will you return to Beijing In a week In two days
4how far时间段’s + walkridedrive计量表达提问
How far is it from your home to the school
Five minutes’ walk An hour’s ride Thirteen minutes’ drive
者说：It’s about 20 kilometers (far) away （问回答）
50分数表达：二分 half aan a half ：
half an hour a half hour半时 It’s half past seven(省略冠词)
情况中分子(基数词)超分母(序数词)需加s：
三分 a one third 三分二 two thirds
四分 aone fourth aone quarter
四分三 three fourthsthree quarters
五分 aone fifth 五分二 two fifths 类推
分数of短语作语谓语of名词定：
Two fifths of the students are on time (指名词复数时谓复) Two fifths of the land is polluted （指数时谓单）
51达：1get to + 点 get to ShanghaiLondonChina
接点副词时带to get therehomehere
2arrive in+点(BeijingZhengzhou)arrive at+点(schoolhospital) arrive作物动词单独：Please ring me up when you arrive
reach作物动词直接加点：reach BeijingEngland
常说reach hometherehere
52感叹句：What + 名词短语+语+谓语
What lazy boys (they are) What hard work What good news
What a good idea What bad weather (it is) What a pity
How +形容词 副词+ 语+ 谓语
How hard the work is How fast he runs How rude you are
How carefully they are listening How bad the weather is
53because instead out等加of区：
1because 接句子because of 接名词代词
He didn’t come because he was ill because of his illness
2instead副词单独句尾instead of 接名词代词
We didn’t have rice we had noodles instead instead of it
3out 副词单独接点先加of（作介词
…外加of 般求掌握)
He went out earlyHe went out of the house early
54too much too manymuch too
much too加形容词副词原级much too bigslowly等
too much太加数名词too much workrain等
too many太加数复数too many bookspeople等
55 alone lonely 1alone独单独含感情色彩
形容词系动词作表语：Jack is alone 杰克单身
The old woman is alone in the house 位老妇屋里
副词修饰动词：She lives alone 独居
Can you move the stone alone 独搬动块石头？
Dick is walking on the beach alone 狄克独海滩漫步
（注意：说very alone 说very much alone 特例）
2lonely 孤独寂寞带伤感色彩形容词
系动词作表语：The old man is lonely位老孤独
He has many relatives but he feels lonely 亲戚感孤独（lonely 心理感受关alone心理感受关）
名词前作定语：a lonely person位孤独
a lonely village偏僻村庄 （alone作定语）
56belong tobe This suit belongs to me Lucy my brother ()
This suit is mine Lucy’s my brother’s hers （某物某）
57by常见法：1通I study English by memorizing grammar You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary He travels by bike
2截止Will you finish the task by tomorrow
The train had left by the time he got there
3This novel was written by Lu Xun
4He passed by me without noticing me
5……旁边Sit by me They are playing by the river
58部分in短语：in English in a good way in a hurry
in pen ink (见105) in the day(见92) in different sizes
in different shapes in a difficult situation in good health
in a red coat in red(见46) in style in the open air(露天场)
59较级高级部分点：1规形式易错形式：
muchmany→more→most badbadlyill→worse→worst
far→fartherfurther→farthestfurthest little→less→least
few→fewer→fewest old→olderelder→oldesteldest
ly结尾形容词常ly换成lierliest
2常见较级高级句型：He runs faster than me (than)
He did better than any other student in the school (参48)
Tom is the cleverest boy in his class (某范围)
He is the taller of the two (boys) (两者句型中加the)
He is the tallest of the three (boys) (三者)
Which is better tea or milk (两者选择)
Which is the best tea milk or water (三者选择)
It’s the second longest river in China （序数词高级）
3越越…较级+and +较级
He cried harder and harder She is getting taller and taller
类似：bigger and bigger happier and happier fatter and fatter
stronger and stronger richer and richer worse and worse…
种情况：more and more beautiful slowly carefully …
4越… 越…the+较级分置两句开头倒装
The more difficult English is the harder you should study
The younger we are the more energy we have
The more you eat the fatter you will get
5越越…more and more +名词
More and more people are getting richer and richer
We need more and more desks paper trees water …
6…much + 形容词副词较级
This room is much bigger than that one
类似：much tallerfatteryoungerheavierfasterearlierbetter…
：much more carefuldifficulttiringsimilarmysterious…
7外…() …结构：数量+ more + 名词
one more towel three more suits many more tiles
much more truth some more meat a lot more wood
a little more experience once more one more time again
种结构时another + 数字 + 名词代：
five more trees another five trees (记住词位置)
60talk tell say speak 1talk作物动词
Don’t talk in class Shall we talk about our English study
He is talking with his teacher May I talk to you
(talk withto sb talk about sth)
2tell作物动词告诉讲常接双宾结构
Mr Li told us an interesting story Who told you the news
3say必须接容Please say it in English He said nothing
I disagree with you said Tom What will you say
say 接sb 需先加to I must say sorry to you
I overslept this morning he said to me
4speak说话物动词He spoke too fast for me to follow
接时先加介词to May I speak to Mr Smith
表说话力The baby can speak now
There is something wrong with his throat he can’t speak
演讲发言Who will speak in the meeting
说作物 动词
61sometimessome timessometimesome time
sometimes 时at times He is imes late for school
some times 次I have been to Nanjing some times
sometime 某时刻I bought it sometime last spring
We’ll meet again sometime next week
some time 段时间We have to stay here for some time
62need 法：1need情态动词（can等法类似need疑问句否定句中）：Need I go now (need 般疑问句开头) I needn’t tell you the answer (否定句中直接need加not) 情态动词时need时态变化
2need 行动词（want 等法类似）：
He needs a bike (直接加名词)
I need to go over my lessons (接带to定式)
Do you need to have a rest （般疑问句中do does did句首）
We don’t need to wait for her coming (否定句中dodoesdid提前)
注：need 接表动容时表达：
The TV needs to be repaired The TV needs repairing
63do with deal with 译处理付安排应付
What have you done with the milk what提问
How shall we deal with this problem how提问
面两句：Could you tell me what to do with the milk
Could you tell me how to deal with this problem
64原：常见：Either you or Lucyis wrong
There is a dog and two cats in the yard (there be句型)
Not only you but (also) Iam strict in the work
Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before
65谓致：OneNeither of you is right （单数谓语）
Tom with his friends has gone (语Tom 单数谓语)
This pair of shoes looks beautiful （语pair 单数谓语）
The shoes look beautiful （语pair 复数谓语）
Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it （单数谓语）
The old need to be looked after carefully The young are energetic
(the 加形容词表类谓语复数)
Mr and Mrs Green are from America 指格林夫妇 (复数谓语)
The teacher and writer is an able man指教师兼作家 单数谓语
Both you and I are excited about the news （复数谓语）
the number ofa number of参见39 （分数表达见50）
66quitesuchreally法：果出现定冠词时常放面
It’s quite an easy question He is quite a clever boy
It’s such an important lesson(见33) Lily is really a lazy girl
67部分what 提问句型：
What size do you want What will you do with the problem
What’s the population of China What day is it today
What’s the date today What’s the price of this one
68there be部分法：1There is only a student taking notes now
There is no need to open the box There are 20 trees to be planted
2常结构 there maywillmustis going toused to…be …
3there be中出现havehashad()词法见45
69常见表否定词短语no not hardly few little neither nor nothing nobody none nowhere等
时某句型中相否定without too…to…
without anything too tired to go any further
前缀dis un in缀less表否定
70常见接动词原形词短语 why not had better please would you please let make 情态动词等等
注意否定形式：had better would you please let直接加not + 动原please加don’t+动原
71常见接动词ing词短语：finish enjoy practice give up
end up put off consider keep feel like prefer…to…can’t help
be busy be worth take turns miss(错) spend have fun 介词等
72常见接带to定式词短语：want hope wish allow encourage ask tell pretend decide planinvite urge advisewarn seem in order () 疑问词等等 外it作形式语常带to定式 否定：词 + not + to do sth
73动语态(be +v分词)法：I did it →It was done
双宾He told us a story→We were told a story→A story was told to us She passed me a pen→I was passed a pen→A pen was passed to me 情态动词We can make a plan →A plan can be made
进行时态Tom is writing a letter→A letter is being written by Tom
完成时态：I have finished the work →The work has been finished
74名词属格作定语：1强调性时a man doctor two men doctors a woman teacher six women teachers 修饰词单数时性单数修饰词复数时性复数
2a girl actor four girl actors a boy player two boy players
a bus station some bus stations 复数变修饰词
3a boys’ team a gentlemen’s holiday the Teachers’ Day
the Children’s Day 复数 + ’s 作定语译……
4Father’s Day Mother’s Day 处单数 + ’s 作定语
（附：and连接名词属格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers 分两爸爸应分加’s
Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting 两爸爸两加’s）
75winbeat区：win加物：I’m sure Jim will win the match We won the first place in the sports meeting
beat加：I’m afraid they will beat us
I hope we can beat the boys’ team (男子队相)
76itthatone部分法：1it 指文某事物文This book is very useful I will take good care of it
it指文说事：My son has lost himself in the computer games I’m worried about it 2that文说类常指数名词The food in China is quite different from that in America The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu that指文说事：A I had an accident and broke my legs B I’m sorry to hear that 3one 指代文说某类数名词单数物This sweater is too expensive do you have another one(指毛衣文)
77atby the end of in the end 区：
1at the end of +时间点点…头…末尾
They will have a sports meeting at the end of March (加时间)
He put some books at the end of the bed (加点)
2by the end of +时间点截止…末
接时间点常完成时：They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month 接时间常般时：We shall finish the work by the end of next month
3in the end 加of 短语：They wanted to find a place to rest in in the end they saw a village
78have gone tohave been tohave been in 1have gone to+点已…（未回）I can’t find those children where are they
They have gone to the farm (农场)
2have been to+点…（原现已回）句尾常接次数点before句中常ever never等
She has been to Qingdao three times I have been to two big cities
Have you been to Dalian before I have neverever been to Dalian
I have never been there before (短语省略to)
3have been in+点已…（久）句尾常接for+时间段since +时间点般时句子
Peter has been in China for a long time
I’ve been here for 2 hourssince 2 hours ago (短语省略in)
79allwhole法：all (of) the land all (of) the class all (of) the students…all 定冠词the 前 the whole school the whole country the whole area…whole 定冠词the
80a bit a little区：作副词直接加形容词副词
I’m a bit a little hungry She feels a bit a little tired
作代词形容词接名词时：
I have only a little drink She ate a little bread and went out
(a little 直接加名词) 文：I have only a bit of drink
She ate a bit of bread and went out (a bit 先加of加名词)
81擅长擅长 …利…害：
擅长：be good at do well in
擅长：be bad in be poor in be weak in do badly in
…利：be good for …害：be bad for
82 表数量词短语部分法：1none all some most plenty of a lot of (lots of) 接数名词复数接数名词2many (a) few a number of several接数名词复数3much (a) little a bit of接数名词
83易错副词：1really修饰动词副词形容词常前面I really love reading I really miss you (修饰动词)
Tom speaks really quickly 汤姆说非常快（修饰副词）
It’s really kind of you 真 (修饰形容词)
2very much常修饰动词want miss hate love like dislike enjoy take after(长…) move(…感动) excite(…激动)等等常句尾Jack wants to go there very much 杰克想
I hate reciting the words very much 讨厌背单词
He enjoyed the film very much 喜欢部电影
He takes after his mother very much 长妈妈
(very much 修饰形容词副词：I’m happy very much He is lucky very much错误)
3very修饰形容词副词放前面：
She is very kind I am very happy Peter speaks very slowly
(very修饰动词：I very like English He very misses you等类似结构错误)
84常现完成时词短语：for（加时间段句中谓语延续性动词）since（加时间点般时句子句谓语延续性动词）How long（时间段forsince引导容提问句中谓语延续性动词）inall one’s life（某生）induring the pastlast+时间段 (…时间) so far（目前止）yet（句尾疑问句否定句中）already (句中句尾肯定陈述句中) everneverjustbefore(单独句子末尾常时态时间段加before 常完成时) recently等
85形容词副词区：1形容词修饰名词作定语（划线部分）：
She is a kind girl What bad weather I bought a new bike
形容词系动词作表语(划线部分)：
The girl is kind His face turned red It tastes sweet
2副词(划线部分)修饰动词形容词副词修饰整句子
He ran quickly Please speak loudly Tim lives alone 修饰动词
She is very angry He felt too tired I’m so lucky 修饰形容词
He got up quite early She did it very well 修饰副词
Unluckily I failed the English exam 修饰整句子
86everydayevery day everyday形容词接名词日常He is practicing everyday English every day副词作时间状语天We speak English every day
87everyoneevery one 1everyone家指接of短语Everyone is here except Tom
2every one指指物接of短语Every one of us has a dictionary Every one of the trees is tall
88noneno one 1no one没指接of短语
No one has been to Beihai Park No one told us about it
(面of短语none)
2none没没东西指指物指数名词指数名词常接of短语
None of the children hashave been to Beihai Park
（处指of短语no one）
A How many elephants did you see there B None
（话中none单独指物no one）
89交通工具表达1by bike car sea(ship) air(plane) (冠词)
2on a horseback his bike the plane a ship (冠词限定词)
3in hisa car (car前in) 4on foot 5动词短语 ride a bike a horse drive a car walk take a plane taxi bus fly
90kind of kinds of
1kind of 单独表示点接形容词副词：
He is kind of thin点瘦 I feel kind of hungry点饿
Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly 王叔叔说点快
2kind of前a this that等译种种种 加名词
That kind of question is difficult to answer 类问题难回答
3熟记短语：all kinds of种样many kinds of种类different kinds of种类 加名词 动词接语言Do you speak English
91rain snow wind常见修饰词：a strong wind阵强风
a heavy rain场雨heavy snow雪（名词短语）
blow hard猛烈吹snow heavily雪rain hardheavily雨（动词短语）
92day部分法：1on Teachers’ Day表节日周前on
2in the day daytime白天前加in 3in eight days八天in 4(in) those these days 现
5today nextlastthisthateveryall day等前面常加介词
样on SundayMondaySaturday介词on（时省略） nextlastthisthatevery等时加on
93名词部分法：1family家庭家庭成员指整体时表示单数谓语动词单数形式指成员时表示复数谓语复数形式：His family is going to move My family is large
（指整体谓语单数）
My familyare very well全家健康（指成员谓语复数）般区分谓语单复数形式类似：staff(职员)class team public(公众)government等
2名词表复数谓语复数people police cattle等：The police are searching for a man with a big nose
The cattle are eating grass in the field
3deer fishsheep等词单数复数形式相：
a deer(鹿) two deer(两鹿) a fish(条鱼) two fish(两条鱼)
a sheep(羊) some sheep(羊)
外fish表示种类时复数加es two fishes(两种鱼)
4名词单数变复数特殊形式：
man→men woman→women foot→feet tooth→teeth
mouse→mice child→children ox→oxen (公牛)
5名词通常复数形式：
scissors (剪刀) clothes(衣服) trousers (裤子) glasses(眼镜)
6名词数名词： It’s such great fun What fun
What good news I won’t do anything in such bad weather
Can you tell me some information I like music which is popular
类似：a piece of chalk much knowledge learn a little English等
94leave法：1leave指离开leave Zhengzhou离开郑州
leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan离开郑州武汉
leave for Wuhan动身武汉 (for接目出发)
2leave留忘记 I left my backpack at home
leave接点forget点Sorry I forgot the money
95 illsick区：1译生病ill系动词作表语： Her mother was ill in bed sick作表语（美语中）作定语：Her mother was sick in bed Jane is taking care of her sick mother (处定语ill 见文ill法)
2ill作定语译坏恶劣an ill person坏
sick作表语时常译恶心想吐
The boy always feels sick when he travels by car
96return法：1返回相go back get back come back ：Ann will visit you when he returns to London
（返回时物动词先加to加点外return已含back意思back）
2相give back：I have returned the dictionary
（时物动词直接加物接时方加to 样back ：You should return the piano to Dick on time）
97favourite own类似结构 形容词性物代词 + favorite +名词（某喜欢）者 + own + 名词(某)
：My favorite animal is dog He found hisown bike
98stop start(begin) forget(remember) likego on等动词：
1stop doing sth 停止正做某事stop to do sth 停做某事（stop做事）He was tired so he stopped working
He was tired so he stopped to have a rest 注意时两种形式会时出现：He was tired so he stopped working to have a rest
2startbegin doingto do 含义基相情况startbegin接to do ★start begin 已进行时态时：He is just beginning starting to write the letter ★语物时：The ice began started to melt ★动词想法感情关时：He began started to understand it
3forgetremember to do sth 忘记想起做事
forget remember doing sth 忘记想起已做事
4like doing sth (爱喜欢表示种惯)
Jack likes sleeping in the class
(班睡觉事杰克爱睡觉惯)
like to do sth(认明智正确喜欢)
She likes to help others （助件正确事喜欢）
I don’t like to play in the street (街玩明智喜欢)
时区明显接两形式He likes watching to watch TV
5go on doing sth继续做某事（文做事）go on to do sth接做件事（文做事）
99普通代词形式：
格 宾格形容词性物代词名词性物代词反身代词
(作语)(作宾语) (接名词) (接名词) (宾致)
I me my penhouse mine myself
you() you your bagcar yours yourself
he him his deskcoat his himself
she her her hairbooks hers herself
it it its tailface its itself
we us our teacherroom ours ourselves
you() you your classhometown yours yourselves
they them their schoolfathers theirs themselves
100基数词序数词：基数词表示物数量序数词表示物次序注意种形式：one→first two→second
three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth thirty等类推
外四十forty 字母u 第九ninth字母e
101room space place 1room房间（数）a room two rooms
空间（数）：指容纳东西目空间
Could you make room for me 空间？
Is there room for me in the car 车里位子？
2space空间普通语表示万物存处时间（time）相概念in the dark space黑暗宇宙空间（太空）
time and space时间空间
Is there any space for me in the car (处room含义相)
3place方（数）指某具体点
I want to live in a place which is warm in winter
Mount Chaya is a wonderful place 嵖岈山奇妙
102常见国籍语言应：
1China中国Chinese（复数形式）中国（）中文（）中国 a Chinese two Chinese两中国
Japan Japanese 类似
2England英国（原义：英格兰） ( Britain)
English（复数形式）英国（）英语（）英国
He is English(前冠词) He is an Englishman(前冠词)英国
注意复数：They are English They are Englishmen (变men)
3France法国 French(复数形式)法国() 法语() 法国
The lady is French (前冠词) The lady is a Frenchwoman(前冠词)
注意复数：The ladies are French The ladies are Frenchwomen
4Germany德国German德国() 德语() 德国
The boy is a German (前冠词) The boys are Germans(复数加s）
5America美国 American美国（） 美国
He is American(前常冠词）They are Americans(复数加s)
103易写错词形◆noise(名词)噪音 noisy(形容词) noisily(副词) ◆health(名词)健康 healthy(形容词) healthily(副词)
◆luck(名词)运气 lucky(形容词)幸运 luckily(副词)
◆succeed(动词)成功 success(名词) successful(形容词) successfully(副词) ◆save(动词)救节省存 safe(形容词)安全 safety(名词)安全安全场safely（副词 ）◆true（形容词）真 truly(副词)真正 truth(名词)真理事实◆terrible(形容词)难受怕 terribly(副词)
104 jobwork1job 数：I have a job as a teacher
Jobs are not easy to get He wants a job 2work 数
I cannot find work in this town Have you finished your work
105within表示：1with工具：write with a pen a pencil
a piece of chalk 2in写字材料：write in ink pen (前冠词)
106时刻表达：1分钟未半点720→seven twenty→twenty
past seven 202→two oh two→two past two 2分钟已半点545→five fortyfive→a quarter to six→fifteen to six 158→one fiftyeight→two to two 3刚半点930→nine thirty→half past nine 4刚整点1100→eleven o’clock
107be + 形 + of sb for sb区：1It’s kind of you to help me
解释：kind nice good clever foolishlazy等词表示特点性格句相说You are kind to help me 情况介词of 2It’s easy for you to do the work 解释：easydifficult necessary important dangerous interesting等词果句中反映特点性格句中说You are easy 做
项工作件事容易情况介词for ：It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain 爬山危险说危险for sb 某说意
108 take bring fetchcarry 译◆take走说话处带处 ◆bring带处带说话处◆fetch先东西然返回说话处◆carry搬扛没特定方性
109 条件祈 时条件句祈句相意思注意句子结构
If you work hard you will achieve your dream 相 Work hard and you will achieve…
If you don’t listen to me carefully you won’t understand it 相：Listen to me carefully or you won’t understand it
110 in on at + 时间：1in three days (…时间常般时) in September
in 1998 in the 1860s(十九世纪六十年代)
in the morning afternoon evening night
2on Christmas Eve on October 1st
on Sunday evenings on a cold morning
on Fridays on New Year’s Day
on the morning afternoon evening night of September 10th (morning afternoon evening nightearly late 修饰时介词in)
3at 600 at Christmas at noon at night
112 one daysomedaysome day区：
1one day某天天般时般时One day a stranger came to my house I will achieve my dream one day 2somedaysome day某天常般时one day互换I’m sure I can go to the Great Wall someday
113 missinglost 译丢失失踪
分动词现分词分词形式My pen is lost missing (表语)
I’ve found the missing lost book （定语）
114常见部分名词修饰词：1price(价格)常high low修饰 sell sth at a high low price 高 低价出售 The price of the shoes is high low 2number(数量)常big largesmall修饰 3quality(质量品质)常low poorhigh good修饰 4population(口)常big largesmall修饰
(词many much修饰)
11 现完成时句型
1）It is the first second time that…结构中句部分现完成时例：
It is the first time that I have visited the city 第次访问城市
This is the first time （that） I＇ve heard him sing 第次听唱歌
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late
2）This is +形容词高级+that…结构that 句现完成时例：
This is the best film that I＇ve （ever） seen 电影
典型例题
（1） Do you know our town at all No this is the first time I ___ here
A was B have been C came D am coming
答案B This is the first time 面加句应现完成时选B
（2） Have you ____ been to our town before No it＇s the first time I ___ here
A even come B even have come C ever come D ever have come
答案D ever意时反意词never两词常完成时
注意：非延续性动词否定形式表示延续时间状语连动作发生状态持续
（错）I have received his letter for a month
（）I haven＇t received his letter for almost a month
1112 较sincefor
Since 说明动作起始时间for说明动作延续时间长度例：
I have lived here for more than twenty years住二十年
I have lived here since I was born 出生起住
注意：非for 作时间状语句子现完成时
I worked here for more than twenty years （现已里工作）
I have worked here for many years（现里工作）
注意：句型转换方法容易排非延续动词forsince结构完成时中误
1）（） Tom has studied Russian for three years Tom began to study Russian three years ago and is still studying it now
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years Harry began to get married six years ago and is still getting married now
显然第二句应改 Harry got married six years ago Harry has been married for six years
1113 since四种法
1） since +时间点（具体年月日期钟点1980 last month half past
six）例：
I have been here since 1989 1989起直
2） since +段时间+ ago例：
I have been here since five months ago 已五月
3） since +句例：
Great changes have taken place since you left 走变化
Great changes have taken place since we were here 走变化
4） It is +段时间+ since句例：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student 考研究生两年
1114 延续动词瞬间动词
1） 完成时区
延续动词表示验历 瞬间动词表示行结果表示段时间状语连例：
He has completed the work 已完成项工作 （表结果）
I＇ve known him since then 时起认识（表历）
2） till until句差异
延续动词肯定句表示做……直…… 瞬间动词否定句表示…………例：
He didn＇t come back until ten o＇clock 10 点回
He slept until ten o＇clock 直睡10点
典型例题
1 You don＇t need to describe her I ___ her several times
A had met B have met C met D meet
答案B 首先题句强调现影响知道模样描述次several
times告知反复发生动作现完成时
2 I＇m sorry to keep you waiting
Oh not at all I ___here only a few minutes
A have been B had been C was D will be
答案A 等动作开始持续现应现完成时
17 完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a 状态完成：表示某事继续某时止直状态例：
They will have been married for 20 years by then 时结婚二十年
b 动作完成：表示某时动作前已完成动作获验例：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow 明天时已达海
1118 现进行时
现进行时基法：
a 表示现（指说话说话时）正发生事情例： We are waiting for you 正等
b 惯进行：表示长期重复性动作说话时动作未必正进行例：
Mr Green is writing another novel 写部说（说话时未写处写作状态）
c 表示渐变样动词：get grow become turn run go begin等例：
The leaves are turning red 叶子变红
It＇s getting warmer and warmer 天越越热
d always constantly forever 等词连表示反复发生动作持续存状态带说话观色彩例：
You are always changing your mind 老改变意
典型例题
My dictionary ___ I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it
A has lost don＇t find B is missing don＇t find C has lost haven＇t found D is missing haven＇t found
答案D 前句持续状态应进行时没找影响然存应完成时瞬间动词否定式时完成时
1119 进行时动词
1）表示事实状态动词have belong possess cost owe exist include
contain matter weigh measure continue等例：I have two brothers 两兄弟
This house belongs to my sister 房子姐
2）表示心理状态动词know realize think see believe suppose imagine agree recognize remember want need forget prefer mean understand love hate等例：I need your help 需帮助
He loves her very much 爱深
3）瞬间动词accept receive complete finish give allow decide refuse等例：
I accept your advice 接受劝告
4）系动词seem remain lie see hear smell feel taste get become turn等例：
You seem a little tired 点累
1120 进行时
1）概念：表示某时正进行状态动作
2）进行时法描述件事发生背景长动作延续时候短动作发生
3） 常时间状语this morning the whole morning all day yesterday from nine to ten last evening when while等例：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself 兄弟骑车时摔受伤
It was raining when they left the station 离开车站时正着雨
When I got to the top of the mountain the sun was shining 达山顶时阳光灿烂
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger
A made B is making C was making D makes
答案C
割伤手指已发生事情应时时when表时间时性玛丽做衣服时提供事情发生背景进行时
2） As she ___ the newspaper Granny ___ asleep
A readwas falling B was reading fell C was reading was falling D readfell
答案B句中as when while意……时描述件事发生背景时进行长动作发生时候短动作发生句意 报纸时奶奶睡着句中 fell（fall时）系动词形容词：fall sick
31称代词法
1）称代词格句子中作语语补语例：
John waited a while but eventually he went home
约翰等会回家
32 称代词宾格换
1) 宾格代格
a简短话中称代词单独not 宾语
I like English 喜欢英语
Me too 喜欢
Have more wine 点酒喝
Not me
b表示较非正式文体中常宾格代格 果较状语谓语保留语格
He is taller than Ime
He is taller than I am
2) 格代宾格
a 介词butexcept 时格代宾格
b 电话语中常格
I wish to speak to Mary 想玛丽通话
This is she 玛丽
注意：动词be to be 称代词视前面名词代词定
I thought it was she (格格)
I thought it to be her (宾格宾格)
I was taken to be she 成 (格格)
They took me to be her 成 (宾格宾格)
33 代词指代问题
1）定代词 anybodyeverybodynobodyanyone someone everyoneno one whoeverperson正式场合时he his him代
Nobody came did he 谁没
2）动物名词指代般itthey代时he she带亲切感情色彩
Give the cat some food She is hungry 猫吃饿
3）指代车国家船舶名词含感情色彩时常she
34 列称代词排列序
1) 单数称代词列作语时序：
第二称 －> 第三称 －> 第称
you －> heshe it > I
You he and I should return on time
2) 复数称代词作语时序：
第称 －> 第二称 －> 第三称
we －> you －> They
注意： 列情况中第称放前面
a 承认错误承担责时
It was I and John that made her angry
约翰惹生气
b 长辈晚辈长官属说话时长官第称 ：I and you try to finish it
c 列语第称第三称时
d 称代词名词定语句修饰时
物代词
1）物代词表示属作指代作例：
John had cut his finger apparently there was a broken glass on his desk
约翰割破手指显易见桌子破玻璃杯
物代词形容词性（my your等）名词性（mine yours等）两种形容词性物代词属限定词
名词性物代词法相省略中心名词 ＇s属格结构例：
Jack＇s cap 意 The cap is Jack＇s
His cap 意 The cap is his
复合句中果句句语相代词语句中名词语句中例：
When he arrived John went straight to the bank
约翰直接银行
双重格
物代词 a an this that these those some any several no each every such another which等词起前置修饰名词必须双重格
公式：
a an this that +名词+of +名词性物代词：
a friend of mine
each brother of his
37 反身代词
1） 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself）做宾语
a 动词需反身代词
absent bathe amuse blame dry cut enjoy hurt introduce behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night 昨晚玩开心
Please help yourself to some fish 请便吃点鱼
b 物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in be annoyed with help oneself to sth
I could not dress (myself) up at that time 时候扮
注：动词反身代词 get up sitdown stand up wake up等
Please sit down 请坐
3） 作表语 位语
be oneself I am not myself today 天舒服
The thing itself is not important 事情身重
4） 强调情况but except for 等介词宾语反身代词称代词宾格均：
No one but myself (me) is hurt
注意：
a 反身代词身单独作语
(错) Myself drove the car
() I myself drove the car 开车
b and or nor连接列语中第二语反身代词特myself 作语
Charles and myself saw it
5）第二称作宾语反身代词
You should be proud of yourself 应感骄傲
指示代词
1） 指示代词分单数（this that）复数（these those）两种形式作限定词做代词例：
单数 复数
限定词：This girl is Mary Those men are my teachers
代词： This is Mary Those are my teachers
315 oneanotherthe other
one… the other 两
some… the others 三
one… anotheranother…
some… othersothers…
others other peoplethings
the others the rest 剩余全部
1) 泛指another
2) 定范围两(物)onethe other
3) 定范围三者oneone (another)第三the othera third
4) 定范围部分物剩余全部the others
5) 泛指物时others定范围部分剩余部分全部时others
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