初中英语语法大全

英语语法全
初中英语语法
学提纲
词类句子成分构词法：
1词类：英语词类分十种：
名词形容词代词数词冠词动词副词介词连词感叹词
1名词(n)： 表示事物点抽象概念名称：boy morning bag ball class orange
2代词(pron)： 代名词：who she you it
3形容词(adj)：表示事物性质特征：good right white orange
4数词(num)： 表示数目事物序：one two three first second third fourth
5动词(v)： 表示动作状态：am isarehavesee
6副词(adv)： 修饰动词形容词副词说明时间点程度等：now very here often quietly slowly
7冠词(art)：名词前帮助说明名词：a an the
8介词(prep)： 表示面名词代词句子成分关系in on from above behind
9连词(conj)： 连接词短语句子and but before
10感叹词(interj)表示喜怒哀乐等感情：oh well hi hello
2句子成分：英语句子成分分七种：语谓语宾语定语状语表语宾语补足语
1语句子说事物回答谁者什通常名词代词担：I’m Miss Green(格林姐)
2谓语动词说明语动作状态回答做(什)动词担：Jack cleans the room every day (杰克天扫房间)
3表语系动词说明语身份特征回答什者样通常名词代词形容词担：My name is Ping ping (名字萍萍)
4宾语表示物动词象结果回答做什通常名词代词担：He can spell the word(拼词)
物动词带两宾语指物指指物直接宾语指间接宾语间接宾语般放直接宾语前面：He wrote me a letter (写封信)
时介词tofor加间接宾语前构成短语放直接宾语面强调间接宾语：He wrote a letter to me (写封信)
5定语修饰名词代词通常形容词代词数词等担：
Shanghai is a big city (海城市)
6状语修饰动词形容词副词通常副词担：He works hard (工作努力)
7宾语补足语说明宾语样干什通常形容词动词充：They usually keep their classroom clean(通常教室保持清洁) He often helps me do my lessons(常常帮做功课) The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself(老师学法语)
☆位语通常紧名词代词面进步说明情况：Where is your classmate Tom (学汤姆里？)
3构词法：英语构词法：合成法派生法转换法
1合成法：：spaceship headache basketball playground等等
2派生法：
(1)派生名词：①动词+eror ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤：inventor learner swimming congratulation kindness carelessness knowledge
(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+inged ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an ：snowy sunny hopeful beautiful interesting follwing daily(日)nervous delicious
(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②：slowly angrily full→fully good→well possible→possibly等等
3转换法：
(1)形容词→动词：dry(干燥)→dry(弄干) clean(干净)→clean(扫弄干净)等等
(2)动词→名词：look walk rest work study swim go talk等等
(3)名词→动词：hand(手)→(传递)face(脸)→(面)等等
(4)形容词→副词：early→early fast→fast等等
(5)副词→连词：when(什时候)→(……时候)等等
(6)介词→副词：in(……里)→(里面家)on(…)→(进行继续)等等
二名词：
1英语名词分专名词普通名词两类：
1专名词物团体机构等专名称
专名词中实词第字母写
：Beijing Tom the People’s Republic of China(中华民国)
专名词果含普通名词短语必须定冠词the：the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名果采复数形式表示该姓氏家(复数含义)：the Greens( 格林家)
2普通名词许事物名称：pupil family man foot
普通名词分数名词数名词
▲数名词简单数词进行计数名词： box child orange
▲数名词简单数词进行计数名词：water news oil population information
2英语数名词单复数：英语数名词单数复数两种形式
1名词单数变复数基方法：
①单数名词词尾加s：map → mapsboy→ boyshorse→ horses table→ tables
②sox shch结尾词加es：class→classes box→boxes hero→heroes dish→dishes bench→benches
[注]：少数o结尾词变复数时加s：photo→photos piano→pianos
③辅音字母加y结尾名词变yi加es：family→families city→cities party→parties
④ffe结尾名词变ffev加es：shelf→shelves wolf→wolves life→lives knife→knives
2规变化：man→men woman→women sheep→sheeptooth→teeth fish→fish child→children ox→oxen goose→geese
数名词般没复数形式说明数量时关计量名词：a bag of rice→two bags of rice a piece of paper→three pieces of paper a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk
3名词格：
1 名词格表示属关系相物代词句中作定语宾语语构成法：
(1)表示生命东西名词常词尾加’s：Childern’s Day(童节) my sister’s book(姐姐书)
(2)ses结尾复数名词词尾加’：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)表示时间距离世界国家城镇等生命名词词尾加’s ：
today’s newspaper(天报纸) ten minutes’ break(十分钟课间休息)
China’s population(中国口)
(4)表示生命生命东西名词般均介词of短语表示关系：
a fine daughter of the Party(女)
2[注解]：
① s表示某家者某店铺：my aunt’s(阿姨家) the doctor’s(诊)
② 两某物时采 A and B’s 形式：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西丽丽合住卧室)
③ of+名词格名词性物代词称双重格：a friend of my father’s(父亲位朋友) a friend of mine(位朋友)
4名词代词作语时谓语间单复数致问题：
1谓语谓语基保持单复数致：语数名词单数数名词时谓语动词单数形式：：The computer was a great invention(计算机起发明)The water in the glass is very cold(玻璃杯里水冷)
2集体名词(family class team group row police school等)做句子语时
① 果表示整体概念谓语单数形式：Class Three is a very good class(三班班)
② 果表示中成员时谓语复数形式：Class Three have a map of China(三
班张中国图)
3Chinese Japanese fish sheep people等表示单时谓语单数表示许时谓语复数：There is a sheep in the yard(院子里绵羊) There are some sheep in the yard(院子里绵羊)
4maths news等然s结尾复数谓语单数：The news is very exciting (消息令兴奋)
5glasses shoes socks trousers gloves等名词复数形式谓语复数：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them(裤子便宜想买)
6a lot of 名词复数时谓语复数形式数名词时谓语单数形式：A lot of students are playing baseball now(现许学生垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work(量时间花工作)(动句)
7and 连接两名词做语时谓语原复数两名词构成整体事物时谓语单数：The teacher and his son are picking apples now(老师子摘苹果) Fish and chips is very famous food (鱼薯条种出名食品)
8 there be 句型中be单复数般名词决定：There is a table and four chairs in the room(房间里张桌子四张椅子)
9both…and…连接两事物做语时谓语般复数：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow(明天求)
10语中含with短语时谓语单复数with前物决定：A woman with a 7yearold child was standing at the side of the road (名妇女带着七岁孩子(时)站路边)
11either…or…者 neither…nor…连接两物做句子语时谓语采原：Either you or he is right() Neither you nor I am going there(算里)
12表示段时间长度概念复数名词做语时谓语般单数：Two months is not a short time(两月短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离)(两千千米相长段距离)
13语中含half of… (three quarters)of… all (of) the …等词语时谓语单复数名词确定：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English(特网四分三信息英语写) A third of the students were playing near the lake(学生三分(时)正湖边玩耍) All of the water in these rivers has been polluted(河流中水已污染)(动句)
population词特殊情况： What’s the population of China(中国口少？)(句子单数) Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯)(城市四分三口阿拉伯)(句子复数)
5部分名词法辨析：
1sportgamematchrace 区：sport通常指户外运动锻炼概念较game意思运动赛户户外脑力体力指胜负运动match意竞赛赛指正式赛race表示赛跑赛马赛车：People all around the world enjoy sports(全世界喜爱运动) The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing(2008奥运会北京举行)(动句) Our school football team won the league match(联赛)(学校足球队取联赛冠军) They were strong and won the boat race(汤棒赢划艇赛)
2festivalholidayvacation区：festival节日指喜庆日子持续段时间文娱活动holiday(假日休息日)指法定假日风俗惯复数表示较长假期vacation假期指学工作中段长时间休息：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month(海电视节月举行) Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work(星期天假日数工作) What are you going to do during the summer vacationholidays(暑期算做什事情？)
3journeytourtriptravel区：journey指陆(海空中)进行长途旅行知终点含辛苦意思tour指途中作短期逗留巡回旅行强调游览处常指观光等trip通常指返定时短途旅行出差度假等travel指长期长途观光旅行尤指国外没明确目作数名词指旅行行：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang(定意敦煌旅行) He has gone on a walking tour(步行观光) He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar(年海次) Did you go to Santiago(圣亚哥) during your travels(旅行期间圣亚哥？) Travelling through thick forests is dangerous(密林里边穿行危险)
4soundnoisevoice区：sound指种声音noise指噪音voice指嗓音：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night(街喧嚣声彻夜难眠) All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry(突然间传声枪响声尖) The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold(感缘歌唱家失银铃般嗓音)
5fish问题：指许条鱼种类时fish单复数相fishes 指许种类鱼fish指鱼肉时数名词：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool (池子里种类鱼) I prefer fish to meat(肉相更喜欢鱼)
三代词：
1代词分类：英语中代词分：称代词物代词反身代词指示代词关系代词疑问代词连接代词定代词等等
2称代词：称代词代事物名称分格宾格两种形式

第
称单数
第二
称单数
第三称单数
第称复数
第二称复数
第三称复数
阳性
阴性
中性

格
I
()
you ()
he
()
she
()
it
()
we
()
you
()
they ()
宾
格
me
()
you ()
him
()
her
()
it
()
us
()
you
()
them ()
1格作句子语表语： I often go shopping on Sundays(星期天常购物) Are they from Brazil(巴西？) Where have they gone(？) That’s it(回事) It’s he()
2宾格作物动词者介词宾语：Who teaches you English this year(年谁教英语？) Help me(救救) We often write letters to her(常写信)
3称代词作表语者放较状语句连词thanas时格形式宾格形式口语中宾格：Who is it(谁？) –It’s Ime()
4 三称时出现者语中包含时you→he→I序表达：
Both he and I are working at that computer company(家电脑公司班) –Who will go there(谁？) –You and me()
5 称代词it指指物外表示时间天气温度距离情况等含义外作非称代词代作语者宾语定式动名词者名词性句：What’s the weather like today(天天气样？)—It’s fine(天气晴) What’s the time(点啦？) –It’s 12：00(12点) It’s a long way to go(走长路) It took him three days to clean his house(扫屋子花三天时间) It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space(显然公众想知道什时候进入太空) We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well(发觉学门外语非常困难)
3物代词：说明事物属关系代词分形容词性名词性两种

第
称单数
第二
称单数
第三称单数
第称复 数
第二称复数
第三称复数
阳性
阴性
中性
形容
词性
my
()
your
()
his
()
her
()
its
()
our
()
your
()
their ()
名词
性
mine
()
Yours
()
his
()
hers
()
its
()
ours
()
yours
()
theirs()
1形容词性物代词作句子中名词修饰语面名词：
Is that your umbrella(伞？) I often go to see my aunt on Sundays(常星期天阿姨) They are their books(书)
2名词性物代词相名词代事物表明属关系句子中独立作语宾语者表语面千万名词：
This is your cupbut where is mine(杯子？) Your classroom is very big but ours is rather small(教室相)
3of + 名词性物代词称双重格作定语时放名词面：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday(朋友昨天) (指干朋友中)
[试较] My friend came to see me yesterday(朋友昨天)(指特定朋友)
4反身代词：表示谓语动作语关者宾语补足语动作宾语关
第
称单数
第二
称单数
第三称单数
第称复数
第二称复数
第三称复数
阳性
阴性
中性
myself
()
yourself
()
himself
()
herself
()
itself
()
ourselves
()
yourselves
()
themselves ()
1反身代词句子中作宾语表示反射(指动作回该动作执行者身)：
Don’t play with the knife you might hurt yourself(玩刀子会割伤)
2句子中作位语表示强调(强调名词代词语气)：
The story itself is good Only he didn’t tell it well(事身没讲)
6 指示代词： 指示说明处者远处文者文前者现事物

单数
复数
含义
this()
these()
指较物
that()
those()
指较远物
such (样物)
指文提物
same (样物)
指文提相物
it (物)
指太清楚谁者什时
指示代词单独做句子语宾语表语作定语修饰名词：
What’s this(什？) That model plane is made of plastic(模型飞机塑料做)(动句) Remember never to do such things(记永远做样事情) Do the same as the teacher tells you (老师说做) Who is it(谁？) It’s me()
6关系代词：引导定语句代词关系代词参见面定语句
1关系代词who which that whom 等定语句句连接起英语中关系代词方面句中担定成分方面起连接作
：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One(正画画学生年级)
2关系代词who whom指果作句宾语时省略：
Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat (认识戴着红帽子男？)
3关系代词which 指物果作句宾语时省略：Have you found the book which you lost several days ago(找天前丢失书？)
4关系代词that指指物果作句宾语时省略：Can you see the mandog that is running along the river bank (见着河跑男狗？)
7连接代词：引导宾语句语句表语句连接词称连接代词
英语中连接代词：what(什)who(谁)whom(谁)which()whose(谁)详见相应句
8定代词：代修饰特指事物代词定代词
单数
含义
some
any
no
none


each
(every)
one
either
neither
so
the other
another
复合
定代词
数
含义
much
little
a little
all





复数
含义
many
few
a few
ones
both
others
the others
※ 注：复合定代词12：something(某事) someone(某) somebody(某) anything
(事) anyone() anybody() nothing(没事)nobody(没) no one(没) everything(切) everyone() everybody()
(1)some any 法：
some般肯定句中意思某作定语时修饰数名词数名词：I have some work to do today (天事情做) They will go there some day(日会)
some 疑问句时表示建议请求希肯定回答：Would you like some coffee with sugar(加糖咖啡？)
any 般疑问句否定句中意思作定语时修饰数数名词：They didn’t have any friends here (里没朋友) Have you got any questions to ask(问题问？)
any 肯定句时意思Come here with any friend(便带什朋友吧)
(2)nonone法：
no形容词作定语表示意思没修饰数名词(单数复数)数名词：There is no time left Please hurry up(没时间请快点) They had no reading books to lend(没阅读书出)
none独立句子中作语宾语表语意思没(事物)表示复数单数：None of them isare in the classroom(中没教室里) I have many books but none is interesting(书没趣)
(3)allboth法：
all指三者三者物代修饰数名词代修饰数名词
both指两物代修饰数名词allboth句子中作语宾语表语定语等：I know all of the four British students in their school(学校里四英国学生全认识) Would you like this one or that one –Both(？两)
allboth修饰名词(allboth+(the)+名词)独立采allboth + of the +名词(复数)形式中of 省略：All (of) (the) boys are naughty(男孩调皮)
(4)everyeach法：
every形容词作定语修饰单数名词意思表示整体概念
each形容词代词作语宾语定语等意思者表示单概念each放名词前of短语动词时出现时放be动词助动词情态动词者行动词前
everyeach作单数理解文中单数代词(hehimhis)复数代词(theythemtheir)代：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard(班学生学功) They are very busy Each of them has something to do(忙事干)
(5)eitherneither法：
either意思两中间neithereither否定形式意思两
neithereither句子中作语宾语定语等作单数：I don’t care much for what to drink Either of the two will do (介意喝什两中便行) Will you go there by bus or by car –Neither I will go there by train(坐公车坐轿车？坐坐火车)
(6)otherthe otheranother法：
other意思复数形式句子中作语宾语定语another意思外表示增加句中作宾语定语：
Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking(女孩苹果树唱歌躺草说话) You have had several cakes Do you really want another one(已吃块饼子真块？) I want another four books(四书)
another(外)the other(外) 数量区分两时the other原先基础增加another： This is one of your socks Where is the other one(袜子呢？) I have eaten 4 cakes but I still want another(已吃4块蛋糕块)
othersthe others区：others指剩余物(指部分)the others指余物(指全部)：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them(学生踢足球观) Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them(十男孩中两站着围着坐着)
(7)manymuch法：
many意思数名词复数连much意思数名词连句中作语宾语定语等：I don’t have many friends here(里没朋友) Many died in the bus accident(许公交车祸中丧失) We can learn much with the help of him(帮助学)
manymuch般否定句肯定句中通常a lot of 者lots of many much肯定句时前面加soverytoo： There are a lot of people on the playground(操场许) They haven’t got much work to do(没少事情做) There are too many people in the room(房间里太)
(8)fewlittlea fewa little法：
fewlittle意思少没否定意思a fewa little意思肯定意思 fewa few数名词连代数事物 littlea little数名词连代数事物句中作语宾语定语：
He is very poor and he has little money(穷没什钱) Don’t worry There is still a little time left(着急点时间呢) In that polar region there live few people(极区住) You can get a few sweets from him(弄糖果)
(9)复合定代词somebody something anything nothing everything everybody等some any no every 加body thing 构成做复合定代词句子中单数
somebody something someone 般肯定句中anything anybodyanyone般疑问句否定句条件状语句中修饰复合定代词定语应放面：HeyLily There is someone outside the door(嗨丽丽门外) Di()d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday(星期天学校时见什？)He has nothing much to do today(天没少事情做)
(10)oneones代文事物前面加冠词形容词指示代词which等： Which jacket would you like this one or that one(件夹克件件？ I don’t like the green ones(喜欢绿色)
(11)so代件事情作句子宾语表语： I don’t think so(认样) He lost a book So did I(丢失书)
(12)a lot oflots ofa number of( large numbers of)a great deal ofplenty of区：五名词+介词短语表示量许a lot of(lots of)修饰数名词修饰数名词复数形式相应换muchmanyplenty of足够量修饰数名词修饰数名词复数形式 a number of large numbers of修饰数名词复数形式(修饰词作语时谓语复数形式)换somemanya lot ofplenty of a great deal of修饰数名词(修饰词作语时谓语单数形式)换much
：A lot of people think that time is money(许认时间金钱) I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time(着赶忙充足时间) I have a number of letters to write today(天信写) I spend a great deal of timemoney on shopping(购物方面花费量时间金钱)
(13)noneno onenobody区：no onenobody表示没仅指面of 短语作语时谓语单数形式none表示没物指指物面of短语作语时谓语单数复数：No one knows how he managed to get the ticket(没知道样搞张票) Nobody handed in histheir composition(s) yesterday(昨天没交作文) None of my friends came to see me that day(天没朋友)
9相互代词：表示相互关系词相互代词
each other one another相互代词译成互相通each other表示两者间one anther表示许间格形式each other’s one another’s： We must help each other when we are in trouble(身处困境时互相帮助) They sat there without talking to one another each other(坐互相说话)
10疑问代词：提出问题代词称疑问代词
1whowhomwhosewhatwhichwhoeverwhateverwhichever特殊疑问句中般放句首口语中常who代whom作宾语介词whom：
Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party(邀请谁参加生日聚会？) What does she want to be when she grows up(长想干什？)
2who whom独立中who作句子语表语动词宾语whom作谓语动词宾语whatwhichwhose等独立作语表语宾语名词构成疑问短语： Who is that man(男谁？) What colour are their hats(帽子什颜色？) Which car was made in Germany(辆车德国造？)(动句)
注意提问：The man in the car is my father(车里男父亲)
→Which man is your father(男父亲？)
3which询问指代情况外针说明物时间点岁数颜色状况等进行提问：People there live a very sad life(里生活凄惨) →Which people live a sad life (生活凄惨？) Which hotel have you booked for your holiday(度假预订家旅馆？)—The biggest one in Haikou(海口家旅馆)
4疑问代词分单复数视代事物决定单复数通常单数果修饰名词名词单复数准：Who is (are) in that playhouse(谁游戏房里？) What is that (什？) What are those (什？) What colours do they have(颜色？)
四数词：
1分类：数词基数词序数词两种英语数词作句子语宾语表语定语
2基数词：表示数目词基数词
1 英语中常基数词：
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve


13
14
15
16
17
18
19



thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen




20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one(a) hundred



23

35





101



twentythree

thirtyfive





one hundred and one

1000→one(a) thousand10000→ ten thousand100000→one hundred thousand 1000000→one million10000000→ten million 100000000→one hundred million
108→one hundred and eight 146→one hundred and fortysix 500→five hundred 1001→one thousand and one 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen
2[注]：(1)百位十位间加and十万位万位亿位千万位间通常加and
(2)英语千百万等单位计数数字右左 隔三位划逗号倒数第逗号前thousand倒数第二逗号前million倒数第三逗号前billion表示
(3) hundred thousand million作数词时复数前面加one two …等数词作名词时复数表示成……面必须of前面加somemanyseveral等词：five hundred(五百) hundreds of(成百千) ten thousand(万) thousands of(成千万) millions of(成百万)
3序数词：表示序数词序数词
1 英语序数词基变法：
(1) 般基数词加th(2)ve结尾改fth(3)ty结尾改tieth(4)熟记特殊词
2序数词：
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
※first
※second
※third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth


13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th



thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth




20th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th

twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
one undredth

21st
22nd
23rd

35th





101st

twentyfirst
twentysecond
twentythird

thirtyfifth





one hundred and first

1000th→one thousandth 1000000th →one millionth 第703→the seven hundred and third
第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth
3注：(1)两位序数词仅位数部分序数词余部分基数词：thirtysixth
(2) 序数词时般加定冠词the ：I’m in the third grade
(3) 序数词作分讲时复数形式：15→one fifth 23→ two thirds 47→ four sevenths 12→ a half 14→a quarter 34→ three quarters 50→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent)
4数词法：
1表示年份：2002 twenty thousand and two 1976 nineteen seventysix
2表示日期： 12月1日 Dec1stthe first of December2002年11月8日 Nov 8th 2002
3表示时刻： 5：15→ five fifteena quarter past five 8：30→ eight thirtyhalf past eight 10：45→ ten fortyfivea quarter to eleven
4表示编号：Room 105→Room one 0 five Bus No13→Bus Number Thirteen P5→Page Five TelNo7658659→Telephone Number sevensixfiveeightsixfivenine
5数读法：57→ five point seven 016 →zero point one six
6半表达： 12→half 半时→half an hour 15时→one and a half hoursone hour and a half
7序数词前面加the时表示序加aan时表示：The third lesson is rather difficult(第三课相难) Shall we read the text a third time(课文读第三遍？)
五冠词
1冠词分类读法：
英语中冠词定冠词定冠词两种常放名词前面限定名词意义起泛指特指作定冠词the读法：单独念时读[Ti]句子中常发[Ti ](元音前)者[T[](辅音前)
定冠词aan读法：单独念时读 [ei ][An ]句子中常发 [[][[n]
2定冠词a an法：
定冠词a an单数名词前面a辅音开头词前面 an元音开头词前面
定冠词基法：
(1) 表示某东西具体说明物：There is a dog lying on the ground(狗躺)
(2) 表示某类事物区种类：A elephant is much stronger than a man(象强壮)(译：头象强壮)
(2) 表示某类事物中：He is a teacher of English(英语教师)
(4) 表示数量：There is a table and four chairs in that diningroom(餐厅里张桌子四椅子)
(5) 定冠词语：a bit(点) a little(点) a few() a lot (许) a kind of(种) a pair of(副双) a number of(量) a piece of (张片) half an hour(半时) have a good time(玩开心) have a cold(感) make a noise(发出嘈杂声) havetake a (rest等)(休息)会等等
3定冠词the法：定冠词the数名词单数复数数名词前面
定冠词基法：
(1) 表示特指事物：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack(手着朵花男杰克)
(2) 指谈话双方熟悉事物：Look at the blackboardLily(莉莉请黑板)
(3) 复述前面提事物：There is a man under the tree The man is called Robert(树 罗伯特)
(4) 表示世界独二事物：The earth turns around the sun(球绕太阳旋转)
(5) 表示方位名词前面：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River(长江南 区会刮风)
(6) 序数词形容词高级前面：Who is the first one to go(谁第？) Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth(恒星中太阳离球)
(7) 常乐器名称前面：He began to play the violin at the age of 5(五岁时开始拉提琴)
(8) 江河海洋山脉等名称前面：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains(没喜马拉雅山)
(9) 含普通名词专名词前面：He is from the United States of America(美利坚合众国)
(10)姓氏前表示家：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month(月格林家峨眉山)
(11)same前般the：Lucy and Lily look the same(露西莉莉长样)
(12)定冠词语：at the same time (时)make the bed(铺床)in the end()all the time(直)by the way(便说)on the way(路)等等
4冠词情况：
(1) 专名词(第次)数名词时前面通常：China is a very large country(中国国) Man needs air and water(类需空气水)
(2) 名词前已指示物定代词作定语时：My pen is much more expensive than yours(钢笔昂贵)
(3) 周名月名季节名前般：He was born on Monday February 181995(出生1995年二月十八日星期) They usually plant trees on the hills in spring(春天通常山植树)
(4) (第次)复数名词表示事物类时：Men are cleverer than monkeys(猴子聪明)
(5) 三餐饭前：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school(家吃早饭校吃午饭)
(6) 节假日前般：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents(童节男孩常父母礼物)
(7) 球类名词前：The children play football on Saturday afternoons(孩子星期六午踢足球)
(8) 城市重建筑物名称前：They are now at People’s Cinema(刻民电影院)
(9) 惯语中：⑴ at to from out of after for school ⑵ in to for after class ⑶in to out of into bed ⑷ after at from out of to work ⑸ at to sea ⑹ in from down to town ⑺ at from home ⑻ at for to breakfastlunchsupper ⑼ at nightnoonmidnight ⑽ on foot ⑾ go to schoolbed ⑿ on top of ⒀ in front of ⒁ on showdisplaydutywatch ⒂ in out of hospital ⒃ at all ⒄ onin time ⒅ at firstlastonce ⒆ in ChineseEnglishetc ⒇ take care of
六形容词副词：
1形容词：说明修饰名词代词词称形容词
1形容词句法作：作句子中名词定语句子表语宾语补足语
2形容词句子中位置：
⑴作定语时放名词前面音节少词放音节词前：a big yellow wooden wheel(黄色木轮)
⑵作表语时放连系动词：The price sounds reasonable(价格听起算合理)
⑶作宾语补足语时放宾语：We must try our best to keep our environment clean(必须力保持环境清洁)
⑷置情况：
①修饰复合定代词时放代词：Something serious has happened to him(发生严重事)
②表示长宽高重老远离词连时形容词置：He’s 18 metres tall(身高18米)The moon is about 380000 kilometres away from the earth(月球离38万公里)
3关形容词法辨析：
⑴ wholeall：记住两词序：① the whole + 名词 ②all (of) the + 名词：He was busy the whole morning(整早晨忙) He can remember all the words he learns(记住学单词)
⑵ tallhigh shortlow：指子时tallshort指事物时般highlow：He’s very tallshort(子高矮) Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue(道两侧高树木) A few people live on high mountains(少量住高山)
⑶ realtrue：real般指东西真假译真true指事情消息性译真实：This is a real diamond(钻石) and it’s very expensive(货真价实钻石非常贵) Is that true—Yes I heard it with my own ears(真实？ 亲耳听)
⑷ interestedinteresting区：interesting指东西趣作定语表语interested表示事物感兴趣作表语：The man is very interesting and all the children like him (趣孩子喜欢) This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself(书趣会真正获享受) I am interested in science(然科学感兴趣)
⑸ such法： such + a(n) + 名词(单数)(+that句)：I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢) boy(没见蠢男孩) He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it(遭遇怕事永远会忘记)
⑹ goodwell：表示时作定语表语good作状语well表示(身体)时well：Doing sports is good for us(进行运动益) Study well and make progress every day(学天天) How are you—I am very well(？)
⑺ nicefine：区：nice表示令愉快指东西物外表等fine般指身体天气：Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake(分享块美味蛋糕吧) She is a nice girl(漂亮姑娘) What a fine day(天气) He’s fine recently()(身体错)
⑻ too muchmuch too：too much表示太修饰事物数量much too表示太分修饰形容词副词：I am full because I have had too much rice(饱吃太米饭) That coat is much too dear(件衣太贵)
⑼ quickfastsoon：quickfast基义quick指反应速度快fast指运动速度快soon表示时间快发生：After a quick breakfast he hurried to school leaving his bag at home(匆匆吃早饭学校赶书包忘记家) A train is much faster than a bus(火车公汽车快) His father will be back to China very soon(父亲快返回中国)
⑽lonelyalone：lonely表示心理活动形容词意思：孤独寂寞作定语表语alone意思：独单独指陪伴仅作表语(作副词alone作状语)：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely(独住感孤独) He is a lonely person You can not easily get on well with him(孤独相处实易)
⑾ otherelse区：两词作形容词法other放名词前else修饰定代词疑问词littlemuch置外or else表示否连词：The other students are on the playground(学生操场) Who else can work out this maths problem(谁解出着道数学题？) This is nobody else’s money It’s mine(什钱) Do you have anything else to say for yourself(什说？
⑿ specialespecial区：表示事件寻常分特殊时两词互换special较常外special表示特目： She pays (e)special attention to clothes(非常注重着装) These are special chairs for small children(专门孩子椅子)
⒀ gonelostmissing区：gone表示丢没含复返意思表示死作表语宾补作定语lost表示丢失含难找回意思作定语表语宾补missing表示失踪见强调某物原处作定语表语宾补：My fever(高烧) is gone but I still have a cough(发烧消退然咳嗽) The parents found the lost child at last(家长终找迷路孩子) My dictionary is missingWho’s taken it away(字典见谁走？) For more detailed information(详情) of the missing girls please visit our website(网址)(果想知道失踪女孩详情请访问网站)
⒁ livingalivelivelively区：四词源动词live生活居住
living读[liviN]三意思：①活着现存作表语定语②模样逼真③相lively意思强烈活泼
live读[laiv]指东西活换living
alive读[[laiv]作表语指活着果作定语放名词面
lively读[laivli]三意思：①生气活泼快活②(色彩)鲜艳③生动真实
例：A living language should be learned orally(口头)(活语言应该口头学)(动句) We have a living hope that you will succeed(强烈希成功) Is she still alive(活着？) They are the happiest children alive(活着开心孩子) This is a live fish(条活鱼) A live wire(电线) is dangerous(电电线危险) She is as lively as a kitten(猫)(猫样爱) He gave a lively description of the football match(生动描述场足球赛)
⒂ sickill区：sickill表示生病sick做定语表语ill做表语：He has been illsick for a long time and he is very weak now(病久现非常虚弱) Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them(兽医帮助诊治患病宠物受宠物喜爱)
⒃ the poor(穷) the rich(富)等法：the+形容词结构表示类物复数含义：We must try our best to help the poor(应该力帮助穷) The rich never know how the poor are living(钱知穷日子)
2副词：说明事情发生时间点原方式等含义说明形容词副词程度词做副词
1副词分类：(见表)
时 间 副 词
频度副词
点方位副词
程度副词
方式副词
疑问连接副词
副词
today tomorrow
once
here there
very too
well
how
too also
yesterday now
twice
home below
enough
hard
where
nor so
then early late
always
anywhere
rather quite
alone
when
as onoff
once soon just
usually
above outside
how so
fast
why
either
tonight long
often
in inside out
much just
together
whether
yes no
already yet before
sometimes
back up down
nearly only
suddenly
however etc
not neither
ago later ever since
never
away off far
almost hardly
ly结尾
关系副词
maybe
after whenever
(seldom)
near nearby
as long as等
副词
where
perhaps
first someday
ever
wherever
even all
　
why how
certainly
sometime last
　
everywhere
a little a bit
　
when
　
2副词句子中位置作：
⑴作状语：
① 时间副词：般放句首句尾注意earlylatebeforelateryet等般放句尾alreadyjust般放动词前面：We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow(明天参观长城) They have already been to the UK twice(英王国两次) Soon the lost boy found his way back home(久迷路孩子找回家路)
② 频度副词：般放be动词者助动词动词间sometimesoften等放句首句尾usually放句首once放句尾twicethree times等般放句尾：Sometimes I get up early(时起早) The workers usually have lunch at the factory(工通常厂里吃午饭) Take this medicine twice a day(种药天吃两次)
③ 方式副词：般放行动suddenly放句首句尾动词前：Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people(老年走年轻样快) Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞)(突然黑黢黢山洞里见丝亮光)
④ 点副词：般放句尾herethere放句首：There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方)(里成千万行车方流动) The frightened wolf ran away(受惊吓狼逃开) He walked out quietly and turned back soon(悄悄走出快返回)
⑤ 程度副词：修饰动词时放动词前修饰形容词副词时放形容词副词前注意enough总放修饰形容词动词面only位置较灵活总放修饰词前面：I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again(果次告诉事全忘) It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears(奇怪直相信耳朵) She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus(早早赶车站赶首班车)
⑥ 疑问副词：句子状语进行提问位置总句首：When and where were you born(时出生？) Why did little Edison sit on some eggs(爱迪生什坐鸡蛋？) How do you do()
⑦ 连接副词：引导语句宾语句表语句句中作状语How I am going to kill the cat is still a question(算样杀死猫问题) That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger(害怕老虎原) He wondered how he could do it the next day(知道第二天样做事)
⑧ 关系副词：引导定语句句中作状语：This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived(张先生住方) Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well(请告诉英语样学方法)
⑨ 副词：too句尾also放动词前either 放句尾nor放句首so样放形容词副词前onoff开关放动词not放be助动词定式动名词前maybeperhaps放句首certainly放句首动词前：He went to the Palace Museum and I went theretoo(宫博物院) Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket(许票里边衣袋里) Tom doesn’t have a computer –Nor do I(汤姆没计算机没)
(2)作表语：点副词般作表语放be等连系动词说明物处位置：I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment(抱歉刻家) I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years(离开家乡20年) Jim is over there(吉姆边)
(3)作定语：时间副词(nowthen)许点副词作名词定语放名词面：People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants(现常餐馆里吃节日晚宴) Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s(二十世纪20年代女着怕日子)
(4)作宾语补足语：点副词般作宾语补足语：Put your dirty socks away Jim They are giving out bad smell(吉姆脏袜子开散发着臭气) Father kept him in and doing his lessons(父亲关家里做作业)
[注意] 动词+副词宾语果代词该副词应该放代词：He wrote down the word(写词)→He wrote it down(写)
3关副词重注释：
⑴ as…as…常构成词组：as soon as…(旦……) as well as…(样) as+形容词副词+as possible(……)：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing(请北京写信) Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible(高姐快赶校门口)
[注释] as long much as + 名词表示长达达…含义：The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan(幢房子花费高达50万元) They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks(呆山洞里长达两周)
⑵ laterafteragobefore法：①段时间+laterago分表示(久)前时态②afterbefore+某时刻分表示某时刻前时两词介词③agobefore：ago时before完成时：He had an accident a week ago(周前出事) Some years later the boy became a very famous singer(数年男孩成著名歌唱家) Have you been there before(前？) After a few years he gave up smoking(年戒烟)
⑶ abovebelowoverunder法：方abovebelow高低处overunder：The stars are high above in the sky(星星高挂空中) A plane flew over quickly(架飞机头顶飞)
abovebelowoverunder介词性质时意义相似
⑷ tooalsoeithernor法：too()肯定句疑问句末尾逗号隔开also()肯定句句子谓语动词前either()否定句末尾逗号隔开nor()倒装句句首：Are you Americantoo(美国？) He is not happy and I am not happy either(愉快) He didn’t watch the football game Nor did I(没足球赛没) You can also find the market is very good(发觉市场)
⑸ enoughtoosoveryquitevery much法： enough (足够十分)放形容词副词too(太)very(非常)quite(相)so()等放形容词副词前very much(非常)放动词：It’s toosoveryquite expensive(太贵贵非常贵相贵) I don’t like sweets very much(喜欢糖果)
[注意] very much区：very修饰形容词副词原级现分词形容词much修饰形容词副词较级much修饰疑问句否定句中动词very：He is very stupid(笨) The film was very moving and everyone swept(电影非常动家哭) You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school(学更努力然考进学校) I don’t like him much(太喜欢)
⑹ sometimes sometime some times some time法：sometimes(时)般现时 sometime(某时)时 some times(数次)表示次数some time(时间)表示段时间：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains(时徒步旅行山里) I will stay here some time(会呆时候) I will meet your father sometime(什时候见见父亲)
⑺ howwhat感叹句法：句子中形容词副词感叹时how事物(含形容词作修饰语)进行感叹what ：What a fine day (it is) today(天天气真) How difficult (the problem is)((问题)真难呀)
⑻ alreadyyet法：完成时中already般肯定句yet般否定句疑问句：Have you done it already(已做？) I have not had my breakfast yet(没吃早饭呢)
⑼ hardhardly法：hard作副词意思：努力猛烈hardly否定词意思：般情态动词cancould连：They study English very hard(英语学刻苦) You can hardly see a person spit in a public place(公场吐痰)
⑽ likevery muchlikebetter(prefer)likebest法：三短语分表示非常喜欢更喜欢喜欢：I like baseball very much(非常喜欢棒球) Do you like butter better than cheese( They like hamburgers best
⑾quitewhat+a+形容词+名词法：记住：①quitesuchwhat+a+形容词+名词②toosohow+形容词+a+名词③rather+a+形容词+名词 a+ rather+形容词+名词：I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙)(未见样奇怪家伙) It is quite a nice day for a walk(真散步日子)
⑿ how 短语：how often常隔久般时态表示频度词语进行提问 how soon久时态 how long久时完成时时态 how many times少次时完成时总计次数进行提问 how much少程度进行提问数量(数)金钱进行提问：How long have you been like this(样已久？) How often does he wash his face(隔久洗次脸？)
⒀ muchmoremost法：三词形容词作名词修饰语外程度副词much表示修饰原级形副more表示更构成音节形副较级most表示构成音节形副高级外much修饰较级形副：This park is much more beautiful than that one(公园漂亮) It is the most instructive film I have ever seen(教育意义电影)
⒁ no moreno longernotany morenoany longer法：表示时间no longernotny morenoany longerno longer放谓语动词前表示程度no morenotany more：He no longer lived there(住里) Tom wanted no more cakes(想蛋糕) He didn’ t smoke any morelonger(抽烟)
⒂ 动语态中方式副词般放be谓语动词间： The runner was badly hurt(赛跑运动员受重伤) English is widely spoken in the world today(世界英语说广泛)
⒃ tootosothat问题：副词tooso面形容词副词to面动词that面句Tooto (太……致……)否定结构简单句sothat(…致…)肯定结构复合句：The child is too young to join the army(孩子年龄太参军) He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box(强壮搬动重箱子)
⒄ 形容词副词单词：early late long last next first near enough much all hard alone fast slow high low straight等等：It was a long holiday(长假) He stayed there very long(呆久) Think hard then you will find a way(想会找办法) He is a very hard(难付) person(难玩家伙)
⒅ fartherfurther法区：表示点方距离时两词义意思更远较远further表示更进步额外等意思时换farther ：They decided to go fartherfurther the next day(决定第二天走远) This problem will be further discussed(问题进步讨) Every one of them had their further studies after they left college(学毕业继续进修)
⒆ ratherquite法区：very样两词表示形容词副词程度quite表示高程度预料ratherquite更接very含义含令惊讶意思见图nice程度描绘：
not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice

：It’s quite a nice film(部片子)(意味着部电影) It’s rather a nice film(部错电影)(意味着数电影)
[注意]注意quiterather面次序词序
⒇ maybepossiblyperhaps区：maybe许外两词更正式更便性possibly者许性较否定句疑问句中表示perhaps较常正式性：You could put it over theremaybe(许放边) I couldn’t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time(短时间完成长书) I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting(许期盼信件)
(21) mostmostly区：most作形容词名词时意思数部分作副词时意思十分mostly仅副词意思半部分：I was at home most of the time when I was free(空时部分时间家)Most children are naughty(部分孩子淘气) This is the most exciting part of the film(电影中令兴奋部分)She is mostly out on Sundays(星期天般家)
(22) (be) worth(be) worthy of区：worth般作介词面接名词者动名词动表示动含义副词well修饰worthy of表示值配面动名词动形式：What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(值做值做) The house is worth 300000(房子价值30万元) This book is well worth reading several times(书值读遍) It is a thing worthy of being seen(值东西)
(23)almostnearly区：两词意思相表示数情况互换否定词连时almostnearly almost no 相hardly any(没)：He had done almost nothing today(天没干什) We are almostnearly there(里) Almost nobodyHardly anybody understood his words(没懂话)
(24) a bita little区：两名词短语常作副词修饰形容词副词原级较级互换语气rather弱：This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive(台数码相机点贵) It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday(天昨天冷点)
外a little直接加数名词a bit 采a bit + of +名词(数数名词复数)形式：I have got a bit of a cold(点感) Go and get a little water for me please(请搞点水)
[注意] not a bit(not at all)意根 not a little意非常点
3形容词 副词原级较级高级
1分类：形容词副词原级较级高级三级
原级变较级高级规变化规变化两种
2规变化
(1)单音节部分双音节形容词副词原级面加erest构成较级高级
a)直接加erest ：
b)重读闭音节结尾双写辅音字母加erest：
c)辅音字母+y结尾先y改i加erest：
(2)两音节两音节原级前加more most
3规变化
原级
较级
高级
good
better更
best
well(身体)
badbadly糟糕糟糕
worse更糟糕更糟糕(身体)更舒服
worst糟糕糟糕(身体)舒服
ill(身体)舒服
many许(数)
more更更
most
much许(数)非常
little少
less更少
least少
far远远
farther更远更远
farthest远远
further进步()
furthest深刻()
4形容词副词原级较级高级法：
(1)讲述某物身情况时原级基句型：
语(sbsth) + 谓语动词 + (verytoosoquiterather…) + 形容词副词原级 +…
：He is very old now(现老) They ran quite fast(跑相快) The weather looks rather bad(天气相糟) I am so happy(快乐)
☆表示两者间没差时句型：
语(第物) + 谓语动词 + as + 形容词副词原级 + as + 第二物 +…
：He is as excited as his younger sister(妹妹样兴奋) Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady(莉莉骑车老太太样慢) They picked as many apples as the farmers (did)(摘苹果农民样)
☆表示第第二时句型：
语(第物) + 谓语动词(否定式) + as so + 形容词副词原级 + as + 第二物+…
：He is not so as excited as his younger sister(没妹妹兴奋) Lily did not ride her bike so as slowly as an old lady (莉莉骑车老太太样慢) They didn’t pick so as many apples as the farmers (did) (摘苹果农民)
(2) 讲述两者差异第物超第二物时较级基句型：
语(A’)+谓语动词+(mucha littleevenstill)+形容词副词较级+than+第二物(B’)+…
：A modern train is much faster than a car(现代火车轿车快) This book didn’t cost me more than that one(书花费钱)
讲述两者差异第物第二物时较级句型：
语(A’) + 谓语动词 + less+ (音节形副)较级 + than + 第二物(B’) +…
：I think English is less difficult than maths(认英语数学难) Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language(认学外语重？)
(3)讲述某物群中突出时高级句型：
语(sbsth) + 谓语动词 +(the) +形容词副词高级 +in of …
：The Changjiang River is the longest in China(长江中国长河流) He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys)(三男生中跳高)
4关较等级重注释：
1六句型中果动词物物动词面副词果面连系动词面形容词：This car is the fastest of the four(形容词)(辆汽车四辆中快) This car runs (the) fastest of the four(副词)(辆汽车四辆中跑快)
2较级+and+较级表示越越……：The weather is getting warmer and warmer(天越越温暖)
3the+较级…the+较级…表示越…越…：The more trees we plantthe better it will be(栽树越情况会越) The harder you trythe greater your progress is(越努力进步越)
4般形容词副词较级前面加mucha littleevenstill表示数量more前加some any no one two many several a lot等词：It is much colder today than yesterday(天昨天冷) Would you like some more coffee(咖啡？)He did not eat any more(没吃)
5more than less than分理解少相副词more thanover less thanunder：I lived in New York for more than four months(纽约生活四月)
6one of the +高级+名词(复数)整短语单数含义谓语单数形式：One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire(古老幢房子场火中烧毁)
7Which Who+动词+形副□□or□句型中果两选项形副较级果三选项形副高级：Who has more books Lin Tao or Han Mei(林涛韩梅谁书？) Which is the heaviesta piga horse or an elephant(猪马象重？)
8文中含botheitherneithertwotwins等表示两事物词时较级加the含allnoneno one every 等表示三三事物时高级： Do you like the smaller one—Neither(点喜欢？喜欢) Which do you like best –All of them(喜欢？全部)
七介词：
1介词法：
介词种虚词独立介词般名词代词(宾格)相名词词类短语句作宾语构成介词短语介词两词构成短语介词：out of(…中出) because of() away from(距离…) on top of(…顶) ever since(…) next to(…隔壁) according to(根…) in front of(…前方)等
2介词分类表： (见表)
点(位置范围)介词：above…前 about…附 across…面 after…面 against倚着 along…旁 among…中间 around…周围 round…周围 at…处 before前 behind below低 beside旁边 between间 by旁 down面 from in里面 inside里面 near of中 on面 out of外 outside外面 over方 under方 up面 on top of顶部 in front of前 close to in the middle of中间 at the end of末端等等
方(目标趋)介词：across横越 against抗 along着 around绕着 round环绕 at着 behind…面 etween…and……by路通 down… for from离 in进入 into进入 inside里面 near接 off脱离 on out of外 outside外 over跨 past超 through穿 to towards着 on to面 onto面 up away from远离
时间介词：about约 after… at… (时刻) before…前 by…止 during…期间 for…(久) from…(时)起 in(午)(久) on(某日) past…(时) since…() through 贯穿…(期间) till直…时 until直…时 to(时刻) ever since时起at the beginning of开始时 at the end of末 in the middle of中 at the time of时
方式介词：as作作 by坐 in…(语言) like…样 on骑(车)徒(步)通(收音机电视机) over通(收音机) through通 with(材料)(手脚耳眼) without没…
涉介词 about关 except… besides… for…言 in…(方面) of…关 on关关 to…言 towards针 with…言
介词
目介词 for from防止… to…
原介词 for with… because of
较介词 as…样like象…样thanto…相 unlike…
伴状态介词 against…起(赛)at(班休息学家etc)in穿着…(衣服颜色)into变成on(值日) with…起带着长着 without没…起
3介词短语句法作：
介词短语相形容词副词作状语定语表语：The man came (状)(走楼)The woman is from the countryside(定)(头戴花妇女乡)The teacher is now with the pupils(表)(老师现学生起)
4介词短语句子中位置：
介词短语做状语时果表示时间点放句首句尾果表示方方式伴涉原目较般放句尾 介词短语作表语时放连系动词介词短语作定语时放修饰名词：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year(状语)(想年海找份工作) They searched the room for the thief(房间里搜索偷) The letters are for you(表语)(信) Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs(定语)(见黑头白腿猫？)
5重注释：
⑴ this that these those last next a every each等词构成时间短语前面介词：Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao(年国外游客游览窑镇) He had a bad cold that week(星期患重感)
⑵ for时引出动词定式逻辑语常翻译成…言：It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour(区区时完成项工作太难) The house is big enough for 10 men to live in(房子够容10住)
⑶ of时表示面物正前面表语逻辑语：It’s very nicekind of you to do so(做真太)
⑷ 介词时会宾语分离宾语前置
① 宾语疑问词时Who are you talking about(谈谁？)
② 宾语句中连接词时He has a younger brother who he must take good care of( 需顾弟) Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there(知道老师边什谈话？)
③ 动词定式作定语该动词物动词面介词I finally found a chair to sit on( 终找张椅子坐)
(5) 记住固定词组：arrive atin(达…)on foot(步行)not…at all(根)to the north of(…北)in the east of(…东部)in the night(夜间)at night(晚)be afraid of(害怕…)be full of(充满 装满…)be filled with(充满 装满…)be goodbad for(…益害)be made of(…做成)be made from(…制造)play with(玩耍……)look out of(…外面)at the end of(…末梢结束时)by the end of(迟……末止)with the help ofwith one’s help(…帮助)look after(料…)look for(寻找…)on a bike(by bike)骑车 help sb with(帮某做…)get on (well) with(某相处[融洽])等等
6某介词法辨析：
⑴ 时间点介词inonat法区：表示时间时 in表示段时间里(时句子中表示段时间) on表示具体某天者某天午等 at表示某时刻者瞬间 表示点时 in表示某范围 on表示某面面相接触at表示某具体场点：He was born on the morning of May 10th(出生五月十日早晨) I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning(通常早七点钟起床) His glasses are right on his nose(眼镜架鼻子) He is at the cinema at the moment(刻正电影院)
⑵ afterin表示时间法区：after+(具体时刻句)表示…时刻常般时态in+(段时间)表示(久)常时态：He said that he would be here after 6：00(说六点钟会) My father is coming back from England in about a month(父亲约月英国回)
⑶ sincefor表示时间法区：since+(具体时刻that句)表示…起直现for +(段斶间)表示总…久常完成时态：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970(李叔叔1970年起家工厂工作) Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years (李叔叔家工厂已工作30年)
⑷ byinwith表示方式法区：表示工具手段by表示坐某交通工具……方式动句中表示动作执行者in表示某种语言文字with表示某具体工具手段：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet(眼睛东西双脚走路) Please write that article(文章) in English(请英语写篇文章) Let’s go to the zoo by taxi(动物园吧) It was written by Lao She(老舍写)
⑸ abouton法区：表示关…about意义较广on表示关…(专题课程)：Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America(汤姆作美国历史报告) They are very excited talking about the coming field trip(兴致勃勃谈着野外旅游)
⑹ throughacrossover法区： through指穿…(门洞群树林) acrossover指跨越…(街道河流)互换表示翻…时over ：Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road(时老鼠跑路面) There is a bridge acrossover the river(河座桥) They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time(翻山提前达里) The visitors went through a big gate into another park(参观者穿门公园)
(7)aslike区：两词表示……as译作……表示职业职务作等事实like译……样表示外表事实：Let me speak to you as a father(父亲身份讲话)(说话者听者父亲) Let me speak to you like a father(位父亲样讲话)(说话者听者父亲)
(8)at the end ofby the end ofto the endin the end法区：at the end of…表示时间表示点译…末…头常时连by the end of…表示时间译…前…止常完成时 in the endat last基等义表示终通常时to the end译…终点止前面表示运动连续性动词：By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III(学期期末已学第三册16单元) At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows(路头找幢棕色窗户白房子) They left for Beijing at the end of last week(周末动身北京) In the end he succeeded in the final exams(终期末考试中考格) We should go on with the work to the end(应该工作干底) Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office(条路走底见家邮电局)
(9)for a momentfor the momentin a momentat the moment区：for a moment会片刻(for a while)常持续性动词连for the moment暂时目前常现时in a moment会立马(soon in a few minutes)般时at the moment刻眼(now)现进行时：Please wait for a moment(请稍等) Let’s leave things as they are for the moment(暂时维持现状吧) I’ll come back in a moment(会回) I am very busy at the moment(眼忙)
(10)but问题：介词but引出动词时注意：果前面do面原形动词前面没do时面动词加to：I could do nothing but wait(什做等) They had no choice(选择) but to fight(没选择战斗)
(11)in front of in the front of： in front of…前面 in the front of…前部：A car was parking in front of the hall(厅前停着辆汽车) In the front of the hall stood a big desk(厅前部立着讲台)
(12)exceptbesides区：except表示排掉某物包含besides表示包含仅…………：Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom(Tom家宫博物院)(Tom没宫) Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects(汉语外学许功课)(汉语学功课)
八动词
1动词分类：
类
意 义
例 句
实义动词
含实意义表示动作状态句子中独立作谓语
She has some bananas 吃香蕉
They eat a lot of potatoes 常吃土豆
I’m reading an English book now
现正英文书
连系动词
身定词义独立作谓语必须表语起构成谓语
His father is a teacher父亲教师
Twins usually look the same
双胞胎通常起样
The teacher became very angry 老师变生气
助动词
身没词义独立作谓语动词起构成谓语动词表示否定疑问时态语态语法形式助动词身称单复数时态变化
He doesn’t speak English 说英语
We are playing basketball 篮球
Do you have a brother 兄弟？
情态动词
身定意义独立作谓语动词起构成谓语动词表示说话语气情态情态动词没称单复数变化情态动词式
You can keep the books for two weeks
书两星期
May I smoke here 抽烟？
We must go now 现走
★重注解：
(1) 关实义动词：
① 英语实义动词分物动词物动词两类：
面必须宾语意义完整物动词身意义完整面需宾语物动词
② 动词通常作物动词：gocomehappenlielistenrisearrivehall等
动词通常作物动词：say raise lay find buy等
③ 数动词兼作物动词物动词：study sing等
④ 动词作物动词作物动词时意义：know wash等
⑤ 动词常介词 副词词类起构成固定词组形成短语动词：listenreplywaitlook
(2) 关连系动词：
① 连系动词连接语表语连系动词面常形容词
② 常见连系动词：bebecomelookfeelsoundsmelltasteseemturngrowget gofallsitstandlie 等
③ 连系动词源实义动词意思着变化：look(→起)feel(感觉摸→感) smell(闻嗅→闻起)taste(尝→尝起)turn(翻转转动→变)grow(生长→变)get(达→变)go(→变)作实义动词时面形容词
[注释]
becomegetgobegrowturn法区：become表示变成较正式通常时表示动作已完成get表示动作已完成更加口语化通常表示温度时间岁数等变化go表示变常见某短语中面常形容词badblindhungry等be表示成时祈句定式中grow表示变常指逐渐变化表示身高岁数增长turn表示变指变原先情况通常指颜色等变化：I was caught in the rain and I became ill(淋雨感) He has got rich(变富) He will be a scientist in the future(成科学家) My little brother has grown much taller in the past year(年里弟弟长高) The sandwich has gone bad(块三明治已变坏) Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批评) her(妈妈批评脸变红)
(3) 关助动词：
①常见助动词：进行时动语态be (am is are was were been being ) 完成时have(hashadhaving) 时shall (should) will (would)般时do(doesdid)
②助动词必须语称数致说语称数采形式中助动词作情态动词：shall will should would
(4) 关情态动词：
①常见情态动词：can (could) may (might) must shall (should) will (would) dare (dared) need等外have tohad better作情态动词情态动词面必须加动词原形
②can表示体力脑力方面力客观性口语中 询问说明件事做时常can代may情态动词can式could否定式cannot通常缩写成can’tcould否定式could not通常缩写成couldn’t：Can I help you(帮忙？) He can swim(会游泳) That can’t be Mr Li(李先生)
③ may表示允许请求性may提问时肯定回答般CertainlyYesyou may否定回答般can’tmustn’t ：May I ask you a question—Certainly(问问题？然) You may go now(现走) It may be in your pocket(衣袋里)
④ must表示必须定意思表示必须时否定形式mustn’t表示定时否定形式can’t ：We must be very careful when we cross the road(马路时定非常心) It must be Jack(准杰克) I haven’t seen Kate today She can’t be here(天没凯特里)
[注意]must(必须)进行提问时肯定回答must否定回答needn’tmust(定)进行提问时肯定回答must否定回答can’t：Must we clean the room before we leave –Yesyou mustNoyou needn’t(走前必须扫房间？必须扫 需) Must she be in the romm –Yesshe mustNoshe can’t(定房间里？定 )
⑤ have to表示必须We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night
have to疑问形式：助动词+…+have to否定形式：助动词+not+have to者needn’t：Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock(呆8点钟？) You don’t have to do so(You needn’t do so)(做)
⑥ shall问句中表示征求方意见第称连陈述句第二三称语表示命令警告允许等：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend(周末动物园？) He shall bring his own book next time(次必须带书)
⑦ should表示劝告建议惊奇等意思We should speak to old people politely(应该礼貌老讲话)
⑧ will表示意愿决心等意思般第二称连：Will you please close the door for me(请门关？) I will teach you a lesson(教训顿)
⑨would表示意愿决心等He would sit near the fire every time he returned home(次回家中总坐火炉边)
would表示现情况表达说话方提出求语气will婉转客气日常会话中想…通常I would like toI should(I’d) like to表示：Would you like to have a rest at the moment(现想休息？)
would表示常发生事情：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people(年父母总孩子讲述会拯救民男孩事)
⑩ need表示需疑问句否定句need作实义动词时肯定否定疑问句中：He needn’t do it in such a hurry(需匆忙做件事) He needs some help(需帮助) He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then(须带足球袜)
⑾ dare敢意思法need完全相疑问句否定句中作情态动词面带to动词定式肯定句中实义动词样面动词定式带toHow dare you say I am a fool(竟敢说傻瓜？) He didn’t dare to touch the red button(敢触碰红色钮)
⑿ d better (do)()般作情态动词否定式：’d better not (do) ：You’d better sit here and say nothing(坐讲话) You’d better not speak because he is sleeping(讲话正睡觉)
2动词词形变化览表：
(1)规动词变化表：

规 变 化
原形动词结尾情况
现时单三称
现 分 词
式分词
般情况
+s
+ing
+ed
sxchsho结尾
+es
+ing
+ed
辅音字母+y结尾
y→i+es
+ing
y→i+ed
重读闭音节元辅结尾
+s
双写辅音字母+ing
双写辅音字母+ed
发音e结尾
+s
掉e+ing
+d
ie结尾
+s
ie→y+ing
+d
规变化
have→hasbe→is
()
(见规动词变化表)
注意：①加inged时动词果r结尾尾音节重读动词r应双写
②ses读音规：清辅音读[s]浊辅音元音读[z][ s ][ F][z][tF][dV]读[iz]
③ed读音规：清辅音读[t]浊辅音元音读[d][t][d]读[id]
(2)规动词变化表：( 原形 → 式 → 分词)
be(amis)
was
been

lose
lost
lost
be(are)
were
been

make
made
made
beat
beat
beaten

may
might
　
become
became
become

mean
meant
meant
begin
began
begun

meet
met
met
blow
blew
blown

mistake
mistook
mistaken
break
broke
broken

must
must
　
bring
brought
brought

pay
paid
paid
build
built
built

put
put
put
buy
bought
bought

read
read
Read
can
could
　

ride
rode
ridden
catch
caught
caught

ring
rang
rung
choose
chose
chosen

rise
rose
risen
come
came
come

run
ran
run
cost
cost
cost

say
said
said
cut
cut
cut

see
saw
seen
dig
dug
dug

sell
sold
sold
do
did
done

send
sent
sent
draw
drew
drawn

set
set
set
drink
drank
drunk

shall
should
　
drive
drove
driven

shine
shone
shone
eat
ate
eaten

show
showed
shown
fall
fell
fallen

shut
shut
shut
feel
felt
felt

sing
sang
sung
find
found
found

sink
sanksunk
sunksunken
fly
flew
flown

sit
set
set
forget
forgot
forgotforgotten

sleep
slept
slept
freeze
froze
frozen

smell
smelt
smelt
get
got
got

speak
spoke
spoken
give
gave
given

spend
spent
spent
go
went
gone

spill
spilt
spilt
grow
grew
grown

spoil
spoilt
spoilt
hang
hunghanged
hunghanged

stand
stood
stood
have(has)
had
had

sweep
swept
swept
hear
heard
heard

swim
swam
swum
hide
hid
hidden

take
took
taken
hit
hit
hit

teach
taught
taught
hold
held
held

tell
told
told
hurt
hurt
hurt

think
thought
thought
keep
kept
kept

throw
threw
thrown
know
knew
known

understand
understood
understood
lay
laid
laid

wake
wokewaked
wokenwaked
learn
learntlearned
learntlearned

wear
wore
worn
leave
left
left

will
would
　
lend
lent
lent

win
won
won
let
let
let

write
wrote
witten
lie
lay
lain

　
　
　
3be(存)动词种时态变化：
般 现 时
般 时
现 完 成 时
I am…
You are…
HeSheIt is…
WeYouThey are…
(I等称) will be…
I am
HeSheIt is going to be…
WeYouThey are
I have been…
You have been…
SheheIt has been…
WeYouThey have been…
般 时
时
完 成 时
I was…
You were…
HeSheIt was…
WeYouThey were…
(I等称) would be…
I was
HeSheIt was going to be…
WeYouThey were
I had been…
You had been…
SheheIt had been…
WeYouThey had been…
注意：句型变化时
否定句am is are will have has was were had would 面加notnot缩写n’t (am面not缩写)
疑问句am is are will have has was were had would 提前句首

4谓语动词(动语态)时态变化览表：
现 时态
般 现 时
现 进 行 时
般 时
现 完 成 时
谓语动词构成
动词原形(单三加s es)
(问句否定句助词do does)
am
is +动词ing
are
will + 动词原形
am
is +going to+动词原形
are
have +分词
has
时态
般 时
进 行 时
时
完 成 时
谓语动词构成
动词式
(问句否定句助词did)
was
+动词ing
were
would + 动词原形
was
+going to+动词原形
were
had +分词
5八种时态具体法：
(1) 般现时 表示现阶段常惯发生动作存状态说明语特征
①　般现时句子中常时间状语：oftenusuallysometimesalwaysevery (day等) oncetwicea (week等) on (Sunday等)neverin the (morning等)：They go to the Palace Museum once a year(年次宫) They often discuss business in the evening(常晚商谈生意)
②　表示客观真理事实技现状态时句子里般时间状语：The earth turns round the sun(球绕着太阳转) Light travels faster than sound(光传播声音快)
③ 表示十分确定会发生(安排事情)时间表进行事情般现表达句子中时间：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning(开汉口列车午8点开车)
④ 时间状语句中(when after before while until as soon as等引导)条件状语句中(ifunless引导)般现时代般时句子时间：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany(德国电话) If it rains tomorrowwe will have to stay at home(果明天雨呆家)
⑤ 般现时倒装句中表示正发生动作动词come go：Here comes the bus (车) There goes the bell(铃响)
⑥ 般现时常体育赛解说寓言事中Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it
⑦ 心理活动感官动作般般现时现进行时表达常见动词：like love hate dislike want wish hope think(认)understand remember forget mean need hear feel see ：I think it is going to snow(想天雪) I really hope you can enjoy your stay here(真希愉快呆)
(2) 般时 表示某时发生动作状态种动作状态次性常
发生
①　表示具体时刻发生次性动作时时间状语：at (eight) (yesterday morning)(ten minutes) ago when引导时间状语句：I got up at 6：00 this morning(早六点钟起床) Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning(汤姆天早九点半窗子破) When he went into the roomhe saw a stranger talking with his father(走进房间时发现陌生正父亲谈话)
②　表示段时间知时发生次性动作时时间状语：yesterday last (year等) in (1998 等)：He came to our city in the year 2000(2000年市)
③　表示阶段中常发生事情时时间状语：last… in… from…to… for(10 years)oftenusually sometimes always never等：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him
④　讲事历回忆双方明白事件等般时常省略时间状语：I happened to meet Rose in the street(正街遇露西)
(3) 般时 表示某时刻常发生动作状态
①般时时间状语：tomorrowthis (afternoon)next (year)one daynowsoon
somedaysometime in the future when引导句等
②　will构成时表示动作观愿关shall第称will
称：I will graduate from this school soon(快中学毕业) You will stay alone after I leave(走)
③　amisare going to+动词原形表示算准备做事情者观判断发生事情amisare to +动词原形表示安排计划中动作：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby(告诉妇女会生特男孩) It’s going to rain soon(天快雨)
④　表示时决定做某事will表达：I will go to the lab to get some
chemicals(化学药剂) So please wait until I return(化学实验室取药品请等回头)
⑤　现进行时般现时表示(见相应时态)
⑥　shallwill 口语疑问句中相情态动词Shall般第称连will第二称连：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday(周六动物园？) Will you please open the door for me(门开？)
⑦ be to +动词原形表示计划发生事情：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy　

(4)现进行时 现进行时表示现正进行动作现阶段正发生刻定进行动作
① 现进行时助动词be (am is are ) +现分词构成
② 现进行时时间状语： now this … these…等常：What are you doing up in the tree(树干什？) I am writing a long novel these days(写长篇说)
③ 表示发生动作般指期安排事情常见动词：come go stay leave spend do等：I’m coming now() What are you doing tomorrow(明天干什？) He is leaving soon(走)
④ 表示频繁发生反复进行动作常always等频度副词连表示赞扬满讨厌等感情色彩：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later(老钱时候忘干二净)

(5)进行时 进行时表示某时刻某阶段正进行动作
① 进行时was(第三称单数)were(第二称单数称复数)+现分词构成
② 进行时时间状语：then at that time this time yesterday at (eight) yesterday (morning)(a year) ago when引出时间状语句：He was cooking supper this time yesterday(昨天时候正做晚饭) The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her(女孩时候正玩玩具)
③ 宾语句时间状语句中表示句动作时进行延续时间较长句子中通常时间状语：She was it happen when she was walking past(路时事情发生) They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest(黑暗森林里走时唱歌)
④ 表示阶段频繁发生反复进行动作常always等频度副词连表示赞扬满讨厌等感情色彩：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here(住里时老钱)

(6)现完成时 现完成时表示发生现影响动作表示开始直延续现甚延续动作
①完成时助动词have (has)+动词分词构成
②表示发生现影响动作时时间状语：already yet just once twiceever neverthree times before等：I have never seen such fine pictures before (前没画) He has just gone to England(刚英国)
③表示开始直延续现(延续)动作状态时时间状语：for (two years)since 1990 since (two weeks ago)since引导状语句：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years(离开家乡30年) Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened(家工厂开张王叔叔直工作)
④口语中have got表示have()意思：They have got thousands of books in their library(图书馆万书)
⑤have been tohave gone to区：have gone to(已)表示里have been to()表示里：Where is Mr Li –He has gone to the UK(李先生里？英国) Do you know something about Beijing –YesI have been to Beijing three times (知道北京情况？里三次)
⑥完成时中瞬间性动词(次性动作)表示段时间状语连时须该瞬间动词改延续性动词状态动词具体变化见表：


瞬间性动词完成时
→
延续性动词状态动词完成时
have
(already)
gone to…
have
been in at …
for (two years)
has
　
come to…
has
been here
since (1990)
(had)
　
left…
(had)
been away from…
　
　
　
arrived…
　
been in…
　
　
　
died
　
been dead
　
　
　
begun
　
been on
　
　
　
ended
　
been over
　
　
　
bought
　
had…
　
　
　
borrowed…
　
kept…
　
　
　
joined…
　
been in …
　
者面句型：
It is has been + (久)+ since + 语()+谓语(时)+……+时间状语
[注意] 时态中存类似问题记住关键：瞬间动词表达段时间状语连：How long may I keep the book(书久？)(句子中keep取代borrow)
(7) 完成时 完成时表示某时间某动作发生前已完成动作简言 完成时表示时间
①完成时助动词had+动词分词构成
②完成时时间状语：by (yesterday) by then by the end of (last…)者whenbefore等引出状语句时句子中会already just once ever never等词语会for… since…构成时间状语：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came(老师时候已扫完教室) The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat(发觉妇女骗子时已走掉)
③完成时常宾语句中after引导句中者句before引导句中：After I had put on my shoes and hatI walked into the darkness(穿鞋子戴帽子走进黑暗中) He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before(说前没见袋鼠)
(8) 时 时表示预计发生动作存状态
①时助动词should(第称)would(第二三称)+动词原形构成美国英语中时助动词律would +动词原形
②时常宾语句中时间状语：later soon the next (day)
③时间状语句条件状语句中时应该般时：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project(答应付许钱果帮助搞项目) Every time when he was freehe would sit down and read some books(次空会坐书)
④表示纯粹时wouldshould表示算观认事情waswere going to (+动词原形)：She told me she would be 18 the next month(告诉月18岁) She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog(告诉算带宠物狗散步)
⑤时表示常性动作：When it rained in the day he would bring an umbrella with him(白天雨时会身带雨伞)
(9)现完成进行时：现完成进行时指开始直延续现继续动作具现完成时现进行时双重特征结构：havehas + been +动词现分词：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours(已冰冷水里游两时) How long have you been waiting here(里直等久？)
6动语态：
(1)动语态定义：动语态动词种特殊形式说明语谓语动词间关系果语 动作执行者(某做某事)便动语态果语动作承受者(某事做)便动语态动动区词序区语谓语意义区英语中物动词相物动词词组动语态形式
(2)英语中动语态助动词be +动词分词构成助动词be时态称数变化动语态by短语时省具体结构见表：
现时态
般现时
现进行时
般 时
现完成时
谓语动词构 成
am
is +pp
are
am
is +being+pp
are
will + be+pp
am
is +going to+ be + pp
are
have(has) +been+pp
时态
般时
进 行 时
时
完成时
谓语动词构 成
was +pp
were
was
+being+pp
were
would +be+pp
was +going to+be+pp
were
had +been+pp
[注] pp表示分词
(1) 动语态法：
① 知道谁动作执行者(知道谁做)时动语态省略by短语：A man was killed in the accident(死事) This window was broken yesterday(扇窗子昨天破)
②说者众周知谁做时动语态省略by短语：Rice is also grown in this place(方种水稻) A railroad will be built here in three years(三年里修建条铁路)
③强调动作承受者句尾加by短语：It was written by Lu Xun((书)鲁迅写) A pet dog is never killed by its owner(宠物狗会宰杀)
(2) 动语态改写动语态：








动句： 语(物) + 谓语(物动词) + 宾语(物) + + 状语
(动作执行者) (种时态形式) (动作承受者)




动句： 语(物) + 谓语(物动词) + by + 物 + + 状语
(动作承受者) (be +分词) (动作执行者)

(3) 注意点：
①动词+间接宾语+直接宾语改动时间接宾语做动句语：
His teacher gave him a dictionary→He was given a dictionary by his teacher(老师字典→老师字典)
直接宾语做动句语需to者for引出原句间接宾语：His teacher gave him a dictionary→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher(老师字典→字典老师送)His father made him a kite→A kite was made for him by his father(父亲做风筝→风筝父亲做)
②动词+宾语+动词原形改动时动词原形前加to：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day(老板怜天工作12时→怜迫天工作12时)
③动词+…+介词改动时介词般原位动：The girl takes good care of her little brother→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her(女孩顾弟弟→女孩弟弟顾着)
④be+分词未必表示动语态系表结构：
He is pleased worried tired ……(系表)(高兴焦虑疲劳……)
He was hit knocked down told shot ……(动)(击中撞倒关射中……)

7动词非谓语形式：动词做谓语时固定形式
(1)动词非谓语形式包括动词定式动名词分词三种形式中分词包含现分词分词两种形式句子中单独作谓语
(2)动词定式：
① 形式：动词定式基形式定式记号to+动词原形构成否定形式to 前面加not疑问形式：wh疑问词+to+动词原形*动形式：to be +分词*完成形式：to have +分词
② 动词定式具名词形容词副词特征句子中作语宾语定语状语表语宾语补足语定式保留动词某特征定式面宾语表语状语动词定式加相关成分构成定式短语
③ 动词定式放谓语前句子作语通常作语动词定式定式短语放谓语面语位置it作形式语(时定式前面会for sb表示定式逻辑语)：To help animals is helping people(帮助动物帮助) It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well((言)学汉语非常困难) It took me half an hour to work out this problem(解出道题花时时间)
④ 动词定式作谓语动词(物动词)宾语
[A] 物动词+定式般形式：
谓语动词(vt)
+定式
(作宾语)
[说 明]
want(想) try(试图) decide(决定) would like(想) hope(希) love(喜爱) learn(学会) afford(提供) agree(意) fail(失败未) mean(意味着) prefer(宁愿) wish(希)
+ to (do)
()
help(帮助)
to省略
begin(开始) start(开始)hate(憎恨)
动名词意义变化
forget(忘记) remember(记) like(总爱)
动名词意义变化较
：I would like to have a rest at the moment(现想休息) They began to search the room for the thief(开始屋子里搜寻偷) He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house(喜爱家水塘里面游泳) When did you learn to speak English(什时候开始学英语？) Don’t forget to close the door when you leave(离开时忘关门
[较] He forgot to turn off the light(忘关灯) (没关) He forgot turning off the light(忘记关灯)(关) Please remember to ring me up(记电话)(没电话) I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot(记昨天电话忘记)(电话)
[B] 物动词+疑问词+定式：
谓语动词(vt)
+wh疑问词+定式 (作宾语)
[说明]
tell (告诉) show (显示) know (知道) ask (问) find out (发现) understand (明白) wonder(疑惑) learn(学会) forget(忘记) remember(记) teach sb(教某) discuss(商讨)
what
where
+ how + to (do)
who
which
……
定式疑问形式作句子语表语等
：He does not know which one to take(知道该选) Tell me how to get to the station(告诉样火车站) She asked me what to do for today’s homework(问天家庭作业做什) Can you teach me how to search the internet(教样网？)
[C] 定式作宾语面宾语补足语时通常it代作形式宾语定式置： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike(发现学骑车容易)
⑤ 动词定式句子中作定语放名词代词面
[A] 记住面结构：
修饰部分 + 定式(作置定语)
汉 语 意 思
a key
to lock the door
锁门钥匙
a box
to hold these things
装东西箱子
give her a book
to read
书读
Is there any (+名词代词)
to (do)
…(做)
It’s time
to go
走时间 该走
Do you have any work
to do
工作做
I’d like something
to eat
点吃
I have nothing
to say
没话说
Would you like something
to drink
点喝？
[B] 种情况果定式动词物动词面必须加介词：
They could not find a place to live in(找住方) Please give me a chair to sit on(请张椅子坐坐) He has got a writing brush to write with((找写字毛笔)
⑥ 动词定式句子中作状语列种情况：
[A] 放物动词(come go stop finish wait等词)面：He came to see her yesterday(昨天)(表示目) I stopped to have a rest(停休息会)(表示停目)
[B] 放完整谓语(谓语+宾语谓语+宾语+补语动词+表语)：We cleaned the room to let him play in it(扫房间便里面玩) I opened the window to see more clearly(开窗子便更清楚点)
[C] 时表示目定式短语放句首：To arrive there on timeI got up one hour earlier than usual(时达时早起时)(表示早起目)
[注意] stop to do stop doing：They stopped to have a look(停)(定式作停目状语) They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher(停止窗外开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语表示停止容)
⑦ 动词定式句子中作表语限连系动词：My job is to keep the goal(工作守住球门)
⑧ 动词定式句子中作复合宾语中宾语补足语
谓 语 动 词(vt)
+ 宾语 ( 物)
+定式 (作宾语补足语)
ask(请) tell(关) teach(教) want(想) would like(想) get() help(帮) invite(邀请) like(喜欢) warn(警告)
+sb sth
+to (do)
make() let() hear(听) see() feel(感觉) watch(观) have() help(帮助)
+sb sth
+ (do)
：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking(妈妈帮助做饭) I would like you to see my parents(想见见父母) The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day(老板常工天工作14时) Now let me hear you play the violin(现听拉提琴)
[注意] help做宾补定式符号to省略hear see feel watch宾补定式现分词时含义需特注意(参见现分词部分)试较：
I heard her crying when I walked past(路时听正哭)(指时瞬间情况)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song(坐附听唱新歌)(指整程)
(3)动名词
① 动名词动词原形加词尾ing构成动名词动词特征宾语状语修饰名词特征句子中作语宾语(包括介词宾语)等动名词加相关词语(宾语状语等)构成动名词短语
② 动名词作语般it作形式语动名词短语移：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy(学英语容易)(It is not so easy learning English all by yourself)
③ 动名词作宾语
[A] want need动名词时含动意思：Your car needs reparing badly(车急需修理)(修)My hair needs cutting(理发)(头发理)
[B] remember forge stop finish动名词时定式含义：I forgot to write a letter to him(忘写封信)(根没写) I forgot writing a letter to him(忘写信)(写忘) They stopped to look back(停)(停目) They stopped looking back(停止)()
[C] enjoy mind keep hate go等词般动名词作宾语：Do you mind my closing the door(门关介意？) She hates travelling by air(讨厌坐飞机旅行) They went swimming every afternoon(天午游泳) I enjoy walking around the town(喜欢镇转悠)
[D] like love start begin learn面动名词时定式意思相相：We began to study English when we were at primary school(学时开始学英语) We began studying English when we were at primary school (学时开始学英语)
④ 动名词作表语时特注意现进行时混淆：My job is putting these parts together(事情部件拼起) I am putting these parts together(正部件拼起)
⑤ 动名词现分词构成相含义动名词表示事情现分词表示进行着动作：Eating too much is not good for your health (动名词短语作语) Seeing is believing(动名词短语分作语表语) He ran after a moving bus and got onto it(现分词作定语) His father saw him sitting on some eggs(现分词作宾补)
(4)分词： 包含现分词分词(高中学重点)
① 区：现分词般动意思表示动作正进行意思分词动动 作已完成意思分词宾语状语
② 分词分词短语句子中作定语状语复合宾语等
[A] 作定语：分词作定语时般放修饰名词前分词短语作定语时放修饰名词 ：I have got a running nose(流鼻涕) The woman running after the thief shouted very loudlyStop the thief(着偷追妇女喊：捉偷) Yesterday I met a man called Mr Black(昨天遇见名布莱克先生) He only gave me a broken glassso I was very angry with him(坏玻璃杯生气)
[B] 现分词作列动词宾语补足语(参考定式作宾语补足语)
谓语动词(vt)
宾语
宾语补足语
keep(保持) see()
hear(听) watch(注意) feel(感觉)
sbsth
(do)ing
：Mum kept me working all the week(妈妈星期工作) When I entered the roomI saw Jack eating a big pear(进入房间时杰克正吃梨子) In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot(黑暗中感冷东西脚移动)
[C] 现分词作状语表示伴情况：She came into the classroomholding a pile of papers in her hand(走进教室手抓着沓纸) I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test(日子正忙着准备口语考试)
[D] 分词作表语放连系动词面注意动语态混淆系表表示状态动语态表示动作常分词作表语结构：be worried (焦虑) be pleased (高兴) be tired (疲劳) get dressed (扮) get lost (迷路) get caught (遭遇) beome frustrated (沮丧) become intereted in (…感兴趣)等等例略
[E] 分词作宾语补足语：I had my hair cut this morning(天早理发)(注意：have sth done表示动作做have done sth现完成时结构两结构混淆)
8动词法辨析：
(1)Why not+动词原形+…(干嘛……)简略句完全形式：Why don’t you +动词原形+…：Why not go and have a look(干嘛？) Why not try it once again(什试试？)
(2) seem(象)法：记住结构：①sbsth + seem + (to be+)形容词+…②sbsth + seem + like +…③sbsth + seem + to (do)④It seems that + 句：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster (校长名字时象开心) It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim (吉姆象没什会做出愚蠢事情)
(3) be afraid(害怕)法：记住结构：①be afraid of sth be afraid of (doing) ②be afraid to (do) ③be afraid that+句：She is a little afraid of snakes(点怕蛇) Don’t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night(害怕晚家) I’m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes(恐怕取代犯错误)
(4) be sorry(抱歉)法：记住结构：①be sorry for (sth) ②be sorry for (doing sth) ③be sorry to (do) ④be sorry that+句：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long(意思久等)I am sorry to trouble you(起麻烦) I am sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment(恐怕现)
(5) be sure (确信)法：记住结构： ①be sure of (sth) ②be sure to(do) ③be sure that+句：She told me many times that she was sure to come(讲次定会) Are you sure of your answerMaybe it’s wrong(答案握？许错) I am sure that Dad will help me with the job(确信爸爸会帮着做件事情)
(6) make do法：般情况表示进行活动者做工作do表示创造建构某事物make ：I don’t know what to do(知道该干什) I’m not going to do any work(准备做什) My father and I once made a boat(爸做船)
外记住固定说法：do good harm business one’s best a favour……
make a decision an effort a mistake a noise a phone call money war the bed sure
(7)put onwearhave…onbe intry ondress法：put on强调穿戴动作程wear表示穿着戴着状态have+衣物+on表示状态be in(+颜色衣物)表示状况dress(+)表示…穿衣：Please put on your new shoes(请穿新鞋) The twins are wearing the same clothes(双胞胎穿着相衣服) Today she has an overcoat on(天穿着件衣) Do you know the woman who is in black(认识身穿黑衣女？) Dad is dressing Tom now(爹正汤姆穿衣)
[注意]dresswearput on区：wearput on常衣物作宾语dress常作宾语表示穿衣时常get dresseddress oneself表达be dressed inwear基义dress up意穿盛装乔装扮：Could you dress the baby for me(宝宝穿衣？) He is eight but can’t dress himself(八岁会穿衣服) She was dressed in a red coat(穿着件红衣) Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party(穿衣服参加吉姆聚会？)
(8)likeloveenjoy法：三词含喜欢意思likeenjoy面动名词love 面般动词定式like面时动词定式表示种惯嗜(具体时间点关)enjoy面加名词反身代词表示享受…乐趣玩开心：Do you like shopping(喜欢购物？) He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon(天午放学总爱游泳) They love to sing foreign songs(喜爱唱外国歌曲) Did you enjoy yourself at the party(聚会玩开心？) He enjoys living in China(喜欢中国生活)
(9)studylearn法： study表示学研究指程learn表示学会指结果表示学时互换：How many subjects do you study(学少门课程？) Have you learned it yet(学？) How long have you studiedlearned English(学英语久？)
learn表示听说：He learned the musician himself was in town(听说音乐家城里)
(10)thinkwantwould like法：三词含想意思think指思考考虑want指想愿企图would like指想think面般介词短语句wantwould like面名词动词定式：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years (认中国会40年成发达国家？) I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min((正想着前黎敏钱) What do you really want to say(底想干什？) Which of these cakes would you like (to have)(饼子中想吃？)
(11)look forsearch…forfindfind out法：前面两词语表示动作程面两表示结果look for指寻找见丢失东西没找search…for…指找…搜寻…find指找东西find out指查明事实真相：Hey Monkey what are you looking for in the cupboard(嘿猴厨子里面找什呢？) Have you found the lost key to your car(找着丢失车钥匙？) The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise(士兵正房间里面搜寻间谍突然间听衣声巨响) Let’s try to find out who broke the window(查查谁窗子破)
[注解] find结构：find sb sth某找…find sthsb + adjn发觉某…find it +adj + to do…(+宾语句)发现(做……)： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl(母亲发现女聪明女孩)(名词作补语补足语) You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food(容易会发现吃冷食身体利)
(12)listen tohear法：两词听觉关listen to指听程hear指听结果：Are you listening to meJim YesI have heard your words(吉姆听说？话全听见)
(13)lookseewatchread法：四词均眼睛关look指放眼(否)指程see指见结果时see引申明白表示时面加电影等词watch指专注含注视监视义面常电视赛等词read限制书面材料译阅读面书报纸杂志等词：What are you looking at(什？) Please look at the blackboard (请黑板) Let me go to see the film mum will you (妈妈电影吧？) He won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match (完足球赛会感觉) Reading gives us knowledge(阅读知识)
(14)hearhear ofhear fromlearn法： hear听说面名词代词句表示听见容hear of听说面指某耳闻没见面hear from收……信面加learn听说知面句含义hear相似：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight (听说格林先生晚) Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains (否听说喜马拉雅山？) How often do you hear from your father (隔久收父亲信？) He learned the musician himself was in town(听说音乐家城里)
(15)speaktalksaytell法：四词说关speak讲话发言演说物动词涉时加介词tospeak作物动词时面语言名称talk谈话闲谈物动词涉时介词withto等涉事情时面介词about等say 物动词面名词代词句等表示说容tell物动词面首先然句者介词短语等：Do you speak English (讲英语？) Who spoke at the meeting (谁会发言？) Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent (老师正林涛家长讲话) Can you say it in English (英语说出？) Please tell me something about the strange flying object (请讲讲奇怪飞行物事情吧)
(16)be able to(do)can法：can情态动词许含义表示会等意思现式can式could两种形式be able to表示力会种时态形式to面动词原形时cancould互换：Can you speak English (会说英语？) He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12 (十二岁时会游泳)
(17)there behave法：两词译have表示拥语必须者物there be表示存概念语there be：How many brothers and sisters do you have I have only one brother (少兄弟？兄弟) How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom There is none (教室里少张桌椅？张没)
[注解]there be sbsth doingthere be sbsth to do ：doing表示正发生事情to do 表示滞迟there be动作： Look There is a dog lying on the stairway Take your time There is nothing for you to do tonight
(18)borrowlendkeep法：表示三词borrow进lend出次性动作表示段时间状语连keep保存表示段时间： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher What can I do (丢掉老师里书) How long have you kept my dictionaryehFor more than two months (呃字典久？两月)
(19)bringtakecarrysendlift法：bring指远处take指面前走carry指般搬运涉方send指送派遣寄lift指东西低高提起拎起例略
(20)hopewish法：两词表示希hope表达握信心实现事情面直接动词定式者宾语句动名词作宾语补足语定式wish表达实现性事情面名词宾语句(时)者作宾语补足语定式：We all hope to see him very soon (全希快见) I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out (希明天天样出) How I wish it was not raining at the moment(希刻雨)(事实天正雨)
(21)takespendpaycost法：
spend宾语通常金钱时间句型：sb+(spend)+时间金钱+on sth (in) doing sth
take语通常事情句型：sthIt + (take)+sb+时间+to do… (果动作常it作形式语动词定式移)
cost宾语通常时间金钱力气句型：sth +(cost)+sb+时间金钱力气
pay宾语通常金钱句型：sb+(pay)+金钱+for+事物
：She spent the whole night reading the novel (花晚说) This job will take me two daysIt will take me two days to do the job (做件事情花两天时间) How much does a house like this cost (样房子花少钱？) I paid him twenty dollars for the book (花20元买书)
(22)beginstart法：begin数情况代start(反义词end)面接定式动名词时区start表示开始出发启动反义词stop某事停止重新开始般start：When did you beginstart to learn English (什时候开始学英语？) They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped (雨停开始收割庄稼) This time he could not start his car (次没法启动汽车)
(23)arrive inatreachget to法：arrive物动词达具体点时面加介词at达方(国家城市)时面加介词inarrive面直接点副词heretherehome等get表示达时物动词涉点()时面加toget面直接点副词here等reach物动词面直接点名词：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday (星期天抵达旧金山) How did you get there in the night (样夜间达里？) We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left (路狂奔火车启动前5分钟达车站)
(24)be made ofbe made frombe made intobe made inbe made bybe made for区：be made of指制成品中出原材料be made from指制成品中出原材料口语中换成be made out of be made into表示制成……be made in表达制造点be made by表达制造be made for表达制造目：This kind of paper is made from bamboo (种纸竹子生产) The desk is made of wood and metal (桌子铁木头) A lot of paper has been made into paper birds (许纸折叠成鸟) Computers are made in these cities (计算机城市制造) This kite was made by Uncle Wang (风筝王叔叔做) A big bag was made for me to hold my waste things(包做装废物)
(25)be used forbe used toused toget used to区：be used for + 名词代词动名词 be used to + 动词原形表示两短语意思相表示… used to + 动词原形表示常常否定式didn’t use tousedn’t togetbe used to + 动名词表示惯…：A knife can be used for cutting things(刀割东西) A knife can be used to cut things(刀割东西) He used to borrow novels from the library when he was at school (学时常常图书馆书) He is used to getting up early in the morning (惯早起)
(26)beatwinlose： beat (败)面win(赢)面赛竞赛等：Who won at last (谁赢？) Class Three beat us 50 (三班5∶0败) I am sure to win the match (定赢赛)
lose表示输常句型：lose sth to sb ：Unluckily we lost the match to Class Three (幸赛输三班)
(27)growplantkeep区：plant着重讲栽种植动作grow指种植栽培理keep指喂养赡养者动物 ：He grew vegetables in his garden (园子里种菜) I planted ten trees last yearbut four of them died (年栽10棵树死4棵) Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the time (老年妇女喜欢养猫养狗发时间)
(28)fall drop区：fall指东西高处坠落物动词作连系动词意思变进入某种状态drop表示物体高处低处落物动词物体落低处物动词：The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself (拖拉机摔跌伤) Soon after they touched the pillows they fell (系动词) fast asleep (头挨枕头久睡着) He felt as if he had to drop maths(觉似放弃数学) He dropped a letter into the mailbox(邮箱里丢封信)
(29)joinjoin intake part in区：join指参加组织团体派等面时表示某起参加某项活动join in指参加某项游戏活动take part in指参加群众性活动运动会议等：He joined the army in 2001(2001年参军) They joined me in congratulating you(起祝贺) Do join us in the game(千万参加赛) He took an active part in the students’ movement in the 1940s(二十世纪40年代积极参加学生运动)
(30)beathitstrike法区：beat指连续断击(心脏)跳动hit指次性撞击命中strikehit基义理解划(火柴)……深刻印象：The man looks deadbut his heart is still beating weakly (死心脏微弱跳动) He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake (踢球劲太球飞头顶落入水中) He went into the room and struck a match(火柴) (走进房间划着根火柴)
(31)carry oncarry out区：carry on表示进行继续carry out表示进行贯彻实现：I will carry on the work (会继续工作) I have some difficulties in carrying out his orders (执行命令问题)
(32)be amazedbe surprised区：be amazed感惊讶指某发生实际发生事情感极讶异be surprised感吃惊指突发事件感惊讶：When he dived deep into the sea he was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coral reefs (深潜海中时美丽珊瑚礁惊呆) He was very surprised when he heard a loud noise from inside the room (听房间里传出声音非常吃惊)
(33)warn法：warn sb ofabout sth意思针…警告某warn sb (not) to do sth意思告戒某()做某事warn sb + that句意思警告某说……：They warned the passengers of thieves (警告路心窃贼) I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are still so lazy (警告：果懒考试中会格) He was warned not to go out in the late night (受警告深夜出)
(34)think ofthink about等短语区：think of表示考虑思念认想起建议等think about表示认think much highly a lot of表示高度评价…think over表示仔细考虑think out表示想出：The headmaster thought highly of this boy (校长高度评价男孩) We’re thinking of going to France for our holiday (考虑法国度假事情) Think it over and you will have a way (仔细考虑办法) I cannot think of his name I forgot it (想起名字忘) －What do you think about his composition －Very good (作文觉样？ )
(35)agree with agree to agree on等词语法：agree to+动词表示意做某事agree with + sb观点表示赞…观点 agree about表示…话题相法agree to +建议表示意某建议agree on + 决定表示赞成某决定例略
(36)deserve(应该应)法：deserve面加定式加名词：They had tried their best and they deserved to win (力该赢) The little boy always made troubles around and deserved beating (男孩总处处惹麻烦活该) The girl did a good deed and deserved praise (女孩做事应该受表扬)

九连接词
1连词含义：连接词词短语短语引导句词连接词
2连词分类：连词分列连接词属连接词两种
1列连接词连接列词短语句句子常见列连接词：and()but()or(者否)nor() so() however(然)for()still()as well as()bothand() not only but also(……) either… or…(……)neither… nor…(……)等
2属连接词引导句常见属连接词：
when(…时候) while(正…时候) after(…) before(…前) since() until(直) althoughthough(然) if(假) as(…样) as …as…(…样) as far as(…言) as long as() as soon as(……) even if() because() unless (非) than(…) whether (否…) in order that…() so…that…(…致) so that…(便) now that…(现然) by the time…(…时候) every time…() as if…(仿佛)no matter when(whenever)(时)no matter where(wherever)(里)等
［辨析］
(1) becauseassincefor法：because()表示原语气强常表示必然果关系句般放句面外回答why问句because as()表示般果关系语气because弱说明较明显原引导句放句首放句尾since(然)表示方已知道需加说明原事实for()列连词语气较弱补充说明理提供种解释：He is not at school today because he is seriously ill（天没学病厉害） As all of you have got here now let’s go to the zoo（然伙动物园吧） I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy（然忙林涛起吧） We must be off now for the match starts at 7：00（走赛七点开始）
(2)ifwhether区：表示否时ifwhether义引导宾语句外whether引导语句表语句(位语句)等名词性句者步状语句if表示果引导条件状语句(句句遵循现原)：I don’t know ifwhether he will arrive on time（知道会时达） I will ring you up if he arrives on time（果时达会电话）
[注意]列情况whetherif：①引导语句②引导表语句③引导句作介词宾语④引导定式短语⑤引导步状语句⑥动词discuss⑦wonder not sure⑧ifwhether含义易混时：Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question（星期天天问题）(引导语句) Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not（请问带带雨衣）(作动词宾语) Hainan is the place to be whether it’s summer or winter（海南该方冬夏）(引导步状语句) Please let me know whether you need my help（请告诉否需帮助）(引导宾语句)(果换成if表示果需帮助请告知)
(3)whilewhenas法区：while常表示较长动作引导句动作句动作时发生行when表示较短动作表示较长动作句句动作时发生先发生as两词义换whilewhen 表示句句动作时发生常译边……边……：Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework（写作业时请扰） I’ll go home when I have finished my job（干完活回） They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming（正快速穿马路忽然听卡车开声音） As we walked in the dark street we sang songs and talked loudly（黑洞洞街走路时高声唱歌说话）
(4)tilluntilnot…tilluntil区：前者表示延续性动作者表示开始动作：I will stay here and watch the baby until you return（会呆里着娃娃直回）(stay动作直进行return) They won’t go on working until they get what they think is reasonable（获认合理东西时会继续干）
外tilluntil基互换句首时untiltill ：Until the last minute of the match we kept playing（坚持赛分钟） Not until he had finished his work did he go home（直做完工作回家）（倒装句）
(5)thoughalthough区：两词表示然均but时句中加stillyet连although然仅作连词较正式般换though though然even连(even if)表示然作副词时意思然放句首：He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes（疾病法课通考试） she won’t leave the TV seteven though her husband is waiting for her for the supper（愿离开电视机然丈夫等吃饭） It was a quiet party I had a good time though（热闹聚会玩开心）
(6)prefer to…rather than…prefer…to…区：prefer to…rather than…面动词原形prefer…to…动名词名词：I prefer English to Japanese（日语相更喜欢英语） I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese （日语相更喜欢学英语）

十简单句
1简单句特点：简单句通常语(列语)谓语(列谓语)构成
2简单句种类：简单句般分陈述句疑问句感叹句祈句四种
3陈述句：
说明事实句子陈述句肯定式否定式两种形式
▲陈述句肯定式： He is a middle school student（中学生） I have a hammer in my hand（手锤子） She teaches us geography（教理） The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it（新话剧非常家喜欢）
▲陈述句否定式：
1)谓语动词果to be 助动词情态动词时面加not：My brother is not a teacher（弟弟教师） He does not have a cousin（没堂兄弟） I will not go there tomorrow（明天） My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen（母亲现厨房里做饭） You must not make such mistakes again（该犯类似错误） We haven’t discussed the question yet（没讨问题呢）
2)谓语动词果没述词语动词时须前面加do not(don’t)： I don’t know anything about it(事知) Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside（李明农村养猪） We didn’t expect to meet her right here（没指着里见） We didn’t have a meeting yesterday afternoon(昨天午没开会)
3)果have作讲面加not构成否定式形式have got否定式相 ：I haven’t (got) any brothers or sisters（没兄弟姐妹）
[注意]
①句子中果allbothvery muchwell等词时not般构成部分否定果完全否定通常noneneithernot…at all等All of them went there→None of them went there（全里→全没里）
②句子中含littlefewtoo(太)hardlyneverneithernorseldom等词时 视否定句：Few people live there because life there is very hard（没生活里里生活太艰难）
③陈述句(语+谓语+)口语中直接表示疑问表示惊讶明知问：That’s your boss（老板？）
④陈述句般情况应正常语序：语+谓语+时会倒装详见倒装句
⑤句律陈述句语序连接词采语+谓语+序：The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home （老告诉说住年然回家） Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night（告诉聚会见谁？）
4疑问句：
▲般疑问句： yesno回答疑问句做般疑问句
1)般疑问句构成：句中谓语动词to be助动词情态动词时(提前)放语前面：Is he an engineer（工程师？） Have you got today’s newspaper （天报纸？） Shall we go to see a film this evening （晚电影？） Can you explain it （解释？） Is there any fish for supper（晚饭鱼？） Would you like to go out for a walk（想出散步？）
谓语动词果没述词语动词时语前面加助动词do does did 原谓语动词改原形：Do you get up at six every morning（天天早晨六点起身？） Does she study hard（学努力？） Did you go there yesterday（昨天？）
2)般疑问句回答：
般疑问句通常简略形式回答：
Will you join us in playing basketball（加入篮球？）—Yes we will（会） —No we won’t（会）
Have you got today’s newspaper（天报纸？）—Yes I have （） —No I haven’t（没）
回答时时态应问句里时态致
[注意] 回答must者may开头疑问句心参见情态动词关容
3)般疑问句否定结构(否定形式般疑问句)表示惊奇责怪建议法等not置语者not放语前be have等助动词情态动词合起：
Will he not come（难道？） Isn’t your sister a Party member（姐姐员？） Haven’t you any brothers（没哥哥？） Don’t you like the play（难道喜欢话剧？） Can’t we walk a little farther（走远？） Won’t you sit down（想坐？） Hasn’t she heard of the matter（没听说事？）
种否定结构疑问句回答汉语惯果回答肯定yes+肯定结构果回答否定no+否定结构(情况反意问句类似)：
Can’t he answer the question (回答问题？)
—Yeshe can(回答问题) —Nohe can’t (回答问题)
▲特殊疑问句：求具体回答问句
1)特殊疑问句结构：
疑问代词
+般疑问句+？
who外疑问代词短语
疑问副词
：What do you want（什？） Who(m) are you looking for （找谁？） Whose magazine is this（谁杂志？）Which class are you in（班？） When did you get up this morning（早什时候起身？） Where have you been（？） Why did he go to bed so early（什早睡觉？） How did you go there（？）
who引出询问语语部分相关词特殊疑问句结构陈述句词序相：：Who is dancing over there（谁边跳舞？）
时whatwhichwhose引出陈述句词序相特殊疑问句：What is on the wall（什东西墙？墙什？） Which is yours（？） Whose book is in your bag（谁书书包里？）
[注意]陈述句改特殊问句时先句子改般问句(划线)提问部分更改疑问词置句首特注意助动词果语语修饰词提问需疑问部分改疑问词
2)常疑问代词疑问副词：
疑问代词： who whom whose which what
疑问副词： when where why how
how构成短语：how many (少) (独立数名词) how much (少) (独立数名词) how old (年纪) how far (远) how often (常)how long (久长) how soon (久)how many times (少次)等等
3)特殊疑问句时否定式：Why don’t you ask Jim instead(常缩略Why not…) (什转请Jim呢？)
4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分时两疑问词：When and where were you born (时出生？)
5) 疑问词果介词宾语该介词句首句尾：What do you want a computer for For what do you want a computer (干嘛台电脑呢？)

▲反意疑问句： 反意疑问句表示陈述句说事实提出相反疑问求方yesno进行回答
1) 构成：两部分组成：前部分陈述句部分疑问句be have 助动词情态动词+语构成果陈述句肯定结构反意疑问句须否定结构反陈述句果否定结构反意疑问句须肯定结构反意疑问句两部分必须保持称时态致反意疑问句回答时会汉语
陈述句部分
附加问句部分
注 意 点
肯定陈述句
否定简短般问句
陈述句部分含动词(动词)情态动词助动词时简短问句中该词否dodoesdid
否定陈述句
肯定简短般问句
：He is old isn’t he (老？) The man went away didn’t he (男走开？) He isn’t old is he (老？) He never went there did he (没里？)
2) 反意问句回答：
种形式反意问句回答时遵循：Yes+肯定式者No+否定式
：The man went away didn’t he(走开？)
——Yes he did(走) No he didn’t(没走)
The man never went there did he(里？)
——Yes he did(呀) No he didn’t(呀)
▲选择疑问句：提出两种两种情况需方作出选择回答疑问句选择疑问句
1) 构成：(1) 般疑问句 + or + 第二选项？
(2) 特殊疑问句 + 第选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项？
2)选择疑问句结构特殊疑问句相具体回答yes no回答：
Is your friend a boy or a girl –A girl (朋友男孩女孩？女孩) Which do you prefer coffee or tea –Tea please (样咖啡茶？请茶吧) Which do you like best singing dancing or skating Dancing of course (唱歌跳舞溜冰喜欢样？然跳舞啦)
5祈句：祈句表示请求命令等语you说出
▲祈句肯定式： 动词(原形) + ：Please give me a hand (请帮忙) Shut up (住嘴)
▲祈句否定式： Don’t +动词原形 + ：Please don’t talk in low voices (请低声讲话) Don’t look back (掉头)
[注意] let’s引出祈句否定结构not应放let’s面：Let’s not trouble him (扰)
肯定祈句前助动词强调语气：Please do help me (请千万帮帮)
6感叹句：感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情句末常
▲含形容词名词短语感叹结构通常：
What + (a an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(谓语) 强调句子中名词：What a good kind girl (she is) (善良女孩) What bad weather (it is) (天气真糟糕)
▲仅形容词副词进行感叹结构通常：How + 形容词副词 + 陈述句结构(谓语) 强调句子中形容词副词动词How carefully the old man walks (老走路真心) How delicious the food is (食品真吃) How beautiful (真美呀)
▲时陈述句祈句疑问句词词组带定感情色彩成感叹句时未必感叹句型He is sitting on a tiger’s back (坐老虎背) A nice shot (漂亮击) Good goal (球)

十句子成分：语谓语宾语表语定语宾语补足语状语
1语：
(1)名词代词(称代词格)动词定式动名词等充说明动作谁发出：The painter painted a very nice picture (画家画幅漂亮画) They fought against SARS bravely (勇敢非典搏斗) To see is to believe (耳听虚眼见实) Helping animals is to help people (帮助动物帮助类)
(2)动词定式动名词做语时it代定式动名词移表语宾语：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey (长途旅行中甲等座位简直太舒服) Eating too much is bad for your health(It is bad for your health eating too much) (吃太身体利)
(3)口语中常见语系省略：(It is) nothing (()没什) (It) doesn’t matter (()没关系) (I) thank you (()谢谢)
(4)反意问句附加问句语必须代词：The man looks worrieddoesn’t he (着急？) Tigers are dangerous animals aren’t they (老虎危险动物？)
(5)祈句般省略语加语时指定某Keep the keyboards clean children (孩子请保持键盘清洁) (省略语) You go there and fetch me a glass of water (弄杯水)
(6)语般句首问句中会处第二位句尾倒装句there be句型语动词：Computers are made in this factory (计算机生产家工厂) Where are they (？) Does the boy like staying home (男孩喜欢呆家里？)
(7)语谓语必须保持单复数致 谓语表语宾语间没求Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam (JimRose没通考试) The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people (中华民族勤劳勇敢民族)
(8)语句充详见语句

2谓语：
(1)物动词物动词+宾语系动词+表语等构成说明语表示物干什样：
He travelled in space for the first time(首次太空旅行) Who teaches you English this year(年谁教英语？) The pizza has gone bad (块烤馅饼已变坏)
(2)谓语动词必须反映出称单复数时态等信息谓语动词列词语序排列构成：［情态动词］+［时态助动词］+［语态助动词］+［动词］(定全部出现)(见动词时态语态构成表)　记住：谓语部分第动词变形动词：
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to (起发出太声音样) He can’t have finished reading the 800pagelong novel (读完长达800页说) Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out (该采取措施防止
禽流感蔓延)
(3)谓语动词切忌行动词1 + 原形动词be + 原形动词
记住列正确形式：
①情态动词+原形动词：You’d better go over the lesson（复课）
②shall will would+原形动词：They should have been there once（应该）
③be+现分词者分词：What are you doing this evening（晚算做什？） Many trees have been cut down since 1970s（20世纪70年代批树木砍伐）
④have+分词：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s（意思）
⑤般时问句否定句中：dodoesdid+原形动词：He does not enjoy himself very much（日子） Did any of you see dinosaur eggs（中谁见恐龙蛋？）
⑥行动词1+行动词2 (定式动名词现分词分词等形式)：He made up his mind to be a vet（定意做兽医） Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life（尊爱享受生活根） They wake up the other family members callingMerry Christmas（醒家庭成员呼喊着：圣诞快乐） The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves（古代埃国王修建坚固坟墓）
(4)形容词名词代词副词介词短语等独立作谓语必须前加连系动词
(5)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式动词：iswashasdoes动词+s复数形式动词：arewerehave动词原形动词分单复数
谓语部分第动词形式
单数形式
复数形式
般现时be()动词
现某时态语态助动词be
am (单) are (单二) is (单三)
are
般时be()动词
某时态语态助动词be
was (单) were (单二) was(单三)
were
般现时have()动词
现完成时态助动词have
have (单) have (单二) has (单三)
have
般现时行动词助动词do
do (单单二) does (单三)
do
实意动词连系动词般现时动词（否定疑问句外）
原形动词(单单二) 动词+s es (单三)
原形动词
时态语态谓语动词
单复数形式相
记住：语谓语单复数必须保持致（参见4名词代词作语时谓语间单复数致问题：） Air and water is necessary to us all(空气水家必少)
(6)般问句反意问句回答行动词应该动词情态动词助动词(bewillhavedo变形)：The Olympic Games is held every other year isn’t it Yes it is(奥运会两年举办次？)
3宾语：
(1) 名词代词(称代词宾格)定式动名词(宾语)句充表示动作承受者谁者物： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing(天样约瑟夫面前告诉样事情)(代词名词充两宾语) He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money(告诉说公司付起钱)(定式作宾语) They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons(喜爱足球常常忘记功课)(动名词作宾语) I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding(认童医生值)(句作宾语)
(2) 物动词介词宾语物动词没宾语果涉事物必须物动词面加合适介词Listen to the radio (listen物动词加to) Can you hear anything exciting(听什令兴奋消息？)
(3) 宾语般放物动词介词面疑问句中果宾语疑问词宾语放句首介词宾语果疑问词放介词句首：What did he see (见什？) What does he write a letter with (什写信？) With what does he write a letter (什写信？)
(4)动词+副词+宾语结构中果宾语代词代词必须放动副间：Please put the shoes away (请鞋子收起) Please put away the shoes (请鞋子收起) Please put them away (请收起)
(5) 动词面双宾语时采两种结构：
①动词+间接宾语()+直接宾语(物)：He often gives me some help (常常帮)
②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语注意般情况介词to动词make buy borrow时介词for： Please make me a kite (请做风筝)Please make a kite for me
(6) 动词+宾语+宾补结构中果宾语定式动名词宾语句常it做形式宾语实际宾语移补语面：I found the job rather difficult (发觉工作相难做) I found it rather difficult to do the job
(7) 宾语句充详见宾语句

4表语：
(1) 说明语身份性质状况等含义成分通常形容词副词介词短语名词代词等充：He became a doctor after he left high school(高中毕业医生) The rubber wheels are over there(橡胶轮子边) He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold(天想吃东西重感) Who is it(谁呀？)
(2) 表语放连系动词(：belookbecometurn getgrowfeelseem) 表语进行提问句子外
(3) 代词做表语般格口语中常宾：It’s I (It’s me)
(4) 作表语形容词：sorryafraidaloneasleepawakeillwellsureinterested等等He was terribly sorry for his carelessness(粗心歉疚) Please make no noise here the baby is asleep(请发出响动婴正熟睡呢) I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all(独坐孤舟事事感兴趣) I am not alone in thinking so(非样想)
(5) 表语句充详见表语句

5定语：
(1) 修饰名词代词成分常形容词名词(含格)代词(物指示疑问定)介词短语定式(短语)充初三阶段学定语句做定语知识：Put it in the top drawer(放层抽屉里) France and Switzerland are European countries (法国瑞士欧洲国家) His mother and father are both college teachers(父母学教师) This is the day that I can never forget in my life(辈子难忘日子)
(2) 单词做定语时般放修饰名词前面定次序：
冠词
物代
年龄形状
温度
色彩
源
质
材料
目
途
修饰名词(中心词)
a
the
my
his
…
oldyoung…
red
yellow
blue
…
Chinese
English
American
…
wooden
woolen
glass
silk
paper
…
meeting
tennis
sports
reading
swimming
…
box
shoes
room
pig
…
longshort
round square…
big large
small little…
hot cold
warm cool…
(3) 时间副词(nowthentodayyesterday)点副词(heretherebackinouthome作定语时放修饰名词面：I could not find my way out so I stayed there all along (找出路直呆)
(4) 介词短语修饰名词时放名词面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday (笼子里猴子昨天逮着)
(5) 形容词修饰复合定代词时置：He remembered everything unusual (记寻常事情)
(6) 定语句充详见 定语句
(7) 注意：定语属修饰性成分常入语宾语表语中作句子成分

6状语：
(1) 说明动作时发生者说明形容词副词程度般副词介词短语定式状语句等充：I was not born yesterday（昨天出世娃娃） For many of these families a college education was something new（中许家庭说学教育件新事物） He woke up to find his house on fire(醒发现房子着火) You cannot leave until your work is finished(工作完成前离开)
(2) 副词作状语位置较灵活详见六·2副词句子中位置作介词短语作状语位置基固定详见七·4介词短语句子中位置定式作状语般表示目结果详见八·7动词非谓语形式句作状语详见复合句状语句
(3) 状语相连时般先单词短语先点时间先概念概念：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 2300 last night and then disappeared into the dark(昨夜22点3刻房间里出然消失黑暗中)
(4) 状语句充时间状语句点状语句原状语句目状语句结果状语句较状语句步状语句条件状语句等详见状语句
(5) 注意：状语属修饰性成分常入谓语作句子成分

7宾语补足语：
(1) 补充说明宾语动作状态成分宾语补足语常名词形容词动词非谓语形式(定式现分词分词等)介词短语等充：Call him Jim please (请Jim) I tried my best to make him happy (竭开心) Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow (请明天) He let the smaller animals bring food to him (动物带食物)
(2) 部分表示位置方副词作宾语补足语：Let him in I tell you (说进) Please put it away (请收起)
(3) 定式分词作宾语补足语情况详见八·7动词非谓语形式相关容

十二简单句五种基句型：
句子包含句子成分(语谓语)次句子成分(表语宾语宾语补足语)动词性质英语简单句划分五种基句型：
1基句型词序： 2划分符号(没统规定仅供参考)：
语： 定语：( )
谓语： 状语：[ ]
宾语： 宾补：〈 〉
表语：
谓句型：S－Vi
系表句型：S－Vlink－P
谓宾句型：S－Vt－O
谓双宾句型：S－Vt－O间宾－O直宾
谓宾补句型：S－Vt－O－C








3例句：Jim is working [very hard] [now]（现正非常努力工作）
She is young （年轻） It looks like rain （天雨）
The boy [always] kicked the dog [with his feet] （男孩老脚踢狗）
He has [never] bought me a toy [since last year] （年起没买玩具）
He felt something (cold) （感冰冷东西着腿爬）
4英语词类句子成分关系图：
句子成分 词类短语
语*
谓语
宾语*
表语*
定语*
状语*
宾语
补足语
名词
√√√
×
√√√
√√
√
×
√
代词
√√√
×
√√√
√√
√√
×
×
形容词
×
×
×
√√√
√√√
×
√√
数词
√
×
√
√
√√√
×
√

动


词
时态语态形式
×
√√√
×
×
×
×
×
动词定式
√√
×
√√
√
√
√√
√√√
动名词
√√
×
√√√
√
√
×
×
动词现分词
×
×
×
√
√
√√
√√√
动词分词
×
×
×
√
√
√√
√√
副词
×
×
×
√
√
√√√
√
介词短语
×
×
×
√√
√
√√
√
[注释] 1√表示某种词类充某成分 √√表示某种词类常充某成分 √√√表示某种词类常充某成分 ×表示某种词类充某成分
2 * 表示该成分句充语句宾语句状语句等
十三列复合句
1基概念：
列复合句两两列独立简单句构成两简单句常列连接词连起时连接词两简单句间逗号分号
2常见列句：
(1) 连接两列概念连接词and not only…but also… neither…nor…等and连接前分句表示先关系递进关系前分句时态保持致关系第分句祈句第二分句时
(2) 表示两者间选择 常连接词orotherwiseor elseeither…or…等前分句时态保持致关系第分句祈句第二分句时
(3) 表明两概念彼矛盾相反者转折 常连接词butyetstill however等前分句时态致
(4) 说明原 连接词for 前分句时态致
(5) 表示结果连接词so 前分句时态致
十四复合句
1概念：
复合句句句构成句句子体句作句子次成分独立成句子句通常关联词引导关联词句句联系起：While the grandparents love the children they are strict with them(爷爷奶奶爱孩子时严格求) It seemed as if the meeting would never end(起会议没完没) Hurry up or (else) you'll be late(快点 然) However I cook eggs the child still refuses to eat them(什方法煮鸡蛋孩肯吃)
2分类：
句复合句中作分语句表语句宾语句定语句状语句等（参见条）
3句句子中位置法：
(1) 表语句：句子中作连系动词表语句位句中系动词
例：That is why he did not come to school yesterday It is because you are so clever
(2) 宾语句：句子中作物动词介词宾语
①基形式：（句＋）连词+句语+句谓语+
② 关宾语句连词选择：
句源陈述句连词that口语中that省略
句源般疑问句连词if whether
句源特殊疑问句连词疑问词(whatwhowherewhen等)
例：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings(相信计算机终代类) (句陈述句) I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster (知道该校长前说点什) (句源般问句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster) He asked me where he could get such medicine (问搞样药) (句源特殊问句Where can he get such medicine )
③ 宾语句时态问题：果句现时句现某时态甚时
句时句相应某时态遇客观真理时然现时：I think I will do better in English this term (想学期英语会学点) The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round (老师问男孩球圆)
④ 列结构面句般作宾语句：
be sorry afraid sure glad +that句：I’m sorry I’m late (起迟) I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment (恐怕刻家)
(3) 状语句：复合句中作状语位置句前句状语句分时间点原目结果较步条件等种状语句属连接词引导
时间状语句通常when as while after before since as soon as since till (until) while whenever 等引导时间状语句般放句首句尾特注意时间状语句允许时应该现时代： When you finish the work you may go out to play with Sam (完成工作出Jim起玩) I won’t leave until Mum comes back (妈妈回会走)
点状语句通常 where wherever等引导：Go back where you came from (里滚里) I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be (永远会忘记抓住偷项链贼会里)
原状语句通常because since as等引导般放句首句尾：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him (出国父亲找学)
目状语句通常so that sohat in order that 等引导放句尾句中通常含can could may might等情态动词：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train (起身更早赶第班车)
结果状语句通常 so that sothat 等引导放句尾结果状语句般表示已发生事情时态：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one (丢辆行车决定买新车)
较状语句通常as than as (so)as等引导般省略句谓语部分剩名词代词(格宾格均)：Jane is much taller than Ime (Jane高) I don’t have as many books as you (do) (书没)
步状语句通常though (although) as even if( even though) however whatever等引导：Even if you pay the debt(债务) for me I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me (债会感谢毫关系) He wears a Tshirt though it is very cold (穿件T恤衫天冷)
条件状语句通常if unless as long as等引导条件状语句般放句首句尾特注意时间状语句允许时应该现时代You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder (期末考试肯定考格非更功) If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow we shall go hiking (果明天雨徒步旅行)
[注意] 1becauseso(al)thoughbutifso句子中成出现
2时间条件原步状语句放句首时需逗号句隔开
(4) 定语句：复合句中作定语修饰句子中某名词代词句定语句
① 定语句位置：放名词代词面：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle (手抓雨伞叔叔)
② 语法术语改变：修饰名词代词称先行词引导定语句连接词称关系词中thatwhichwho称关系代词wherewhenhow称关系副词
③ 关系代词关系副词作：
关系代词whowhom whose指分句中作语宾语定语which指物that指物 时指句中作语宾语定语句中关系代词作句宾语时省略This is the thief (thatwhowhom) we have been looking for these days (日直找偷) Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in (请找间足够住全体房间)
关系副词whenwhere引导定语句时句中分作时间状语点状语：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago (星期前吵架房间) I can never forget the day when I first saw you (永远会忘记第次见日子)
④ 限制性定语句非限制性定语句限制性定语句句中省略否句意思完整非限制性定语句句间逗号分开种句种附加说明果句子中省致影响句意思：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book which none of us had heard of (晚谈书没听说书)
[注解]
1关系代词that情况：先行词指事物定代词(all anything等)先行词部分含高级含序数词时关系代词that ：All that Lily told me seems untrue (Lily告诉话似真实) Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside (点里面没糖东西？) This is the first twostory bus that runs in our city (第辆运行市双层公交车)
2关系代词句中作语时般who(指)that(指物)that指which指物 ：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner (认识角落里哭泣女？) Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me (关话请字说)
3关系代词作句宾语时常whichwhom较少thatwho关系代词常常省略：Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to (Tom父亲老师第谈话)
4关系代词紧介词面时必须whichwhom介词移句尾时thatwho ：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived ( This is the room Miss Li once lived in) (李姐居住房间)
(5) 语句：句子中充句子语句语句位谓语动词前通常thatwhether疑问连词引导般情况常it代语句语句移句尾：When we should start is still a question (该什时候开始问题呢)
十五直接引语间接引语(初中作特求)
1直接引语间接引语：陈述句中直接引说话原语句称直接引语书写时直接引语引号词语转述表达原说话说容称间接引语
2直接引语改变间接引语：
1直接引语果陈述句变间接引语时应注意点：
①引号连接词that时省略
②称作相应变化
③句里动词果时间接引语中时态般应作相应改变： 般现时变般时般时变时现进行时变进行时现完成时变成完成时般时变成完成时般时具体时间连时态变
：He saysI am not from the USA→He says that he is not from the USA
Mr Smith said to his girl friend I haven’ t seen you for a long time
→Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time
2直接引语果般疑问句变间接引语时需属连接词whetherif引导词序改变：Lin Tao said to Miss Green Is it made in China →Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China
3直接引语果特殊疑问句变间接引语时需疑问词引导词序：连词+语+谓语
：Lucy said to me How can I help →Lucy asked me how she could help
4直接引语祈句变间接引语时须祈句变动词定式动词定式前tell ask order ：He said to the little boy Come here young man
→He asked the little boy to go there
5直接引语变间接引语时指示代词表示时间点词词组应作相应变化：


直接引语中 间接引语中
that
those
then
before
that day
that week ( monthetc)
the next week ( monthetc)
the day before
the next (following) day
there
this
these
now
ago
today
this week(monthetc)
next week ( monthetc)
yesterday
tomorrow
here














十六倒装句： 谓语部分者全部放语前句子称倒装句
1THERE BE句型herethere开头句子： There are a lot of children in the showroom (展览室里许孩) Here comes the bus (公交车) There goes the bell (铃响) The door opened and in came Mr Lee (门开李先生走进)
2So Nor Neither + 助动词 + 语倒装结构表示第二物情况文物情况相：Tom went to the beach last week and so did I (Tom星期海滩) Li Mei’s bought nothing from the shop Neither has Jim (李梅没店里买什Jim没买)
3疑问句中通常语前安放助动词倒装方法语提问外：How did he find the lost book (样找丢失书？) Where are they going to spend the summer vacation (算暑假？)
4感叹句中通常感叹部分前移句子谓语整体置 ：What a beautiful flower (it is) (漂亮花)
5引号引某原话时引号外面谓般采倒装形式放句尾语代词倒装：What on earth are you doing up there said the father (父亲说：边底干什？) What on earth are you doing up therehe said (说：边底干什？)

十七附加注释
diedeaddeath法：die动词独立做谓语种时态变化变成非谓语形式作句子成分dead形容词作句子定语表语宾语补足语death名词作句子语宾语等：I’m going to die (死) The man has been dead for about three months (死三月左右) He is worried to death (急死)




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